A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis

Knowledge Engineering Review

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 582-638

  Romei, Andrea ^a   Ruggieri, Salvatore ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; SURVEYS;

APPLICATION CONTEXTS; COMPUTATIONAL ISSUES; DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES; DISCRIMINATION ANALYSIS; MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES; MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROBLEMS; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES;

DATA MINING;

EID: 84900849170     PISSN: 02698889     EISSN: 14698005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0269888913000039     Document Type: Review

References (459)

1. Aalbers, M. 2007. What types of neighbourhoods are redlined? Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 22(2), 177-198.
2. Agier, I. &Szafarz, A. 2013. Microfinance and gender: is there a glass ceiling on loan sizé World Development 42(0), 165-181.
3. Agresti, A. 2002. Categorical Data Analysis. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 2nd edn. Wiley- Interscience.
4. Agresti, A. &Brian, C. 2000. Simple and effective confidence intervals for proportions and differences of proportions result from adding two successes and two failures. The American Statistician 54(4), 280-288.
5. Ahmed, A., Andersson, L. &Hammarstedt, M. 2013. Are gay men and lesbians discriminated against in the hiring process? Southern Economic Journal 79(3), 565-585.
6. Ahmed, A. M. &Hammarstedt, M. 2008. Discrimination in the rental housing market: a field experiment on the internet. Journal of Urban Economics 64(2), 362-372.
7. Aigner, D. J. &Cain, G. G. 1977. Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30, 175-187.
8. Albareto, G. &Mistrulli, P. 2011. Bridging the gap between migrants and the banking system. Economic Working Paper 794, Bank of Italy, Economic Research Department. http://www.bancaditalia.it.
9. Aldrich, E. M., Arcidiacono, P. S. &Vigdor, J. L. 2005. Do people value racial diversity? Evidence from Nielsen ratings. Journal of Economic Analysis &Policy 5(1), Article 4.
10. Alesina, A. F. &Ferrara, E. L. 2011. A test of racial Bias in capital sentencing. Working Paper 16981, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
11. Alesina, A. F., Lotti, F. &Mistrulli, P. E. 2008. Do women pay more for credit? Evidence from Italy. Working papers 14202, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
12. Alpert, G. P., Smith, M. R. &Dunham, R. G. 2004. Toward a better benchmark: assessing the utility of not-at-fault traffic crash data in racial profiling research. Justice Research and Policy 6(1), 43-70.
13. Altonji, J. G. &Blank, R. M. 1999. Race and gender in the labor market. In Handbook of Labor Economics, Ashenfelter, O. &Card, D. (eds)). Elsevier, vol. 3, Part C, 3143-3259.
14. Altonji, J. G. &Pierret, C. R. 2001. Employer learning and statistical discrimination. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1), 313-350.
15. Amemiya, T. 1984. Tobit models: a survey. Journal of Econometrics 24(1-2), 3-61.
16. American Psychological Association 2011. Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. http://www.apa.org.
17. Anbarci, N. &Lee, J. 2008. Speed discounting and racial disparities: evidence from speeding tickets in Boston. Discussion Paper 3903, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
18. Andreoni, J. &Petrie, R. 2008. Beauty, gender and stereotypes: evidence from laboratory experiments. Journal of Economic Psychology 29(1), 73-93.
19. Antonovics, K. L., Arcidiacono, P. &Walsh, R. 2005. Games and discrimination: lessons from the Weakest Link. Journal of Human Resources 40(4), 918-947.
20. Antonovics, K. L., Arcidiacono, P. &Walsh, R. 2009. The effects of gender interactions in the lab and in the field. Review of Economics and Statistics 91(1), 152-162.
21. Antonovics, K. L. &Knight, B. G. 2009. A new look at racial profiling: evidence from the Boston Police Department. Working Paper 10634, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
22. Anwar, S. &Fang, H. 2006. An alternative test of racial prejudice in motor vehicle searches: theory and evidence. American Economic Review 96(1), 127-151.
23. Anwar, S. &Fang, H. 2011. Testing for the role of prejudice in emergency departments using bounceback rates. Working Paper 16888, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
24. Arai, M., Moa Bursell, M. &Nekby, L. 2008. Between meritocracy and ethnic discrimination: the gender difference. Research Papers in Economics 2008:4, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
25. Arcidiacono, P., Bayer, P. &Hizmo, A. 2010. Beyond signaling and human capital: education and the revelation of ability. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2(4), 76-104.
26. Armstrong, M. 2006. Recent developments in the economics of price discrimination. In Proceedings of World Congress on Advances in Economics and Econometrics Theory and Applications, Blundell, R., Newey, W. K. &Persson, T. (eds)). Cambridge University Press, vol. 2, 1-46.
27. Arrow, K. J. 1971. The theory of discrimination. In Discrimination in Labor Markets, Ashenfelter, O. &Rees, A. (eds)). Princeton University Press, 3-33.
28. Ashenfelter, O. &Card, D. 1985. Using the longitudinal structure of earnings to estimate the effect of training programs. The Review of Economics and Statistics 67(4), 648-660.
29. Asiedu, E., Freeman, J. A. &Nti-Addae, A. 2012. Access to credit by small businesses: how relevant are race, ethnicity, and gender American Economic Review: Papers &Proceedings 102(3), 532-537.
30. Australian Legislation. 2012.
31. Age Discrimination Act, 2004
32. Australian Human Rights Commission Act, 1986
33. Disability Discrimination Act, 1992
34. Racial Discrimination Act, 1975
35. Sex Discrimination Act, 1984
36. Victoria Equal Opportunity Act, 1995
37. Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act, 1991. http://humanrights.gov.au.
38. Autor, D. H. &Scarborough, D. 2008. Does job testing harm minority workers? Evidence from retail establishments. Quarterly Journal of Economics 123(1), 219-277.
39. Avery, R. B., Brevoort, K. &Canner, G. B. 2010. Does credit scoring produce a disparate impact? Finance and economics discussion series, Division of Research &Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board. http://works.bepress.com/kbrevoort/9.
40. Avery, R. B., Canner, G. B. &Cook, R. E. 2005. New information reported under HMDA and its application in fair lending enforcement. Federal Reserve Bulletin 91(3), 344-394.
41. Ayres, I. &Siegelman, P. 1995. Race and gender discrimination in bargaining for a new car. The American Economic Review 85(3), 304-321.
42. Ayres, I., Vars, F. E. &Zakariya, N. 2005. To insure prejudice: racial disparities in taxicab tipping. Yale Law Journal 114(7), 1613-1674.
43. Bagues, M. F. &Villadoniga, M. J. P. 2008. Why do i like people like mé Working Paper 2008-06, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Economi de la Empresa. http://papers.ssrn.com.
44. Bailey, T. &Gatrell, T. (eds)). 1996. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Prentice Hall.
45. Baker, A. &Phillipson, G. 2011. Policing, profiling and discrimination law: US and European approaches compared. Journal of Global Ethics 7(1), 105-124.
46. Baldini, M. &Federici, M. 2011. Ethnic discrimination in the Italian rental housing market. The Journal of Housing Economics 2(1), 1-14.
47. Balsa, A. I., Mcguire, T. G. &Meredith, L. S. 2005. Testing for statistical discrimination in health care. Health Services Research 4(1), 227-252.
48. Bamforth, N., Malik, M. &O'Cinneide, C. 2008. Discrimination Law: Theory &Context, Text and Materials, 1st edn. Sweet &Maxwell.
49. Banerjee, A., Bertrand, M., Datta, S. &Mullainathan, S. 2009. Labor market discrimination in Delhi: evidence from a field experiment. Journal of Comparative Economics 37(1), 14-27.
50. Barnard, C. &Hepple, B. 2000. Substantive equality. The Cambridge Law Journal 59(3), 562-585.
51. Bauer, T. &Sinning, M. 2008. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to nonlinear models. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis 92, 197-206.
52. Bauer, T. K. &Sinning, M. 2010. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for tobit models. Applied Economics 42(12), 1569-1575.
53. Bayer, P., Casey, M. D., Ferreira, F. &McMillan, R. 2012. Price discrimination in the housing market. Working Paper 18069, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
54. Becker, G. S. 1971. The Economics of Discrimination (Economic Research Studies), 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press.
55. Bell, M. R. 2002. Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union. Oxford University Press.
56. Belot, M., Bhaskar, V. &Van de Ven, J. 2012. Beauty and the sources of discrimination. Journal of Human Resources 47(3), 851-872.
57. Bendick, M. 2007. Situation testing for employment discrimination in the United States of America. Horizons Stratégiques 3(5), 17-39.
58. Bendick, M., Rodriguez, R. E. &Jayaraman, S. 2010. Employment discrimination in upscale restaurants: evidence from matched pair testing. Social Science Journal 47(4), 802-818.
