Orthodox Jews in America

Orthodox Jews in America

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-381

  Gurock, Jeffrey S ^a  

^a YESHIVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900784946     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (226)

1. For a compilation of some sources on deviants from halachic strictures in pre-modern times - including those who did not keep the Sabbath - see Adam S. Ferziger, Exclusion and Hierarchy: Orthodoxy, Nonobservance and the Emergence of Modern Jewish Identity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 193-205.
2. For a learned discussion of the chronology for the term Orthodoxy as applied to eighteenth-nineteenth century Europe which has relevance to our discussion of chal-lenges to traditional Jewish ideology and behavior in America, see Jacob Katz, "Ortho-doxy in Historical Perspective," Studies in Contemporary Jewry 2 (1986): 3-17.
3. On the rights of burgher status in Holland, see Arend H. Huussen, "The Legal Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1796," in Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000) (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 25-42. On Levy's lawsuit over an al-leged antisemitic remark, see Stern, 70.
4. On Levy's occupation and level of affluence, see Hershkowitz, "Original Invento-ries," 252.
5. On Levy's shop and kitchen items that suggest to Hershkowitz that he kept kosher, see Hershkowitz, "Asser Levy," 29-30. See the same source, p. 32, for the names of the family's gentile friends.
6. Isaac S. and Suzanne A. Emmanuel, History of the Jews in the Netherlands Antilles (Cincinnati, Ohio: American Jewish Archives, 1970), 45-52.
7. See also Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, "Between Amsterdam and New Amsterdam: The Place of Curacao in Early ModernJewish History," AJH (December 1982): 184-91.
8. On the Levy-Pieterson relationship, see Hershkowitz, "Asser Levy," 25-26. For the use of Pieterson as symbolic ofJews who easily drifted away in the earliest years ofJew-ish settlement in North America, see Sarna, 9.
9. Todd M. Endelman, The Jews of Georgian England, 1714-1830 (Philadelphia: Jew-ish Publication Society, 1979), 16-20.
10. David Brener, TheJews of Lancaster, Pennsylvania: A Story with Two Beginnings (Lan-caster, Pa.: Congregation Shaarai Shomayim and the Lancaster Historical Society, 1979), 6-7
11. Joshua Trachtenberg, Consider the Years: The Story of the Jewish Community of Easton, 1752-1942 (Easton, Pa.: Centennial Committee of Temple Brith Sholom, 1944), 27, 79, 129.
12. For Josephson's petition, see Marcus, American Jewry-Documents, 135-36.
13. "Minute Book of the Congregation Shearith Israel," 4, 35-36, 72, 84-85, 106.
14. On Seixas's problems with his board, see Jacob Rader Marcus, United States Jewry, 1776-1985, vol. 1 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), 280-81. On monitor-ing efforts of education and slaughtering, see "Minute Book of the Congregation Shearith Israel," 72, 112-13, 162-63.
15. Marcus, United States Jewry, vol. 1, 260-61.
16. "Minute Book of the Congregation Shearith Israel," 124, 164.
17. Marcus, American Jewry-Documents, 181.
18. Marcus, TheJew in the American World, 142-43.
19. See Jacob Rader Marcus, TheJew in the Medieval World: A Source Book (Cincinnati, Ohio: Hebrew Union College Press, 1990), 72-73.On the religious values of the Lancas-ter fur trader, see Marcus, The Colonial American Jew, 997.
20. Marcus, American Jewry-Documents, 137 -38.
21. On Franks's connectedness to Jewish tradition and family life, see Wolf and Whiteman, 33, 42, 259, 389-90. See also, Marcus, United States Jewry, vol. 1, 44 for a dis-cussion of Margaret Frank's religious values.
22. Hyman B. Grinstein, The Rise of the Jewish Community of New York, 335-36.
23. Marcus, AmericanJewry-Documents, 188-89
24. Wolf and Whiteman, 99, 127.
25. Sabato Morais, "Mickve Israel Congregation of Philadelphia," PAJHS (1892): 18. See Wolf and Whiteman, 416, for an observation about the neglect of the command-ment against shaving among these Jews.
26. Wolf and Whiteman, 128-29
27. Fish, 91-94.
28. Marcus, AmericanJewry-Documents, 138-41
29. Wolf and Whiteman, 128-29
30. Fish, 91-94.
31. Wolf and Whiteman, 235-36, 240-41, 452.
32. On gender membership rules and nonattendance of women at synagogues in the European past, see Karla Goldman, Beyond the Synagogue Gallery: Finding a Place for Women in Judaism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 4-6, 55-56.
