Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 84, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 35-45

  Bostwick, Wendy B ^a   Boyd, Carol J ^b   Hughes, Tonda L ^c   West, Brady T ^b   McCabe, Sean Esteban ^b  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Bisexual; Gay; Lesbian; Minority stress model; Racial or ethnic discrimination; Sexual minority groups; Sexual orientation discrimination

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GENDER; HEALTH DISPARITY; HOMOSEXUAL FEMALE; HOMOSEXUAL MALE; HOUSING; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; NORMAL HUMAN; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; RACISM; SECONDARY ANALYSIS; SEXISM; SEXUAL MINORITY; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; TRAINING; UNITED STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; LESBIANISM; MALE HOMOSEXUALITY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; BISEXUALITY; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; RACISM; SEXISM; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84900792057     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: 19390025     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/h0098851     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aneshensel, C. (2009). Toward explaining mental health disparities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 377-394.
2. Balsam, K. F., & Mohr, J. J. (2007). Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 306.
3. Bostwick, W. (2012). Assessing bisexual stigma and mental health status: A brief report. Journal of Bisexuality, 12, 214-222.
4. Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 468-475.
5. Bower, J., Gurevich, M., & Mathieson, C. (2002). (Con) tested identities: Bisexual women reorient sexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 2, 23-52.
6. Bowleg, L. (2008). When black + lesbian + woman does not = black lesbian woman: The methodoligical challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59, 312-325.
7. Bowleg, L., Juang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7, 87-108.
8. Brody, G., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V., Ge, X., Simmons, R., Gibbons, F.,...Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 117-131.
9. Brown, T., Williams, D., Jackson, J., Neighbors, H., Torres, M., Sellers, S., & Brown, K. T. (2000). Being black and feeling blue: The mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race and Society, 2, 117-131.
10. Carey, B. (2005). Straight, gay, or lying? Bisexuality revisited. The New York Times (p. F1).
11. Grant, B., & Kaplan, K. (2005). Source and accuracy statement for the Wave 2 National Epidemiolgic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
12. Greene, B. (1994). Ethnic minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 243-251.
13. Gurevich, M., Bower, J., Mathieson, C., & Dhayanandhan, B. (2007). What do they look like and are they among us? Bisexuality, (dis)closure and (un)viability. In V. Clark, & E. Peel (Eds.), Out in psychology: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer perspectives (pp. 217-241). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
14. Hasin, D., Goodwin, R., Stinson, F., & Grant, B. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1097-1106.
15. Hatzenbuehler, M., Keyes, K., & Hasin, D. (2009). State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2275-2281.
16. Heeringa, S., West, B., & Berglund, P. (2010). Applied survey data analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
17. Hequembourg, A. L., & Brallier, S. A. (2009). An exploration of sexual minority stress across the lines of gender and sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 56, 273-298.
18. Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74.
19. Herek, G., Gillis, R., & Cogan, J. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hatecrime victimization among lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951.
20. Herek, G. M., Norton, A. T., Allen, T. J., & Sims, C. L. (2010). Demographic, psychological, and social characteristics of self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in a US probability sample. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 176-200.
21. Jorm, A., Korten, A., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 423-527.
22. Kertzner, R. M., Meyer, I. H., Frost, D. M., & Stirratt, M. J. (2009). Social and psychological well being in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: The effects of race, gender, age, and sexual identity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 500-510.
23. Kessler, R., Mickelson, K., & Williams, D. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230.
24. King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self-harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70.
25. Klonoff, E., Landrine, H., & Campbell, R. (2000). Sexist discrimination may account for well-known gender differences in pscyhiatric symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 93-99.
26. Krieger, N. (2000). Discrimination and health. In L. Berkman, & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 36-75). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
27. Krieger, N. (2001). Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 668-677.
28. Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1997). Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: A study of black and white women and men in the CARDIA cohort. International Journal of Health Services, 27, 157-176.
29. Krieger, N., Smith, K., Naishadham, D., Hartman, C., & Barbeau, E. (2005). Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1576-1596.
30. Landrine, H., Klonoff, E., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 79-94.
31. Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Gibbs, J., Manning, V., & Lund, M. (1995). Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 473-492.
32. Mays, V., & Cochran, S. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869-1876.
33. McCabe, S., Bostwick, W., Hughes, T., West, B., & Boyd, C. (2010). The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1946-1952.
34. McCabe, S., Hughes, T., Bostwick, W., West, B., & Boyd, C. (2009). Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay and bisexual adults in the United States. Addiction, 104, 1333-1345.
35. Meyer, D. (2010). Evaluating the severity of hate-motivated violence: Intersectional differences among LGBT hate crime victims. Sociology, 44, 908-995.
36. Meyer, I. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38-56.
37. Meyer, I. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674-697.
38. Meyer, I. (2010). The right comparisons in testing the minority stress hypothesis: Comment on Savin-Williams, Cohen, Joyner and Rieger. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1217-1219.
39. Meyer, I., Schwartz, S., & Frost, D. (2008). Social patterning of stress and coping: Does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 368-379.
40. Miller, C., & Major, B. (2000). Coping with stigma and prejudice. In T. Heatherton, R. Kleck, M. Hebl, & J. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
41. Moore, M. (2010). Articulating a politics of (multiple) identities: Sexuality and inclusion in black community life. DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 2, 1-20.
42. Narvaez, R., Meyer, I., & Kertzner, R. (2009). A qualitative approach to the intersection of sexual, ethnic, and gender identities. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 63-89.
43. Paradies, Y. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on selfreported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 888-901.
44. Ross, L., Dobinson, C., & Eady, A. (2010). Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 496-502.
45. Ruan, J., Goldstein, R., Chou, P., Smith, S., Saha, T., Pickering, R.,... Grant, B. F. (2008). The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92, 27-36.
46. Schulz, A., Gravlee, C., Williams, D., Israel, B., Mentz, G., & Rowe, Z. (2005). Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1265-1270.
47. Stirratt, M., Meyer, I., Ouellette, S., & Gara, M. (2008). Measuring identity multiplicity and intersectionality: Hierarchical classes analysis (HICLAS) of sexual, racial, and gender identities. Self and Identity, 7, 89-111.
48. Swim, J., Johnson, K., & Pearson, N. (2009). Daily experiences with heterosexism: Relations between heterosexist hassles and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 597-629.
49. Ueno, K. (2005). Sexual orientation and psychological distress in adolescence: Examining interpersonal stressors and social support processes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 258-277.
50. West, B. T., Berglund, P., & Heeringa, S. G. (2008). A closer examination of subpopulation analysis of complex-sample survey data. Stata J, 8, 520-531.
51. Williams, D., & Mohammed, S. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20-47.
52. Yip, T., Gee, G., & Takeuchi, D. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology, 44.