59. Bentley, J. T. &Adamson, R. 2003. Gender differences in the careers of academic scientists and engineers: a literature review. Special Report, National Science Foundation. http://www.nsf.gov.
60. Berkovec, J. A., Canner, G. B., Gabriel, S. A. &Hannan, T. H. 1994. Race, redlining, and residential mortgage loan performance. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 9(3), 263-294.
61. Berkovec, J. A., Canner, G. B., Gabriel, S. A. &Hannan, T. H. 1998. Discrimination, competition, and loan performance in FHA mortgage lending. The Review of Economics and Statistics 8(2), 241-250.
62. Berri, D. J. &Simmons, R. 2009. Race and the evaluation of signal callers in the National Football League. Journal of Sports Econonomics 10(1), 23-43.
63. Bertero, A. P. 2011. Gender discrimination in the United States tariff schedule: does unequal tariff treatment of men's and women's products constitute an equal protection violation? Working Paper. http://ssrn.com.
64. Bertrand, M., Chugh, D. &Mullainathan, S. 2005. Implicit discrimination. American Economic Review 95(2), 94-98.
65. Bertrand, M., Duflo, E. &Mullainathan, S. 2004. How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(1), 249-275.
66. Bertrand, M. &Mullainathan, S. 2004. Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review 94(4), 991-1013.
67. Bickel, P. J., Hammel, E. A. &O'Connell, J. W. 1975. Sex bias in graduate admissions: data from Berkeley. Science 187(4175), 398-404.
68. Black, S. E. &Brainerd, E. 2004. Importing equality? The impact of globalization on gender discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 57(4), 540-559.
69. Black, S. E. &Strahan, P. E. 2001. The division of spoils: rent-sharing and discrimination in a regulated industry. American Economic Review 91(4), 814-831.
70. Blackburn, M. L. &Vermilyea, T. 2006. A comparison of unexplained racial disparities in bank-level and market-level models of mortgage lending. Journal of Financial Services Research 29(2), 125-147.
71. Blackburn, M. L. &Vermilyea, T. 2007. The role of information externalities and scale economies in home mortgage lending decisions. Journal of Urban Economics 61(1), 71-85.
72. Blalock, G., DeVaro, J. L., Leventhal, S. &Simon, D. H. 2007. Gender bias in power relationships: evidence from police traffic stops. Working Paper, Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations. http://ssrn.com.
73. Blanchard, L., Zhao, B. &Yinger, J. 2008. Do lenders discriminate against minority and woman entrepreneurs? Journal of Urban Economics 63(2), 467-497.
74. Blanchflower, D. G., Levine, P. B. &Zimmerman, D. J. 2003. Discrimination in the small-business credit market. The Review of Economics and Statistics 85(4), 930-943.
75. Blank, E., Venkatachalam, P., McNeil, L. &Green, R. 2005. Racial discrimination in mortgage lending in Washington, D.C.: a mixed methods approach. The Review of Black Political Economy 33(2), 9-30.
76. Blank, R. M., Dabady, M. &Citro, C. F. (eds)). 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination - Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination. National Academies Press.
77. Blinder, A. 1973. Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human Resources 8, 436-455.
78. Bocian, D. G., Ernst, K. S. &Li, W. 2008. Race, ethnicity and subprime home loan pricing. Journal of Economics and Business 60(1-2), 110-124.
79. Bonoli, G. &Hinrichs, K. 2010. Statistical discrimination and employers' recruitment practices for low skilled workers. Working Paper 10-2010, Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe. http://ssrn.com.
80. Boó, F. L., Rossi, M. A. &Urzúa, S. 2012. The labor market return to an attractive face: evidence from a field experiment. Discussion Paper 6356, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
81. Booth, A. L. &Leigh, A. 2010. Do employers discriminate by gender A field experiment in female-dominated occupations. Economics Letters 107(2), 236-238.
82. Booth, A. L., Leigh, A. &Varganova, E. 2010. Does racial and ethnic discrimination vary across minority groups? Evidence from a field experiment. Discussion Paper 4947, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
83. Bornmann, L., Mutz, R. &Daniel, H.-D. 2007. Gender differences in grant peer review: a meta-analysis. Journal of Informetrics 1(3), 226-238.
84. Bornmann, L., Mutz, R. &Daniel, H.-D. 2008. Latent markov modeling applied to grant peer review. Journal of Informetrics 2(3), 217-228.
85. Bosch, M., Carnero, M. A. &Farré, L. 2010. Information and discrimination in the rental housing market: evidence from a field experiment. Regional Science and Urban Economics 40(1), 11-19.
86. Breda, T. &Ly, S. T. 2012. Do professors really perpetuate the gender gap in sciencé Evidence from a natural experiment in a French higher education institution. Discussion Papers CEEDP0138, Centre for the Economics of Education (CEE). http://cee.lse.ac.uk.
87. Brevoort, K. P. 2011. Credit card redlining revisited. Review of Economics and Statistics 93(2), 714-724.
88. Brown, C. L. &Simpson, W. G. 2010. An analysis of alternative methodologies and interpretations of mortgage discrimination research using simulated data. Academy of Banking Studies Journal 9(2), 65-75.
89. Brown, R. 2010. Prejudice: Its Social Psychology, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell.
90. Broyles, P. &Keen, B. 2010. Consumer discrimination in the NBA: an examination of the effect of race on the value of basketball trading cards. The Social Science Journal 47(1), 162-171.
91. Cain, G. G. 1987. The economic analysis of labor market discrimination: a survey. In Handbook of Labor Economics, Ashenfelter, O. &Layard, R. (eds)). Elsevier, 1, 693-781.
92. Calders, T. &Zliobaitye' , I. 2013. Why unbiased computational processes can lead to discriminative decision procedures. In Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society, volume 3 of Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, Custers, B. H. M., Calders, T., Schermer, B. W. &Zarsky, T. Z. (eds)). Springer, 43-57.
93. Calders, T. &Verwer, S. 2010. Three naive bayes approaches for discrimination-free classification. Data Mining &Knowledge Discovery 21(2), 277-292.
94. Calem, P. S., Gillen, K. &Wachter, S. 2004. The neighborhood distribution of subprime mortgage lending. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 29(4), 393-410.
95. Calvo-Armengol, A. &Jackson, M. O. 2004. The effects of social networks on employment and inequality. The American Economic Review 94(3), 426-454.
96. Calvo-Armengol, A. &Jackson, M. O. 2007. Networks in labor markets: wage and employment dynamics and inequality. Journal of Economic Theory 132(1), 27-46.
97. Campbell, R., Roberts, B. &Rogers, K. 2008. An evaluation of lender redlining in allocation of unsecured consumer credit. Urban Studies 45(5), 1243-1254.
98. Card, D. &Lemieux, T. 1994. Changing wage structure and black-white differentials among men and women: a longitudinal analysis. American Economic Review 84, 29-33.
99. Card, D. &Lemieux, T. 1996. Wage dispersion, returns to skill, and black-white wage differentials. Journal of Econometrics 74, 319-361.
100. Carlsson, M. &Eriksson, S. 2012. Do reported attitudes towards immigrants predict ethnic discrimination? Working Paper 2012-6, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Sweden. http://swopec.hhs.se.
101. Carlsson, M. &Rooth, D.-O. 2007. Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data. Labour Economics 14(4), 716-729.
102. Case, M. A. C. 1995. Disaggregating gender from sex and sexual orientation: the effeminate man in the law and feminist jurisprudence. The Yale Law Journal 105(1), 1-105.
103. Castillo, M. &Petrie, R. 2010. Discrimination in the lab: does information trump appearancé Games and Economic Behavior 68(1), 50-59.
104. Cavalluzzo, K., Cavalluzzo, L. &Wolken, J. 2002. Competition, small business financing, and discrimination: evidence from a new survey. Journal of Business 75(4), 641-680.
105. Ceci, S. J. &Williams, W. M. 2011. Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(8), 3157-3162.
106. Chan, J. 2011. Racial profiling and police subculture. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 53(1), 75-78.
107. Chan, S., Gedal, M., Been, V. &Haughwout, A. F. 2011. The role of neighborhood characteristics in mortgage default risk: evidence from New York City. Working Paper 4551, NYU Wagner School and Furman Center for Real Estate &Urban Policy. http://www.ssrn.com.
108. Chandra, A. &Staiger, D. O. 2010. Identifying provider prejudice in healthcare. Working Paper 16382, National Bureau of Economic Research.
109. Charles, K. K. &Guryan, J. 2008. Prejudice and wages: an empirical assessment of Becker's 'The economics of discrimination'. Journal of Political Economy 116(5), 773-809.