33. Goldman, 41-42, 51-54.
34. Joseph C. Blau and Salo Wittmayer Baron, TheJews of the United States, 1790-1820: A Documentary History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 541-42.
35. Blau and Baron, 554-60.
36. On the process of migration, see Pamela S. Nadell, "The Journey to America by Steam" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1982).
37. Guido Kisch, "A Voyage to America Ninety Years Ago: The Diary of a Bohemian Jew on His Voyage from Hamburg to New York, 1847," PAJHS (1939): 65-78.
38. Hyman L. Meites, History of the Jews of Chicago (Chicago: Jewish Historical Society of Illinois, 1924), 40.
39. Abraham Sussmann, Beit Abraham (Konigsberg, 1853), 1, noted in Sherman, 33.
40. Sherman, "Bernard Illowy," 39-45.
41. Lee Shai Weissbach, "The Jewish Communities of the United States on the Eve of Mass Migration: Some Comments on Geography and Bibliography," AJH (September 1988): 83-87.
42. David Brener, TheJews of Lancaster, Pennsylvania: A Story with Two Beginnings (Lan-caster, Pa.: Congregation Shaarai Shomayim and the Lancaster Historical Society, 1979), 41
43. Glanz, Studies in Judaica Americana, 113.
44. Wolf and Whiteman, The History of the Jews of Philadelphia from Colonial Times to the Age of Jackson, 355.
45. I. J. Benjamin, Three Years in America, 1859-1862, Charles Reznikoff, trans. vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1956), 235-36.
46. Marcus, The American Jewish Woman: A Documentary History (New York: KTAV Pub-lishing House, 1981), 190-93.
47. Berman, "The Trend," 39-41.
48. Benjamin, Three Years, vol. 1, 79-80, 235-36
49. History of Congregation Adath Israel Louisville Kentucky (Louisville: n.p., 1906), 16.
50. David Philipson, The Oldest Jewish Congregation in the West (Cincinnati, 1894), 21-22
51. James G. Heller, As Yesterday When It Is Past: A History of the Isaac M. Wise Temple-KK B'nai Yeshurun of Cincinnati (Cincinnati: Isaac M. Wise Temple, 1942), 25, 27.
52. Irving Cutler, TheJews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb (Urbana: University of Il-linois Press, 1996), 11.
53. Israel Goldstein, A Century of Judaism in New York: B'nai Jeshurun, 1825-1925 (New York: Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, 1930), 63, 85, 147, 159. See also, Sarna, 95.
54. Grinstein, The Rise oftheJewish Community ofNew York, 354-55.
55. Nancy J. Ordway, "A History of Chizuk Amuno Congregation: An American Syn-agogue" (Ph.D. diss., Peggy Mayerhoff Pearlstone School of Graduate Studies, Hebrew University ofJerusalem, 1997), 12-15.
56. Marsha Rozenblit, "Choosing a Synagogue: The Social Composition of Two Ger-man Congregations in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore," in Jack Wertheimer, ed., The American Synagogue, 343-55.
57. Yekutiel Yehudah Greenwald, Ritual Slaughters and Ritual Slaughter in Rabbinic Liter-ature (New York: Feldheim, 1955), 12
58. Kimmy Caplan, Orthodoxy in the New World: Immi-grant Rabbis and Preaching in America (1881-1924) [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 2002), 83.
59. Isaac Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia, 1772-1844 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943 ), 21.
60. Salo W. Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 18, 32-34. See also Levitats, 69.
61. Michael Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825-1855 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1983), 12-21.
62. Joseph Kissman, "The Immigration of Rumanian Jews up to 1914," YIVOAnnual ofJewish Social Science (1947/48): 160-79.
63. Raphael Mahler, "The Economic Background ofJewish Emigration from Galicia to the United States," YIVO Annual ofJewish .Social Science (1952): 255-67.
64. See also Robert Perlman, Bridging Two Worlds: Hungarian Jewish Americans, 1848-1914 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 32, 110-13.
65. Pamela S. Nadell, "The Journey to America by Steam: The Jews of Eastern Europe in Transition," AJH (December, 1981): 269-84. See also Kissman, 169-76.