110. Charles, K. K. &Guryan, J. 2011. Studying discrimination: fundamental challenges and recent progress. Annual Review of Economics 3, 479-511.
111. Charness, G. &Kuhn, P. 2011. Lab labor: what can labor economists learn from the lab?. In Handbook of Labor Economics, Ashenfelter, O. &Card, D. (eds)). Elsevier, 4, 229-330.
112. Cheng, P., Lin, Z. &Liu, Y. 2011. Do women pay more for mortgages? The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 43(4), 423-440.
113. Cheung, S. 2010. A test of employer learning in the labour market for young Australians. Applied Economics Letters 17(1), 93-98.
114. Chopin, I. &Do, T. U. 2010. Developing Anti-Discrimination Law in Europe. European Network of Legal Experts in Anti-Discrimination. http://ec.europa.eu.
115. Christensen, R. 2002. Plane Answers to Complex Questions: The Theory of Linear Models, 3rd edn. Springer, New York.
116. Cipriani, G. P. &Zago, A. 2011. Productivity or discrimination? Beauty and the exams. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 73(3), 428-447.
117. Clark, W. A. V. 1991. Residential preferences and neighborhood racial segregation: a test of the Schelling segregation model. Demography 28(1), 1-19.
118. Clarke, J., Roy, N. &Courchane, M. 2009. On the robustness of racial discrimination findings in mortgage lending studies. Applied Economics 41(18), 2279-2297.
119. Clifton, C. 2003. Privacy preserving data mining: How do we mine data when we aren't allowed to see it? In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2003), Tutorial, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.cs.purdue.edu.
120. Coate, S. &Loury, G. C. 1993. Will affirmative-action policies eliminate negative stereotypes? American Economic Review 83(5), 1220-1240.
121. Cohen-Cole, E. 2009. Credit card redlining. Working Paper QAU08-1, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. http://www.bos.frb.org.
122. Coleman, B. J., DuMond, J. M. &Lynch, A. K. 2008. An examination of NBA MVP voting behavior: does race matter Journal of Sports Economics 9(6), 606-627.
123. Combes, P.-P., Decreuse, B., Laouenan, M. &Trannoy, A. 2011. Customer discrimination and employment outcomes: theory and evidence from the French labor market. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr.
124. Consumer Federation of America &National Credit Reporting Association. 2002. Credit score accuracy and implications for consumers. http://www.consumerfed.org.
125. Cornaglia, F. &Feldman, N. E. 2011. Productivity, wages, and marriage: the case of Major League Baseball. Discussion Paper 5695, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
126. Cotton, J. 1988. On the decomposition of wage differentials. The Review of Economics and Statistics 70(2), 236-243.
127. Council of the EU 1999. Resolution 1999/C 201/01 on Women and Science. http://eur-lex.europa.eu.
128. Courchane, M. J. 2007. The pricing of home mortgage loans to minority borrowers: how much of the APR differential can we explain? Journal of Real Estate Research 29(4), 399-440.
129. Coyne, C. J., Isaacs, J. &Schwartz, J. 2010. Entrepreneurship and the taste for discrimination. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 20(4), 609-627.
130. Crosby, F., Bromley, S. &Saxe, L. 1980. Recent unobtrusive studies of black and white discrimination and prejudice: a literature review. Psychological Bulletin 87(3), 546-563.
131. Custers, B. H. M., Calders, T., Schermer, B. W. &Zarsky, T. Z. (eds)). 2013. Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society, volume 3 of Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. Springer.
132. Darai, D. &Grátz, S. 2012. Facing a dilemma: cooperative behavior and beauty. Working Paper 82, University of Zurich, Department of Economics. http://www.merlin.uzh.ch.
133. Dickinson, D. L. &Oaxaca, R. L. 2009. Statistical discrimination in labor markets: an experimental analysis. Southern Economic Journal 76(1), 16-31.
134. Dietrich, J. 2009. Does multiple jeopardy exist in mortgage markets? Economics Working Paper 2009-3, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. http://www.occ.treas.gov.
135. Dietrich, J. &Johannsson, H. 2005. Searching for age and gender discrimination in mortgage lending. Economics Working Paper 2005-2, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. http://www.occ.treas.gov.
136. Dilks, L. M., Thye, S. R. &Taylor, P. A. 2010. Socializing economic theories of discrimination: lessons from Survivor. Social Science Research 39(6), 1164-1180.
137. Ding, L., Ratcliffe, J., Stegman, M. &Quercia, R. 2008. Neighborhood patterns of high-cost lending: the case of Atlanta. Journal of Affordable Housing 17(3), 194-211.
138. Dobson, A. J. &Barnett, A. G. 2008. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, 3rd edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
139. Doleac, J. L. &Stein, L. C. D. 2010. The visible hand: Race and online market outcomes. Discussion Paper 09-015, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. http://www.stanford.edu.
140. Donohue, J. J. 2007. The law and economics of antidiscrimination law. In Handbook of Law and Economics, Polinsky, A. M. &Shavell, S. (eds)). Elsevier, 1387-1472.
141. Drydakis, N. 2009. Sexual orientation discrimination in the labour market. Labour Economics 16(4), 364-372.
142. Dwork, C., Hardt, M., Pitassi, T., Reingold, O. &Zemel, R. S. 2012. Fairness through awareness. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS 2012), Goldwasser S. (ed.). ACM, 214-226.
143. Dymski, G. A. 2006. Discrimination in the credit and housing markets: findings and challenges. In Handbook on the Economics of Discrimination, Rodgers, W. M. (ed). 3rd edn. Edward Elgar Publishing, 215-259.
144. Dymski, G. A., Hernandez, J. &Mohanty, L. 2011. Race, power, and the subprime/foreclosure crisis: a mesoanalysis. EconomicsWorking Paper 669, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. http://ssrn.com.
145. Echenique, F. &Fryer, R. G. 2007. A measure of segregation based on social interactions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(2), 441-485.
146. Edelberg, W. 2007. Racial dispersion in consumer credit interest rates. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2007-2028, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US).
147. Ellis, E. 2005. EU Anti-Discrimination Law. Oxford University Press.
148. European Network Against Racism (ENAR). 2007. Fact sheet 33: Multiple discrimination. http://www. enar-eu.org.
149. ENAR. 2008. Fact sheet 35: Positive actions. http://www.enar-eu.org.
150. Engel, R. S. 2008. A critique of the ''outcome test'' in racial profiling research. Justice Quarterly 25(1), 1-36.
151. Engel, R. S. &Calnon, J. M. 2004. Comparing benchmark methodologies for police-citizen contacts: traffic stop data collection for the Pennsylvania State Police. Police Quarterly 7(1), 97-125.
152. Engel, R. S., Calnon, J. M. &Bernard, T. J. 2002. Theory and racial profiling: shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly 19(2), 1-36.
153. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 1978. Uniform guidelines on employee selection procedure, 43 FR 38295. http://www.gpo.gov.
154. Eriksson, S. &Lagerstr, J. 2012. Detecting discrimination in the hiring process: evidence from an Internetbased search channel. Empirical Economics 43(2), 537-563.
155. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2011. Handbook on European non-discrimination law. European Court of Human Rights. http://fra.europa.eu.
156. European Commission. 2007. Tackling multiple discrimination: practices, policies and laws. Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G.4. http://ec.europa.eu.
157. European Commission. 2009. The gender challenge in research funding: assessing the European national scenes. Directorate General for Research, Science, Economy and Society, Unit L.4. http://ec.europa.eu.
158. European Commission. 2007. Tackling multiple discrimination: practices, policies and laws. Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G.4. http://ec.europa.eu.
159. European Commission. 2009. The gender challenge in research funding: assessing the European national scenes. Directorate General for Research, Science, Economy and Society, Unit L.4. http://ec.europa.eu.
160. European Union Legislation. 2012.
161. European Convention on Human Rights, 1950
162. Racial Equality Directive, 2000
163. Employment Equality Directive, 2000
164. Gender Goods and Services Directive, 2004
165. Gender Employment Directive, 2006
166. Equal Treatment Directive (proposal), 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu.
167. Ezeala-Harrison, F., Glover, G. &Shaw-Jackson, J. 2008. Housing loan patterns toward minority borrowers in Mississippi: analysis of some micro data evidence of redlining. The Review of Black Political Economy 35(1), 43-54.
168. Fadlon, Y. 2011. Statistical discrimination and the implications of employer-employee racial matches, Draft manuscript. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/yarivfadlon.
169. Fairlie, R. W. 2005. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 30, 305-316.
170. Falk, A., Walkowitz, G. &Wirth, W 2008. Do ex-offenders face discrimination in the labor market? Because of expected inferior reciprocity? Unpublished manuscript. http://www.uni-graz.at.
171. Falk, A. &Zehnder, C. 2007. Discrimination and in-group favoritism in a citywide trust experiment. Working Paper iewwp318, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich. http://www. iew.uzh.ch.
172. Fang, H. &Moro, A. 2010. Theories of statistical discrimination and affirmative action: a survey. In Handbook of Social Economics, Benhabib, J., Jackson, M. O. &Bisin, A. (eds)). Elsevier, vol. 1A, 134-200.
173. Farrington, C. P &Manning, G. 1990. Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with null hypothesis of non-zero risk difference or non-unity relative risk. Statistics in Medicine 9(12), 1447-1454.
174. Federal Trade Commission. 2007. Credit-based insurance scores: impacts on consumers of automobile insurance. http://ftc.gov.
175. Feltovich, N. &Papageorgiou, C. 2004. An experimental study of statistical discrimination by employers. Southern Economic Journal 70(4), 837-849.
176. Fershtman, C. &Gneezy, U. 2001. Discrimination in a segmented society: an experimental approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1), 351-377.
177. Fienberg, S. E., Krislov, S. H. &Straf, M. L. 1995. Understanding and evaluating statistical evidence in litigation. Jurimetrics Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 36(1), 1-32.
178. Finkelstein, M. O. &Levin, B. (eds)). 2001. Statistics for Lawyers, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag.
179. Fix, M. &Tuner, M. (eds)). 1999. A National Report Card on Discrimination in America: The Role of Testing. The Urban Institute.
180. Flabbi, L. 2010. Prejudice and gender differentials in the US labor market in the last twenty years. Journal of Econometrics 156(1), 190-200.
181. Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. &Paik, M. C. 2003. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 3rd edn. Wiley.
182. Foley, M. &Smith, F. H. 2007. Consumer discrimination in professional sports: new evidence from Major League Baseball. Applied Economics Letters 14(13), 951-955.
183. Fortin, N, Lemieux, T &Firpo, S. 2010. Decomposition methods in economics. Working Paper 16045, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
184. Fortowsky, E. &LaCour-Little, M. 2001. Credit scoring and disparate impact. Working Paper, Wells Fargo Home Mortagage. http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic.
185. Fraser, S. 2009. Is there ethnic discrimination in the UK market for small business credit? International Small Business Journal 27(5), 583-607.
186. Frick, B. 2007. The football players' labor market: empirical evidence from the major European leagues. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 54(3), 422-446.
187. Frick, B. &Deutscher, C. 2009. Salary determination in the German ''Bundesliga'': a panel study. IASE Conference Paper 0811, International Association of Sports Economists.
188. Friedman, S., Squires, G. D. &Galvan, C. 2010. Cybersegregation in Boston and Dallas: is Neil a more desirable tenant than Tyrone or Jorgé, Presented at the Population Association of America 2010 Annual Meeting. http://paa2010.princeton.edu.
189. Frijters, P., Shields, M. A., Theodoropoulos, N. &Wheatley Price, S. 2003. Testing for employee discrimination using matched employer-employee data: theory and evidence. Discussion paper 807, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
190. Fryer, R. G., Pager, D. &Spenkuch, J. L. 2011. Racial disparities in job finding and offered wages. Working Paper 17462, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
191. Gabbidon, S. L., Craig, R., Okafo, N., Marzette, L. N. &Peterson, S. A. 2008. The consumer racial profiling experiences of Black students at historically Black colleges and universities: an exploratory study. Journal of Criminal Justice 36(4), 354-361.
192. Gao, B. &Berendt, B. 2011. Visual data mining for higher-level patterns: discrimination-aware data mining and beyond. In Proceedings of Belgian Dutch Conference on Machine Learning (Benelearn 2011), The Hague, The Netherlands, 45-52.
193. Gardner, J. 2009. Deterrence externalities and racial bias in law enforcement. Working Paper 88, Carnegie Mellon University. http://www.heinz.cmu.edu.
194. Gastwirth, J. L. 1984. Statistical methods for analyzing claims of employment discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38(1), 75-86.
195. Gastwirth, J. L. 1992a. Methods for assessing the sensitivity of statistical comparisons used in Title VII cases to omitted variables. Jurimetrics Journal 33, 19-34.
196. Gastwirth, J. L. 1992b. Statistical reasoning in the legal setting. The American Statistician 46(1), 55-69.
197. Gastwirth, J. L., Krieger, A. M. &Rosenbaum, P. R. 1998. Dual and simultaneous sensitivity analysis for matched pairs. Biometrika 85(4), 907-920.
198. Gellert, R., Vries, K. D., Hert, P. D. &Gutwirth, S. 2013. A comparative analysis of anti-discrimination and data protection legislations. In Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society, volume 3 of Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, Custers, B. H. M., Calders, T., Schermer, B. W. &Zarsky, T. Z. (eds)). Springer, 61-89.
199. Gelman, A., Fagan, J. &Kiss, A. 2007. An analysis of the New York City Police Department's ''stop-andfrisk'' policy in the context of claims of racial bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association 102(479), 813-823.
200. Ghosh, M., Chen, M.-H., Ghosh, A. &Agresti, A. 2000. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of binary matched data. Statistica Sinica 10, 647-657.
201. Goddard, J. &Wilson, J. O. S. 2009. Racial discrimination in English professional football: evidence from an empirical analysis of players' career progression. Cambridge Journal of Economics 33(2), 295-316.
202. Goenner, C. 2010. Discrimination and mortgage lending in Boston: the effects of model uncertainty. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 40(3), 260-285.
203. Goldberg, M. S. 1982. Discrimination, nepotism, and long-run wage differentials. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 97(2), 307-319.
204. Goldberg, P. K. 1996. Dealer price discrimination in new car purchases: evidence from the consumer expenditure survey. Journal of Political Economy 104(3), 622-654.
205. Goldin, C. &Rouse, C. 2000. Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of ''blind'' auditions on female musicians. American Economic Review 90(4), 715-741.
206. Goldstein, H. 2011. Multilevel Statistical Models, 4th edn. Wiley.
207. Green, A., Carney, D., Pallin, D., Ngo, L., Raymond, K., Iezzoni, L. &Banaji, M. 2007. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22, 1231-1238.
208. Greene, W. H. 2008. Econometric Analysis, 7th edn. Prentice-Hall.
209. Greenwald, A. G. &Krieger, L. H. 2006. Implicit bias: scientific foundations. California Law Review 94(4), 945-967.
210. Grogger, J. T. 2011. Speech patterns and racial wage inequality. Journal of Human Resources 46(1), 1-25.
211. Grogger, J. T. &Ridgeway, G. 2006. Testing for racial profiling in traffic stops from behind a veil of darkness. Journal of the American Statistical Association 101(475), 878-887.
212. Grytten, J., Skau, I. &Sénsen, R. 2011. Do expert patients get better treatment than others? Agency discrimination and statistical discrimination in obstetrics. Journal of Health Economics 30(1), 163-180.
213. Gúth, W., Kocher, M. G. &Popova, V. 2010. Co-employment of permanently and temporarily employed agents. Jena Economic Research Paper 2010-016, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Planck-Institute of Economics. http://www.econ.mpg.de.
214. Hajian, S. &Domingo-Ferrer, J. 2012. A methodology for direct and indirect discrimination prevention in data mining. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, page to appear.
215. Hajian, S., Monreale, A., Pedreschi, D., Domingo-Ferrer, J. &Giannotti, F. 2012. Injecting discrimination and privacy awareness into pattern discovery. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICDM 2012 International Workshop on Discrimination and Privacy-Aware Data Mining (DPADM), Vreeken J., Ling C., Zaki M. J., Siebes A., Yu J. X., Goethals B., Webb G. I. &Wu X. (eds)). IEEE Computer Society, 360-367.
216. Hamermesh, D. &Biddle, J. 1994. Beauty and the labor market. The American Economic Review 84(5), 1174-1194.
217. Han, S. 2011. Creditor learning and discrimination in lending. Journal of Financial Services Research 40(1-2), 1-27.
218. Hanson, A. &Hawley, Z. 2011. Do landlords discriminate in the rental housing market? Evidence from an Internet field experiment in U.S. cities. Urban Economics 70(2-3), 99-114.
219. Hanssen, F. A. &Andersen, T. 1999. Has discrimination lessened over timé A test using baseball's all-star vote. Economic Inquiry 37(2), 326-352.
220. Hardin, J. &Hilbe, J. 2007. Generalized Linear Models and Extensions, 2nd edn. Stata Press.
221. Harford, T. 2008. The Logic of Life. The Random House Publishing Group.
222. Harrison, G. W. &List, J. A. 2004. Field experiments. American Economic Literature 42(4), 1009-1055.
223. Heckman, J. 1998. Detecting discrimination. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(2), 101-116.
224. Heckman, J. &Siegelman, P. 1993. The Urban Institute audit studies: their methods and findings. In Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measures of discrimination in America, Fix, M. &Struyk, R. (eds)). The Urban Institute Press, 187-248.