66. Michael Stanislawski, For Whom Do I Toil? Judah Leib Gordon and the Crisis of Russian Jewry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 5-7, 25-27.
67. On the decline of ritual observance among enlightened Jews of this time period in Eastern Europe, see ChaeRan Y. Freeze, Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia (Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2002), 196-98.
68. Elias Tcherikower, ed., The Early Jewish Labor Movement in the United States, Aaron Antonovsky, trans. and ed. (New York: YIVO 1961), 254, 266.
69. Aaron Rothkoff, "The American Sojourns of Ridbaz: Religious Problems within the Immigrant Community," AJHQ (June 1968): 560-61.
70. Julius Greenstone, "Religious Activity," in The Russian Jews in the United States, ed. Charles Bernheimer (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905), 158.
71. Ray Stannard Baker, The Spiritual Unrest (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1910), 117-18.
72. Ewa Morawska, Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 154-56.
73. Gurock, Orthodoxy in Charleston, 24-25.
74. Hutchins Hapgood, The Spirit of the Ghetto: Studies of the Immigrant Quarter of New York (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1902), 125-26. See also Polland, 138.
75. On the purchase of tickets before the Sabbath, see Irving Bunim, "A Father's Ap-preciation of Young Israel," Jewish Forum (December 1926): 540-41.
76. Andrew R. Heinze, Adapting to Abundance: Jewish Immigrants, Mass Consumption and the Search for American Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 65-66.
77. For the most complete account of the entire landsmanshaft phenomenon, see Daniel Soyer, Jewish Immigrant Associations and American Identity in New York (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
78. Hollace Ava Weiner, "Whistling Dixie while Humming Ha-Tikvah: Acculturation and Activism among the Orthodox in Fort Worth," AJH (June 2005): 219, 236.
79. Tony Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 216.
80. Lloyd P. Gartner, "Temples of Liberty Unpolluted: American Jews and Public Schools, 1840-1875," in Bertram W. Korn, ed, A Bicentennial Festschrift for Jacob Rader Marcus, 157-90
81. Hutchins Hapgood, The Spirit of the Ghetto: Studies of the Immigrant Quarter of New York, 27-28.
82. Jeffrey S. Gurock, The Men and Women of Yeshiva: Higher Education, Orthodoxy and American Judaism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 11.
83. Gilbert Klaperman, The Story of Yeshiva University: The First Jewish University in Amer-ica (London: Macmillan, 1969), 26, 28
84. See also Annie Polland, "The Sacredness of the Family: New York's Immigrant Jews and Their Religion, 1880-1930" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2004), 191.
85. Gartner, "From New York to Miedzyrecz: Immigrant Letters ofJudah David Eisenstein, 1878-1886," AJHQ (March 1963): 242-43.
86. On the founding of the Andron's school, see Alexander Dushkin, Jewish Education in New York City (New York: Bureau ofJewish Education, 1918), 75-77
87. Ruchama Shain, Allfor the Boss (New York: Feldheim, 1984), 47-48. See also Jewish Forum (October 1920): 450.
88. On the constitution of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis, see Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff, The Silver Era: Rabbi Eliezer Silver and His Generation ( Jerusalem and New York: Yeshiva University Press/Feldheim Publishers, 1981), 320-21.
89. On the significance of the Pittsburgh Platform, see Sefton D.Temkin, "The Pitts-burgh Platform: A Centenary Assessment," Journal of Reform Judaism (Fall 1985): 1-12.
90. On the definition of this coalition between Conservatives and American Ortho-dox in the Seminary's founding, see Gurock, "Resisters and Accommodators: Varieties of Orthodox Rabbis in America, 1886-1983," AJA (November 1983): 100-102.
91. Robert E. Fierstien, A Different Spirit: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1886-1902 (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, 1990), 81-84.
92. Gurock, "Jacob A. Riis: Christian Friend or Missionary Foe? Two Jewish Views," AJH (September 1981): 29-47.
93. Judah David Eisenstein, "The Establishment of the New Seminary," [Hebrew] in New Yorker Yiddishe Zeitung (1886) republished in Eisenstein's Otzar, 210.
94. On the Agudath ha-Rabbanim's nonrecognition of American Orthodox rabbis as respected colleagues, see Gurock, "Resisters," 111-12.