225. Hellerstein, J. K., Neumark, D. &Troske, K. R. 2002. Market forces and sex discrimination. Journal of Human Resources 37(2), 353-380.
226. Hernandez, J. 2009. Redlining revisited: mortgage lending patterns in sacramento 1930-2004. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33(2), 291-313.
227. Hersch, P. L. 2010. Customer discrimination against black Major League Baseball pitchers reconsidered. Applied Economics Letters 17(2), 205-208.
228. Hildebrandt,M. &Gutwirth, S. (eds)). 2008. Profiling the European Citizen: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Springer.
229. Hillier, A. E. 2003. Spatial analysis of historical redlining: a methodological explanation. Journal of Housing Research 14(1), 137-168.
230. Hinnerich, B. T., Hóglin, E. &Johannesson, M. 2011. Are boys discriminated in Swedish high schools? Economics of Education Review 30(4), 682-690.
231. Hoeting, J., Madigan, D., Raftery, A. &Volinsky, C. 1999. Bayesian model averaging: a tutorial. Statistical Science 14(4), 382-401.
232. Hogler, R. L., Henle, C. &Bemus, C. 1998. Internet recruiting and employment discrimination: a legal perspective. Human Resource Management Review 8(2), 149-164.
233. Holloway, R. S. &Wyly, E. K. 2001. ''The color of money'' expanded: geographically contingent mortgage lending in Atlanta. Journal of Housing Research 12(1), 55-90.
234. Holmes, P. 2011. New evidence of salary discrimination in Major League Baseball. Labour Economics 18(3), 320-331.
235. Holzer, H. J. &Ihlanfeldt, K. R. 1998. Customer discrimination and employment outcomes for minority workers. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(3), 835-867.
236. Holzer, H. J. &Neumark, D. 2004. The Economics of Affirmative Action. Edward Elgar.
237. Holzer, H. J. &Neumark, D. 2006. Affirmative action: What do we know? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(2), 463-490.
238. Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S. &Stoll, M. A. 2006. Perceived criminality, criminal background checks, and the racial hiring practices of employers. Journal of Law &Economics 49(2), 451-480.
239. Hu, L. &Taber, C. 2010. Displacement, asymmetric information and heterogeneous human capital. Journal of Labor Economics 29(1), 113-152.
240. Hunter, W. C. &Walker, M. B. 1996. The cultural affinity hypothesis and mortgage lending decisions. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 13(1), 57-70.
241. Ioannides, Y. M. 2008. Social interactions (empirics). In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Durlauf, S. N. &Blume, L. E. (eds)). Palgrave Macmillan.
242. Ioannides, Y. M. &Loury, L. D. 2004. Job information networks, neighborhood effects, and inequality. Journal of Economic Literature 42(4), 1056-1093.
243. James, D. R. &Tauber, K. E. 1985. Measures of segregation. Sociological Methodology 13, 1-32.
244. Jann, B. 2008. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. Stata Journal 8(4), 453-479.
245. Jayasinghe, U. W., Marsh, H. W. &Bond, N. W. 2003. A multilevel cross-classified modeling approach to peer-review of grant proposals. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 166(3), 279-300.
246. Jewell, R. T., Brown, R. W. &Miles, S. E. 2002. Measuring discrimination in Major League Baseball: evidence from the baseball hall of fame. Applied Economics 34(2), 167-177.
247. Jobard, F. &Ley, R. 2011. Racial profiling: the Parisian police experience. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 53(1), 87-93.
248. Jones, M. K. 2008. Disability and the labour market: a review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Economic Studies 35(5), 405-424.
249. Juhn, C., Murphy, K. M. &Pierce, B. 1991. Accounting for the slowdown in black-white wage convergence. In Workers and Their Wages: Changing Patterns in the United States, Kosters, M. H. (ed.). AEI Press, 107-143.
250. Kaas, L. &Manger, C. 2012. Ethnic discrimination in Germany's labour market: a field experiment. German Economic Review 13(1), 1-20.
251. Kahn, L. M. 1991a. Customer discrimination and affirmative action. Economic Inquiry 29(3), 555-571.
252. Kahn, L. M. 1991b. Discrimination in professional sports: a survey of the literature. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44(3), 395-418.
253. Kahn, L. M. 2000. The sports business as a labor market laboratory. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3), 75-94.
254. Kahn, L. M. 2009. The economics of discrimination: Evidence from basketball. Discussion Paper 3987, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
255. Kamiran, F. &Calders, T. 2012. Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination. Knowledge and Information Systems 33, 1-33.
256. Kamiran, F., Calders, T. &Pechenizkiy, M. 2010. Discrimination aware decision tree learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2010), Webb G. I., Liu B., Zhang C., Gunopulos D. &Wu X. (eds)). IEEE Computer Society, 869-874.
257. Kamiran, F., Karim, A. &Zhang, X. 2012. Decision theory for discrimination-aware classification. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2012), Zaki M. J., Siebes A., Yu J. X., Goethals B., Webb G. I. &Wu X. (eds)). IEEE Computer Society, 924-929.
258. Kamishima, T., Akaho, S. &Sakuma, J. 2012. Fairness-aware classifier with prejudice remover regularizer. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML-PKDD 2012), Flach P. A., De Bie T. &Cristianini N. (eds)). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7524, 35-50. Springer.
259. Kang, J. &Lane, K. 2010. Seeing through colorblindness: implicit bias and the law. UCLA Law Review 58(2), 465-520.
260. Kanter, R. M. 1977. Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology 82(5), 965-990.
261. Kapsalis, C. 1982. A new measure of wage discrimination. Economics Letters 9(3), 287-293.
262. Kapsalis, C. 2010. Wage discrimination: The Case for Reverse Regression. Technical report 27331, University Library of Munich. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
263. Kaye, D. H. &Aickin, M. (eds)). 1992. Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation. Marcel Dekker Inc.
264. Kaye, D. H. &Freedman, D. A. 2011. Reference guide on statistics. In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, 3rd edn. 83-178. Federal Judicial Center.
265. Keane, M. P. 1994. A computationally practical simulation estimator for panel data. Econometrica 62(1), 95-116.
266. Kessler, R., Behet, N., Moreno, J. M. T., Roche, M. &El-Beze, M. 2009. Job offer management: how improve the ranking of candidates. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Foundations of Intelligent Systems (ISMIS 2009), Rauch, J., Ras, Z. W., Berka, P. &Elomaa, T. (eds)). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5722, 431-441. Springer.
267. Killingsworth, M. R. 1993. Analyzing employment discrimination: from the seminar room to the courtroom. American Economic Review 83(2), 67-72.
268. Kim, K.-H. 2007. Favoritism and reverse discrimination. European Economic Review 51(1), 101-123.
269. Kim, Y. C. 2009. Lifetime Network Externality and the Dynamics of Group Inequality. Technical report 18767, University Library of Munich. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
270. Knowles, J., Persico, N. &Todd, P. 2001. Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: theory and evidence. Journal of Political Economy 109(1), 203-229.
271. Koenker, R. 2005. Quantile Regression. Cambridge University Press.
272. Kórffer, B. &Meints, M. 2008. Profiling of customers and consumers - customer loyalty programs and scoring practices. In Profiling the European Citizen: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, Hildebrandt, M. &Gutwirth, S. (eds)). Springer, 201-215.
273. Kuebler, M. 2012. Lending in the modern era: does racial composition of neighborhoods matter when individuals seek home financing? A pilot study in New England. City &Community 11(1), 31-50.
274. Kuhn, P. J. &Shen, K. 2010. Gender discrimination in job ads: theory and evidence. Discussion Paper 5195, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
275. Kunze, A. 2008. Gender wage gap studies: consistency and decomposition. Empirical Economics 35(1), 63-76.
276. LaCour-Little, M. 1996. Application of reverse regression to Boston Federal Reserve data refutes claims of discrimination. Journal of Real Estate Research 11(1), 1-12.
277. LaCour-Little, M. 1999. Discrimination in mortgage lending: a critical review of the literature. Journal of Real Estate Literature 7(1), 15-49.
278. Lahey, J. N. &Beasley, R. A. 2009. Computerizing audit studies. Journal of Economic Behavior &Organization 70(3), 508-514.
279. Lang, K. &Lehmann, J.-Y. K. 2011. Racial discrimination in the labor market: theory and empirics. Working Paper 17450, National Bureau of Economic Research http://www.nber.org.