95. Aaron Rothkoff, "The American Sojourns of Ridbaz: Religious Problems within the Immigrant Community," AJHQ (June 1968): 560.
96. Gurock, "An Orthodox Conspiracy Theory: The Travis Family, Bernard Revel and the Jewish Theological Seminary," ModernJudaism (October 1999): 241-54.
97. Ronald Sanders, Shores of Refuge: A Hundred Years of Jewish Emigration (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 383, 386, 394
98. Henry L. Feingold, A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 29.
99. "Landlocked in America," American Hebrew (September 26, 1924): 521.
100. Jenna Weissman Joselit, The Wonders of America: ReinventingJewish Culture, 1880-1945 (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), 172.
101. Deborah Dash Moore, GI Jews: How World WarII Changed a Generation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 54-57, 281.
102. Gottfried Neuburger, "An Orthodox G.I. Fights a War," Commentary (March 1949): 265-72.
103. Wiiliam B. Helmreich, The Enduring Community: TheJews of Newark and Metrowest (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers,1999), 247.
104. Jenna Weissman Joselit, New York's Jewish Jews: The Orthodox Community in theInter-war Years (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 109-12.
105. Jonathan D. Sarna, "The Debate over Mixed Seating in the American Syn-agogue," in The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed, ed. Jack Wertheimer, 378-79.
106. Jack Wertheimer, "The Conservative Synagogue" in The American Synagogue, 119-20.
107. Jeffrey S. Gurock, From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1998), 25-27.
108. Jacob J. Weinstein, Solomon Goldman: A Rabbi's Rabbi (New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1973), 13-16. See also Rakeffet-Rothkoff, 112-14.
109. Isadore Goodman, "Trends in Orthodoxy," Orthodox Union (June 1942): 8-9.
110. Jeffrey S. Gurock, "The Late Friday Night Orthodox Service: An Exercise in Re-ligious Accommodation," Jewish Social Studies (Spring/Summer 2006): 140-41.
111. David de Sola Pool, "Judaism and the Synagogue," in The American Jew: A Composite Portrait, ed. Oscar Janowsky (New York: Harper and Bros., 1942), 50-54.
112. Mendell Lewittes, "Principle and Practice in American Orthodoxy," Orthodox Union (October 1944): 7.
113. See Rothkoff, Bernard Revel: Builder of American Jewish Orthodoxy, 166-67, for Revel's excoriation of an unidentified miscreant.
114. "Report on the Reorganization of the Placement Committee," Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 3 (1929): 123-24.
115. Jeffrey S. Gurock, "Yeshiva Students at the Jewish Theological Seminary," in Tradi-tion Renewed: A History of the Jewish Theological Seminary, vol. 1, Jack Wertheimer, ed. (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, 1997), 492-98.
116. See Ha-Pardes (May 1932), 25-26 for Rabbi Pardes's responsum and 32 for the Schick ad. See also Fasman, "Historical Reminiscence: After Fifty Years, An Optimist," AJH (December 1979): 161, for his accounting of his role in this arrangement.
117. Nathan M. Kaganoff, "An Orthodox Rabbinate in the South: Tobias Geffen, 1870-1970," AJH (September 1983): 67-68.
118. See also Joel Ziff, ed., Lev Tuviah: On the Life and Work of Rabbi Tobias Geffen (Newton, Mass.: Rabbi Tobias Geffen Memorial Fund, 1988), 14-15
119. Louis Epstein, Hatsa'ah le-ma'an takanot agunot (New York, n.p., 1930), 39.
120. Gurock, "American Orthodox Organizations," 229-230.
121. William B. Helmreich, The World of the Yeshiva, 27-29.
122. Meir Kimmel, "The History of Yeshivat Rabbi Chaim Berlin," Sheviley ha-Hinuch (Fall 1948): 51-54
123. Alter Landesman, Brownsville: The Birth, Development and Passing of a Jewish Community in New York (New York: Bloch, 1969), 234-35.
124. Gurock, The Men and Women of Yeshiva, 111
125. Gurock, The Men and Women of Yeshiva, 111.
126. Max Kufeld, "The Hebrew Institute of Boro Park," Jewish Education (April 1924):268-69.
127. Gurock, The Men and Women ofYeshiva, 106-107, 118.
128. Jerome R. Mintz, Hasidic People: A Place in the New World (Cambridge, Mass.: Har-vard University Press, 1992), 21-26, 53-56.