280. Lang, K. &Manove, M. 2011. Education and labor market discrimination. American Economic Review 101(4), 1467-1496.
281. Lang, W. W. &Nakamura, L. I. 1993. A model of redlining. Journal of Urban Economics 33(2), 223-234.
282. Lange, F. 2007. The speed of employer learning. Journal of Labor Economics 25(1), 1-35.
283. Lee, J. 2009. American Idol: evidence on same-race preferences. The Berkeley Electronic Journal of Economic Analysis &Policy 9(1), Article 28.
284. Leonard, J. S., Levine, D. I. &Giuliano, L. 2010. Customer discrimination. The Review of Economics and Statistics 92(3), 670-678.
285. Leopold, N. &Meints, M. 2008. Profiling in employment situations (fraud). In Profiling the European Citizen: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, Hildebrandt, M. &Gutwirth, S. (eds)). Springer, 236-257.
286. Lerner, N. 2003. Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law, 2nd edn. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
287. Lerner, R. &Nagai, A. K. 2000. Reverse discrimination by the numbers. Journal Academic Questions 13(3), 71-84.
288. LeSage, J. P. &Pace, R. K. (eds)). 2009. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
289. Leung, M. H. &Kupper, L. L. 1981. Comparisons of confidence intervals for attributable risk. Biometrics 37(2), 293-302.
290. Levine, R., Levkov, A. &Rubinstein, Y. 2008. Racial discrimination and competition. Working Paper 14273, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
291. Levitt, S. D. 2004. Testing theories of discrimination: evidence from Weakest Link. Journal of Law &Economics 47(2), 431-452.
292. Levitt, S. D. &List, J. A. 2007. What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(2), 153-174.
293. Ley, T. J. &Hamilton, B. H. 2008. The gender gap in NIH grant applications. Science 322(5907), 1472-1474.
294. Li, J. &Yang, Q. 2007. Strong compound-risk factors: efficient discovery through emerging patterns and contrast sets. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 11(5), 544-552.
295. Lieli, R. P. &White, H. 2010. The construction of empirical credit scoring rules based on maximization principles. Journal of Ec onometrics 157(1), 110-119.
296. List, J. A. 2004. The nature and extent of discrimination in the marketplace: evidence from the field. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(1), 49-89.
297. List, J. A. 2006. Friend or foé A natural experiment of the prisoner's dilemma. Review of Economics and Statistics 88(3), 463-471.
298. Longhofer, S. D. &Peters, S. R. 1999. Why is mortgage discrimination illegal? A fresh look at the mortgage discrimination debate. Regulation, Cato Institute 22(4), 28-36.
299. Luong, B. T. 2011. Generalized Discrimination Discovery on Semi-structured Data Supported by Ontology, Apte C., Ghosh J. &Smyth P. (eds)). PhD thesis, IMT Institute for Advanced Studies. Lucca, Italy.
300. Luong, B. T., Ruggieri, S. &Turini, F. 2011. k-NN as an implementation of situation testing for discrimination discovery and prevention. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2011). ACM, 502-510.
301. Makkonen, T. 2002. Compound and intersectional discrimination: bringing the experiences of the most marginalized to the fore. Unpublished manuscript, Institute for Human Rights, Abo Alademi University.
302. Makkonen, T. 2006. Measuring discrimination: data collection and the EU equality law. European Network of Legal Experts in Anti-Discrimination. http://www.migpolgroup.com.
303. Makkonen, T. 2007. European handbook on equality data. European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G.4. http://bookshop.europa.eu.
304. Marsh, H. W. 2009. Gender effects in the peer reviews of grant proposals: a comprehensive meta-analysis comparing traditional and multilevel approaches. Review of Educational Research 79(3), 1290-1326.
305. Marsh, H. W., Jayasinghe, U. W. &Bond, N. W. 2008. Improving the peer-review process for grant applications: reliability, validity, bias, and generalizability. American Psychologist 63(3), 160-168.
306. Marshall, R. 1974. The economics of racial discrimination: a survey. Journal of Economic Literature 12(3), 849-871.
307. Massey, D. S. &Lundy, G. 2001. Use of Black English and racial discrimination in housing markets. Urban Affairs Review 36(4), 452-469.
308. McCabe, G. P. 1992. Regression analysis in discrimination cases. In Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation, Kaye, D. H. &Aickin, M. (eds)). Marcel Dekker Inc., 69-84.
309. McCullagh, P. &Nelder, J. A. 1989. Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall.
310. McGarrity, J., Palmer, H. &Poitras, M. 1999. Consumer racial discrimination: a reassessment of the market for baseball cards. Journal of Labor Research 20(2), 247-258.
311. McGinnity, F., Nelson, J., Lunn, P. &Quinn, E. 2009. Discrimination in recruitment-evidence from a field experiment. Report, The Equality Authority and The Economic and Social Research Institute. http://www.esri.ie.
312. Mcguire, T. G., Ayanian, J. Z., Ford, D. E., Henke, R. E. M., Rost, K. M. &Zaslavsky, A. M. 2008. Testing for statistical discrimination by race/ethnicity in panel data for depression treatment in primary care. Health Research and Educational Trust 43(2), 531-551.
313. Mobius, M. &Rosenblat, T. 2006. Why beauty matters. American Economic Review 96, 222-235.
314. Montgomery, J. D. 1991. Social networks and labor-market outcomes: toward an economic analysis. American Economic Review 81(5), 1407-1418.
315. Montgomery, J. D. 1994. Weak ties, employment, and inequality: an equilibrium analysis. American Journal of Sociology 99(5), 1212-1236.
316. Moreno, M.,Nopo, H., Saavedra, J. &Torero, M. 2004. Gender and racial discrimination in hiring: a pseudo audit study for three selected occupations in metropolitan Lima. Working Paper 321, Econometric Society. http://econpapers.repec.org.
317. Moro, A. &Norman, P. 2004. A general equilibrium model of statistical discrimination. Journal of Economic Theory 114(1), 1-30.
318. Munnell, A. H., Tootell, G. M. B., Browne, L. E. &McEneaney, J. 1996. Mortgage lending in Boston: interpreting HMDA data. American Economic Review 86(1), 25-53.
319. Muravyev, A., Talavera, O. &Scháfer, D. 2009. Entrepreneurs' gender and financial constraints: evidence from international data. Journal of Comparative Economics 37(2), 270-286.
320. Mutz, R., Bornmann, L. &Daniel, H.-D. 2012. Does gender matter in grant peer review? An empirical investigation using the example of the Austrian Science Fund. Journal of Psychology 220, 121-129.
321. Myers, C. K., Bellows, M., Fakhoury, H., Hale, D., Hall, A. &Ofman, K. 2010. Ladies first? A field study of discrimination in Coffee Shops. Applied Economics 42(14), 1761-1769.
322. Nardinelli, C. &Simon, C. 1990. Customer racial discrimination in the market for memorabilia: the case of baseball. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 105(3), 575-595.
323. Neal, D. A. &Johnson, W. R. 1996. The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. Journal of Political Economy 104(5), 869-895.
324. Neumark, D. 1988. Employers' discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. Journal of Human Resources 23(3), 279-295.
325. Neumark, D. 2010. Detecting discrimination in audit and correspondence studies. Working Paper 16448, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org.
326. Neumayer, E. &de Soysa, I. 2007. Globalisation, women's economic rights and forced labour. The World Economy 30(10), 1510-1535.
327. Newcombe, R. G. 1998. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Statistics in Medicine 17(8), 873-889.
328. Newman, D. M. 2008. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 7th edn. Pine Forge Press.
329. Nunley, J. M., Owens, M. F. &Howard, R. S. 2011. The effects of competition and information on racial discrimination: evidence from a field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior &Organization 80(3), 670-679.
330. Oaxaca, R. L. 1973. Male-female wage differential in urban labour markets. International Economic Review 14(3), 693-705.
331. Oaxaca, R. L. &Ransom, M. R. 1994. On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. Journal of Econometrics 61(1), 5-21.
332. Oostendorp, R. 2009. Globalization and the gender wage gap. World Bank Economic Review 23(1), 141-161.
333. Paetzold, R. L., Willborn, S. L. &Baldus, D. C. 1994. The Statistics of Discrimination: Using Statistical Evidence in Discrimination Cases. Shepard's/McGraw-Hill.
334. Pager, D. 2007. The use of field experiments for studies of employment discrimination: contributions, critiques, and directions for the future. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 609(1), 104-133.
335. Pager, D. &Quillian, L. 2005. Walking the talk? What employers say versus what they do. American Sociological Review 70(3), 355-380.
336. Pager, D., Western, B. &Bonikowski, B. 2009. Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: a field experiment. Discussion Paper 4469, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). http://ftp.iza.org.
337. Palmer, M. &King, R. 2006. Has salary discrimination really disappeared from Major League Baseball? Eastern Economic Journal 32(2), 285-297.