129. Alvin I. Schiff, TheJewish Day School in America (New York: JEC Press, 1966), 49, 69.
130. Jeffrey S. Gurock, "The Ramaz Version of American Orthodoxy," in Ramaz: School, Community, Scholarship and Orthodoxy, ed. Jeffrey S. Gurock (Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV, 1989), 49-53.
131. Seth Farber, An American Orthodox Dreamer: Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Boston's Maimonides .School (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2004), 50-53, 81-84.
132. LeoJung, "A Plea to Organized Orthodoxy," Jewish Forum (February 1959): 6.
133. Jack Wertheimer, "The Conservative Synagogue," in the American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed, ed. Jack Wertheimer, 123-26.
134. Victor B. Geller, Orthodoxy Awakens: The Belkin Years and Yeshiva University (Jerusalem and New York: Urim Press, 2003), 112-13.
135. Mark K. Bauman, Harry H. Epstein and the Rabbinate as Conduit for Change (Ruther-ford, N.J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994), 54.
136. Gershon Jacobson, "Inside Jewish Suburbia, U.S.A.," Jewish Forum (December 1961): 32.
137. Bert Lescot, "Orthodoxy in Suburbia," Jewish Forum (February 1958): 21. Geller, 34.
138. Ralph Pelcovitz, "Who Is the Orthodox Jew," Jewish Life (November-December, 1964): 16. See also Liebman, 35-37.
139. George Kranzler, Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition (New York: Fel-dheim, 1961), 111, 217-19
140. Mayer, From Suburb to Shtetl: TheJews of Boro Park (Phila-delphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 24-34
141. Israel Tabak, "The Need for Jewish Missionaries," Jewish Life (June 1947): 34-35
142. Joseph Kaminetsky, "Boro Park," Jewish Life (October 1953): 18-23.
143. Michael Kaufman, "Far Rockaway - Torah Suburb by the Sea," Jewish Life (August 1960): 20.
144. William B. Helmreich, "Old Wine in New Bottles: Advanced Yeshivot in the United States," AJH (December 1979): 243.
145. Haym Soloveitchik, "Rupture and Reconstruction: The Transformation of Con-temporary Orthodoxy," Tradition (Summer 1994): 89-90, 93.
146. Kaminetsky, "Parents Too Grow," 25-28.
147. Kaminetsky, "The Jewish Day School-Action and Reaction," Jewish Life (September-October 1952): 28.
148. Harold U. Ribalow, "My Child Goes to Jewish Parochial School," Commentary (Jan-uary 1960): 64-67.
149. George Pollak, "The Jewish Day School Graduate," Jewish Spectator (February 1962): 11-14.
150. See also for more specific data, George Pollak, "The Graduates ofJewish Day Schools: A Follow-Up Study" (Ph.D. diss., Western Reserve University, 1961), 22, 47.
151. Eric Willner, "A Comparative Study of Home Background Factors of All-Day School and Afternoon Hebrew School Students," Jewish Education (March 1970): 30-33.
152. Alvin I. Schiff, "Jewish Day Schools in the United States," Encyclopedia Judaica Year Book (1973): 137.
153. Helmreich, The World of the Yeshiva, 301-303, 303-308.
154. Jerome R. Mintz, HasidicPeople: A Place in the New World, 27-31, 44.
155. Rothkoff, Bernard Revel: Builder of American Jewish Orthodoxy, 213
156. Helmreich, The World of the Yeshiva, 39.
157. Efraim Zuroff, The Response of Orthodox Jewry in the United States to the Holocaust: The Activities of the Vaad ha-Hatzala Rescue Committee, 1939-1945 (New York: Michael Scharf Publication Trust of Yeshiva University Press, 2000), 134, 262
158. Moshe Sherer, "Political Action: Orthodoxy's New Road," Jewish Observer (Novem-ber 1966): 7-9.
159. Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977), 173-81.
160. Chaim I. Waxman, "Sabbath as Dialectic: The Meaning and Role," Judaism (Win-ter 1982): 44
161. Egon Mayer and Waxman, "Modern Jewish Orthodoxy in America toward the Year 2000," Tradition (Spring 1977): 107.
162. Jeffrey S. Gurock, Judaisms Encounter with American Sports, 5, 159.
163. Marianne Sanua, "Stages in the Development ofJewish Life at Princeton Univer-sity," AJH ( June 1987): 391-92.
164. Dan A. Oren, Joining the Club: A History of Jews at Yale (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Uni-versity Press, 1985), 230-47.
165. Jonathan S.Tobin, "Are the 'Yale Four' representing U.S. Orthodox Jewry?" Jewish News Weekly of Northern California (October 24, 1997), on-line edition.
166. Schick, "Yale Five," Jewish Week (July, 1998) reprinted in http://mschick.blogspot.com/1999/02/yale-five.html (accessedJune 8, 2007).
167. Nathan Lewin, "Protecting Jewish Observance in Secular Courts," Tradition (Spring, 2004): 96-99
168. Tina Kelley, "Town Votes for Marker Used by Jews," New York Times (January 25, 2006), B5.
169. Sholom Staiman, "The Shabbos-Goy and the Shabbos-Clock," Jewish Life (April 1958): 53-55.
170. "Thermador Care and Use Manual: Built-In Convection Ovens" (circa 2006), 25.
171. Gary Rosenblatt, "Between the Lines: Lovers of Zion from a Distance," Jewish Week (January 19, 2001), 7. See also Joshua Mitnick, "Tourists Returning to Israel," Jewish Week (September 17, 2004), 34 for a summary of the trends in tourism due to the Intifada.
172. David Abel, "Cutting to the Matter of Modesty with Style," Boston Globe (Decem-ber 4, 2005), online edition.
173. Abraham Genauer, "Yankee Stadium's a Two-Hat Sort of Place," Forward (May 24, 2002), 19, discussed in Gurock, Judaism's Encounter, 157-58.
174. Blu Greenberg, On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition (Philadelphia:Jewish Publication Society, 1981), 23-24.
175. "The Future of American Jewry: Will Your Grandchild Be Jewish?" Washington Jew-ish Week (May 22, 1997), 14. See also http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/WillYourGrandchildrenBeJews.htm (accessed June 11, 2007).
176. Samuel C. Heilman, "Looking In: Is Future Really Rosy for Haredim?" Jewish Week (February 20, 1998), 26.
177. Jennifer Bleyer, "City of Refuge," New York Times (March 18, 2007), section 14, 1, 8.
178. For a discussion of the Lincoln Square activity, see Gurock, "The Late Friday Night Orthodox Service: An Exercise in Religious Accommodation," Jewish Social Studies (Spring/Summer, 2006): 149-50.
179. M. Herbert Danzger, Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Ju-daism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press 1989), 222-50.
180. Lynn Davidman, Tradition in a Rootless World: Women Turn to Orthodox Judaism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 92-93, 108-109, 193-94.
181. Yeshara Gold, "Can 'Doing Their Year' in Israel Do Them In?" Jewish Observer (November 1999): 48.
182. On this controversy, see "A Call to 'EveryJew' -and Some Responses," Jewish Ob-server (January 1985): 37-39.
183. For a working definition of "compartmentalization," see David Singer, "Is Club Med Kosher? Reflections on Synthesis and Compartmentalization," Tradition (Fall 1985): 27-36.
184. For a criticism within the publication itself, see Shalom Carmy, "Rejoinder: Syn-thesis and the Unification of Human Existence," Tradition (Fall 1985): 37-51.
185. Shlomo Riskin, "Symposium," 63.
186. Perry Davis, "Corruption in Jewish Life: Some of Us Have Feet of Clay," Present Tense (Winter 1978): 20-22.
187. Bernard Weinberger, "Wanted: A Sense of Shame," Jewish Observer (May 1976): 12
188. Irving Greenberg, "Painful and Honest," Present Tense (Summer 1978): 2.
189. Norman Lamm, Torah UMadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in theJewish Tradition (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1990), ix-xiii, 1-19.
190. "The Women's Tefillah of Riverdale, Tenth Anniversary Celebration, Saturday Night, March 17, 1990," 6, 13 (typescript document in author's possession).
191. Sylvia Barack Fishman, Changing Minds: Feminism in Contemporary Orthodox Jewish Life (New York: William Petschek National Jewish Family Center of the American Jewish Committee, 2000), 40-45.