338. Parrett, M. 2011. Customer discrimination in restaurants: dining frequency matters. Journal of Labor Research 32(2), 87-112.
339. Patacchini, E., Ragusa, G. &Zenou, Y. 2012. Unexplored dimensions of discrimination in Europe: religion, homosexuality and physical appearance. The 14th European Conference of the Fondazione R. DeBenedetti (fRDB). http://www.frdb.org.
340. Pearl, J. 2009a. Causal inference in statistics: an overview. Statistics Surveys 3, 96-146.
341. Pearl, J. 2009b. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.
342. Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S. &Turini, F. 2008. Discrimination-aware data mining. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2008), Li Y., Liu B. &Sarawagi S. (eds)). ACM, 560-568.
343. Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S. &Turini, F. 2009. Measuring discrimination in socially-sensitive decision records. In Proceedings of the SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM 2009). SIAM, 581-592.
344. Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S. &Turini, F. 2012. A study of top-k measures for discrimination discovery. In Proceedings of ACM International Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2012), Ossowski S. &Lecca P. (eds)). ACM, 126-131.
345. Persico, N. &Todd, P. 2005. Passenger profiling, imperfect screening, and airport security. American Economic Review 95(2), 127-131.
346. Phelps, E. S. 1972. The statistical theory of racism and sexism. American Economic Review 62(4), 659-661.
347. Phillips-Patrick, F. J. &Rossi, C. V. 1996. Statistical evidence of mortgage redlining? A cautionary tale. Journal of Real Estate Research 11(1), 13-24.
348. Pickerill, M. J., Mosher, C. &Pratt, T. 2009. Search and seizure, racial profiling, and traffic stops: a disparate impact framework. Law &Policy 31(1), 1-30.
349. Piette, M. J. &White, P. F. 1999. Approaches for dealing with small sample sizes in employment discrimination litigation. Journal of Forensic Economics 12(1), 43-56.
350. Pinkston, J. C. 2006. A test of screening discrimination with employer learning. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 59(2), 267-284.
351. Pope, D. G. &Sydnor, J. R. 2007. Implicit statistical discrimination in predictive models. Working Paper 2007-09-11, Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu.
352. Pope, D. G. &Sydnor, J. R. 2011. What's in a picturé Evidence of discrimination from Prosper.com. Journal of Human Resources 46(1), 53-92.
353. Primm, E., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R. &Regoli, R. M. 2011. Investigating customer racial discrimination in the secondary baseball card market. Sociological Inquiry 81(1), 110-132.
354. Quillian, L. 2006. New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology 32(1), 299-328.
355. Quintanar, S. M. 2009. Man vs. machine: an investigation of speeding ticket disparities based on gender and race. Departmental Working Paper 2009-16. Department of Economics, Louisiana State University. http://bus.lsu.edu.
356. Rachlis, M. B. &Yezer, A. M. J. 1993. Serious flaws in statistical tests for discrimination in mortgage markets. Journal of Housing Research 2(4), 315-336.
357. Racine, J. &Rilstone, P. 1995. The reverse regression problem: statistical paradox or artefact of misspecification? The Canadian Journal of Economics 28(3), 502-531.
358. RAND. 2005. Is there gender bias in federal grant programs?, RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Brief RB-9147-NSF. http://rand.org.
359. Raudenbush, S. W. &Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models, 2nd edn. Sage Publications.
360. Reardon, S. F. &Firebaugh, G. 2002. Measures of multigroup segregation. Sociological Methodology 32(1), 33-67.
361. Reid, C. &Laderman, E. 2009. The untold costs of subprime lending: examining the links among higherpriced lending, foreclosures and race in California. Community Development Investment Center Working Paper 2009-09, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
362. Riach, P. A. &Rich, J. 2002. Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. The Economic Journal 112(483), 480-518.
363. Riach, P. A. &Rich, J. 2004. Deceptive field experiments of discrimination: are they ethical? Kyklos 57(3), 457-470.
364. Riach, P. A. &Rich, J. 2006. An experimental investigation of sexual discrimination in hiring in the English labor market. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &Policy 6(2), Article 1.
365. Ridgeway, G. 2006. Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 22(1), 1-29.
366. Ridgeway, G. &MacDonald, J. M. 2009. Doubly robust internal benchmarking and false discovery rates for detecting racial bias in police stops. Journal of the American Statistical Association 104(486), 661-668.
367. Ródin, M. &Ozcan, G. 2011. Is it how you look or speak that matters? An experimental study exploring the mechanisms of ethnic discrimination. Research Papers in Economics 2011-12, Stockholm University, Department of Economics. http://www2.ne.su.se.
368. Rogers, T. &McKane, A. J. 2011. A unified framework for Schelling's model of segregation. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2011(7), P07006.
369. Romei, A., Ruggieri, S. &Turini, F. 2012. Discovering gender discrimination in project funding. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICDM 2012 International Workshop on Discrimination and Privacy-Aware Data Mining (DPADM). IEEE Computer Society, 394-401.
370. Rooth, D.-O. 2009. Obesity, attractiveness, and differential treatment in hiring: a field experiment. Journal of Human Resources 44(3), 710-735.
371. Rorive, I. 2009. Proving discrimination cases - the role of situation testing, Centre For Equal Rights &Migration Policy Group. http://www.migpolgroup.com.
372. Roscigno, V., Karafin, D. L. &Tester, G. 2009. The complexities and processes of racial housing discrimination. Social Problems 56(1), 49-69.
373. Rosenbaum, P. R. &Rubin, D. B. 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70(1), 41-55.
374. Ross, S. L. 1996. Mortgage lending discrimination and racial differences in loan default. Journal of Housing Research 7(1), 117-126.
375. Ross, S. L. 1997. Mortgage lending discrimination and racial differences in loan default: a simulation approach. Journal of Housing Research 8(2), 277-297.
376. Ross, S. L. &Tootell, G. M. B. 2004. Redlining, the community reinvestment act, and private mortgage insurance. Journal of Urban Economics 55(2), 278-297.
377. Ross, S. L. &Yinger, J. 1999. The default approach to studying mortgage discrimination: a rebuttal. In Mortgage lending discrimination: A review of existing evidence, Turner, M. A. &Skidmore, F. (eds)). The Urban Institute, 107-127.
378. Ross, S. L. &Yinger, J. 2002. The Color of Credit: Mortgage Discrimination, Research Methodology, and Fair-Lending Enforcement. The MIT Press.
379. Ross, S. L. &Yinger, J. 2006. Uncovering discrimination: a comparison of the methods used by scholars and civil rights enforcement officials. American Law and Economics Review 8(3), 562-614.
380. Rubin, D. B. 2005. Causal effects using potential outcomes: design, modeling, decisions. Journal of the American Statistical Association 100(469), 322-331.
381. Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D. &Turini, F. 2010a. Data mining for discrimination discovery. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 4(2), Article 9.
382. Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D. &Turini, F. 2010b. DCUBE: Discrimination discovery in databases. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD 2010). ACM, 1127-1130.
383. Ruggieri, S., Pedreschi, D. &Turini, F. 2010c. Integrating induction and deduction for finding evidence of discrimination. Artificial Intelligence and Law 18(1), 1-43.
384. Rugh, J. S. &Massey, D. S. 2010. Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis. American Sociological Review 75(5), 629-651.
385. Sandstróm, U. &Hállsten, M. 2008. Persistent nepotism in peer-review. Scientometrics 74(2), 175-189.
386. Sano, S. 2009. Testing the taste-based discrimination hypothesis: evidence from data on japanese listed firms. Japan Labor Review 6(1), 36-50.
387. Schaefer, K. &Visser, M. L. 2004. Reverse regression and orthogonal regression in employment discrimination analysisn. Journal of Forensic Economics 16(3), 283-298.
388. Scheinkman, J. A. 2008. Social interactions (theory). In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Durlauf, S. N. &Blume, L. E. (eds)). Palgrave Macmillan.
389. Schelling, T. C. 1971. Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1, 143-186.
390. Schiek, D., Waddington, L. &Bell, M. (eds)). 2007. Cases, Materials and Text on National, Supranational and International Non-Discrimination Law. Hart Publishing.
391. Schill, M. H. &Wachter, S. M. 1993. A tale of two cities: racial and ethnic geographic disparities in home mortgage lending in Boston and Philadelphia. Journal of Housing Research 4(2), 245-275.
392. Schreurs, W., Hildebrandt, M., Kindt, E. &Vanfleteren, M. 2008. The role of data protection law and non-discrimination law in group profiling in the private sector. In Profiling the European Citizen: Cross- Disciplinary Perspectives, Hildebrandt, M. &Gutwirth, S. (eds)). Springer, 258-287.