192. Joseph Siev, "The Orthodox Also Innovate," Sh'ma (January 25, 1985): 45.
193. Haviva Krasner-Davidson, "Why I'm Applying to Yeshiva," Moment (December 1993): 54-55.
194. Netty C. Gross, "Breaking Down the Rabbinate Walls," The Jerusalem Report (Feb-ruary 20, 1997), 36
195. Peggy Cidor, "For the Sake of Righteous Women," Jerusalem Post (May 5, 2006), 9. See also "In Response," Jerusalem Post (May 12, 2006), 16.
196. E. J. Kessler, "Women Interns to Invade Shuls, Reckons Riverdale's Rabbi Weiss," Forward (December 26, 1997), 1
197. On the Riverdale shul's limitations of the madricha's role, see www.hir.org/mdricha-ruchanit. See also, phone interview with Sara Hurwitz, August 20, 2007.
198. E-mail communication with Rabbi Asher Lopatin, August 23, 2007. On the deri-vation of the title rabbanit, see Sara Hurwitz, "Rabbanit Reclaimed," JOFAJournal (Winter 2006): 10-11.
199. Shayna B. Finman, "Congregational Interns: What Does the Future Hold?"JOFA Journal (Winter 2006): 17.
200. David Singer, "A Failure of Halachic Objectivity," Sh'ma (May 17, 1985): 108-110.
201. Kenneth Auman, "Orthodoxy Requires Sage Discussion," Sh'ma (October 18, 1985): 145-46.
202. J. David Bleich, "Religious Experience? tefillah be-tzibbur?" Sh'ma (October 18, 1985): 146-47.
203. Moshe Meiselman, "The Rav, Feminism and Public Policy: An Insider's Over-view," Tradition (1998): 5, 20.
204. Mayer Twersky, "Halakhic Values and Halakhic Decisions: Rav Soloveitchik's Pesak Regarding Women's Prayer Groups," Tradition (Spring 1988): 15-16.
205. Twersky, "A Glimpse of the Rav," Tradition (Summer 1996): 98-99.
206. Simcha Krauss, "The Rav: On Zionism, Universalism and Feminism," Tradition (Summer 2000): 37.
207. Bleich, 146-47
208. Meiselman, 5
209. Nisson Wolpin and Levi Reisman, "Orthodoxy and Feminism: How Promising a Shidduch," Jewish Observer (April 1997): 11.
210. Saul J. Berman, "The Status of Women in Halakhic Judaism," Tradition (Fall 1973): 5-9.
211. For a biographical sketch of Berman's career, see edah.org/febbios.htm.
212. E. J. Kessler, "Where Women Lead the Community in Study: Program Strives to Carve Out a Professional Role for Women in Orthodox Synagogues," Forward (November 7, 1997), 9.
213. Stuart Altshuler, From Exodus to Freedom: A History of the Soviet Jewry Movement (Lan-ham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 77-79.
214. Singer, "Debating Modern Orthodoxy at Yeshiva: The Greenberg-Lichtenstein Exchange of 1966," Jewish History (2006): 113-14.
215. Greenberg, "Yeshiva in the 60s," 184-85.
216. Singer, "Debating Modern Orthodoxy," 119-120.
217. Irving Greenberg, "Will There Be One Jewish People in the Year 2000? II: The Denominational Politics of Separation," Jewish Press (Omaha) (July 21, 1985), 5.
218. Blu Greenberg, "Is Now the Time for Orthodox Women Rabbis?" Moment (De-cember 1993): 52-54.
219. Sori Tropper, "Some Unorthodox Reflections on Feminism and Torah-A Por-trait in Blu," Jewish Observer (Summer 1984): 21-22.
220. Tamar M. Sternthal, "Orthodox Centrists Stake Turf: While Many Move Right, Confab Draws 1,500," Jewish Advocate (March 4, 1999), 1.
221. Adam Dickter, "Modern Orthodox Think Tank to Fold," Jewish Week (June 30, 2006), 1.
222. Jeffrey S. Gurock, "Twentieth-Century American Orthodoxy's Era of Non-Observance, 1900-1960," The Torah U-Madda Journal9 (2000): 87.
223. "Our Readers Respond: American Orthodoxy, 1900-1960," The Torah U-Madda Journal 10 (2001): 182-87.
224. Gurock, Orthodoxy in Charleston: Brith Sholom Beth Israel and American Jewish History, 73-74, 81-83.
225. Gurock, Orthodoxy in Charleston, 90-91.
226. William B. Helmreich, "Trends within Contemporary Orthodoxy," Judaism (Fall 1981): 381-82.