393. Shavers, V. L., Fagan, P., Jones, D., Klein, W. M. P., Boyington, J., Moten, C. &Rorie, E. 2012. The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. American Journal of Public Health 102(5), 953-966.
394. Sheskin, D. J. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Procedure, 3rd edn. Chapman &Hall/CRC.
395. Shoben, E. 1992. Defining the relevant population in employment discrimination cases. In Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation, Kaye, D. H. &Aickin, M. (eds)). Marcel Dekker Inc., 55-68.
396. Siegel, S. &Castellan, N. J. 1988. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill.
397. Siegelman, P. 1999. Racial discrimination in 'everyday' commercial transactions: What do we know, what do we need to know, and how can we find out?. In A National Report Card on Discrimination in America: The Role of Testing, Fix, M. &Tuner, M. (eds)). The Urban Institute.
398. Silverman, R. M. 2005. Redlining in a majority black city?: Mortgage lending and the racial composition of Detroit neighborhoods. The Western Journal of Black Studies 29(1), 531-541.
399. Silverman, R. M. 2008. Mortgage lending disparities in metropolitan Buffalo: implications for community reinvestment policy. Journal of Regional Analysis &Police 38(1), 36-44.
400. Slonim, R. &Guillen, P. 2010. Gender selection discrimination: evidence from a trust game. Journal of Economic Behavior &Organization 76(2), 385-405.
401. Sowell, T. (ed.). 2005. Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Analysis. Yale University Press.
402. Squires, G. D. 2003. Racial profiling, insurance style: insurance redlining and the uneven development of metropolitan areas. Journal of Urban Affairs 25(4), 391-410.
403. Squires, G. D., Hyra, D. S. &Renner, R. N. 2009. Segregation and the subprime lending crisis. Briefing paper 244, Economic Policy Institute. http://www.epi.org.
404. Steele, C. M. &Aronson, J. 1995. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5), 797-811.
405. Stephens-Davidowitz, S. I. 2012. The effects of racial animus on a black presidential candidate: using Google search data to find what surveys miss. Working paper, Harvard University, Department of Economics. http://ssrn.com.
406. Sugrue, T. J. &Fairley, W. B. 1983. A case of unexamined assumptions: the use and misuse of the statistical analysis of Castaneda/Hazelwood in discrimination litigation. Boston College Law Review 24(4), 925-960.
407. Tian, M., Tang, M. L., Ng, H. K. T. &Chan, P. S. 2008. Confidence intervals for the risk ratio under inverse sampling. Statistics in Medicine 27(17), 3301-3324.
408. Tillyer, R., Engel, R. S. &Cherkauskas, J. C. 2010. Best practices in vehicle stop data collection and analysis. Journal of Police Strategies and Management 33(1), 69-92.
409. Tillyer, R., Engel, R. S. &Wooldredge, J. 2008. The intersection of racial profiling research and the law. Journal of Criminal Justice 36(2), 138-153.
410. Tobler, C. 2008. Limits and potential of the concept of indirect discrimination. European Network of Legal Experts in Anti-Discrimination. http://www.migpolgroup.com.
411. Tootell, G. M. B. 1996. Redlining in Boston: Do mortgage lenders discriminate against neighborhoods? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(4), 1049-1079.
412. Tsao, T.-Y. &Pearlman, A. 2010. Decomposition of the black-white wage differential in the physician market. Economics Working paper wp588, The Levy Economics Institute. http://www.levyinstitute.org.
413. Turner, M. A. &Ross, S. L. 2005. How racial discrimination affects the search for housing. In The Geography of Opportunity, de Souza Briggs, X. (ed). Brookings Institution Press, 81-100.
414. Turner, M. A., Ross, S. L., Galster, G. C. &Yinger, J. 2002. Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I of HDS2000. Urban Institute, Dep. Hous. Urban Dev. http://www.urban.org.
415. Turner, M. A. &Skidmore, F. (eds)). 1999. Mortgage lending discrimination: A review of existing evidence. The Urban Institute. http://www.urban.org.
416. UK Legislation. 2012.
417. Sex Discrimination Act, 1975
418. Race Relation Act, 1976
419. Equality Act, 2010. http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk.
420. UNESCO 2007. Science, Technology and Gender: An International Report, 4th edn. UNESCO Publishing.
421. United Nations Legislation. 2012.
422. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
423. International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights, 1966
424. International Covenant on Ecomomic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966
425. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination, 1966
426. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979. http://www.ohchr.org.
427. US Federal Legislation. 2012.
428. Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 1974
429. Fair Housing Act, 1968
430. Employment Act, 1967
431. Equal Pay Act, 1963
432. Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 1978
433. Civil Right Act, 1964. http://www.eeoc.gov.
434. Zliobaitye, I., Kamiran, F. &Calders, T. 2011. Handling conditional discrimination. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2011). IEEE Computer Society, 992-1001.
435. van der Leij, M., Rolfe, M. &Toomet, O. 2009. Social networks and the economic performance of minorities. Research paper, EQUALSOC Network of Excellence. http://equalsoc.org.
436. Vicki, B., Ellen, I. &Madar, J. 2009. The high cost of segregation: exploring racial disparities in high-cost lending. Fordham Urban Law Journal 36(3), 361-393.
437. Wang, S.-Y 2010. Statistical discrimination, productivity and the height of immigrants. Working paper 3344, eSocialSciences. http://www.esocialsciences.org.
438. Ward, M. D. &Gleditsch, K. S. (eds)). 2008. Spatial Regression Models Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Sage Publications Inc..
439. Weichselbaumer, D. &Winter-Ebmer, R. 2005. A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. Journal of Economic Surveys 19(3), 479-511.
440. Weichselbaumer, D. &Winter-Ebmer, R. 2007. The effects of competition and equal treatment laws on gender wage differentials. Economic Policy 22, 235-287.
441. Weller, C. E. 2008. Credit access, the costs of credit and credit market discrimination. Working paper 171, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. http://www.peri. umass.edu.
442. Wenneras, C. &Wold, A. 1997. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature 387(5), 341-343.
443. Whiteside, M. M. &Narayanan, A. 1989. Reverse regression, collinearity, and employment discrimination. Journal of Business &Economic Statistics 7(3), 403-406.
444. Whitley, B. E. &Kite, M. E. 2009. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination, 2nd edn. Wadsworth Publishing.
445. Whitney, M. 2008. The statistical evidence of racial profiling in traffic stops and searches: rethinking the use of statistics to prove discriminatory intent. Boston College Law Review 49(1), 263-299.
446. Wilson, D. P. &Ying, Y. H. 2003. Nationality preferences for labour in the international football industry. Applied Economics 35(14), 1551-1559.
447. Wilson, R. 2004. Where the elite teach, it's still a man's world. The Chronicle of Higher Education 51(15).
448. Wingate, P. H. &Thornton, G. C. 2000. Statistics and employment discrimination law: an interdisciplinary review. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Martocchio, J., Liao, H. &Joshi, A. (eds)). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, vol. 19, 295-337.
449. Wyly, E. K., Moos, M., Foxcroft, H. &Kabahizi, E. 2008. Subprime mortgage segmentation in the American urban system. Journal of Economic and Social Geography 99(1), 3-23.
450. Yamagishi, T., Jin, N. &Kiyonari, T. 1999. Bounded generalized reciprocity: ingroup boasting and ingroup favoritism. In Advances in Group Processes, Lawler, E. J. &Macy, M. W. (eds)). Jai Press Inc., vol. 16, 161-197.
451. Yang, C.-H &Lin, H.-Y. 2012. Is there salary discrimination by nationality in the NBA? Foreign talent or foreign market. Journal of Sports Economics 13(1), 53-75.
452. Yezer, A. M. 2010. A review of statistical problems in the measurement of mortgage market discrimination and credit risk. Report, Research Institute for Housing America. http://www.housingamerica.org.
453. Yinger, J. 1998. Evidence on discrimination in consumer markets. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(2), 23-40.
454. Yu, B. &Gastwirth, J. L. 2008. A method of assessing the sensitivity of the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to an unobserved confounder. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366(1874), 2377-2388.
455. Yun, M.-S. 2004. Decomposing differences in the first moment. Economics Letters 82(2), 273-278.
456. Yun, M.-S. 2009. Wage differentials, discrimination and inequality: a cautionary note on the Juhn, Murphy and Pierce decomposition method. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 56(1), 114-122.
457. Zhang, L. &Dong, X.-Y. 2008. Male-female wage discrimination in Chinese industry-investigation using firm-level data. Economics of Transition 16(1), 85-112.
458. Zonta, M. M. 2012. Applying for home mortgages in immigrant communities: the case of Asian applicants in Los Angeles. Environment and Planning 44(1), 89-110.
459. Zussman, A. 2012. Ethnic discrimination and identity manipulation. Working paper, Department of Economics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.