Psychology and the question of agency

Psychology and the Question of Agency

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-186

  Martin, Jack ^a   Sugarman, Jeff ^a   Thompson, Janice ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900754227     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (182)

1. Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of social psychology (pp. 798-844). New York: Russell & Russell.
2. Angell, J. R. (1913). Behavior as a category in psychology. Psychological Review, 20, 255-270.
3. Aristotle (1953). The ethics of Aristotle: The Nicomachean ethics (J. A. K. Thomson, Trans.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)
4. Audi, R. (Ed.). (1999). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5. Austin, J. L. (1966). Ifs and cans. In B. Berofsky (Ed.), Liberation from self (pp. 295-321). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6. Avineri, S., & De-Shalit, A. (1992). Communitarianism and individualism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
7. Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man. Boston: Beacon.
8. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9. Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 1-45). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
11. Bandura, A. (2001). Social-cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
12. Barone, D. F., Maddux, J. E., & Snyder, C. R. (1997). Social cognitive psychology: History and current domains. New York: Plenum.
13. Bechtel, W. (1988). Philosophy of mind: An overview for cognitive science. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Berlin, I. (1970). Four essays on liberty. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Bidell, T. R., & Fischer, K. W. (1997). Between nature and nurture: The role of human agency in the epigenesis of intelligence (pp. 193-242). In R. J. Sternberg & E. L. Grigorenko (Eds.), Intelligence, heredity, and environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Bowman, M. (1997). Individual differences in posttraumatic response: Problems with the adversity-distress connection. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Bradley, F. H. (1927). Ethical studies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
18. Brandtstädter, J., & Lerner, R. M. (1999). Introduction: Development, action, and intentionality. In J. Brandtstädter & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Action and self-development: Theory and research through the life span (pp. ix-xx). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
19. Bridgman, P. W. (1952). The nature of some of our physical concepts. New York: Philosophical Library.
20. Bruner, J. S. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21. Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22. Budwig, N. (1995). A developmental-functionalist approach to child language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Bunge, M. (1977). Emergence and the mind. Neuroscience, 2, 501-509.
24. Burwood, S., Gilbert, P., & Lennon, K. (1999). Philosophy of mind. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press.
25. Butler, J. (1997). The psychic life of power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
26. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Churchland, P. M. (1981). Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy, 78, 67-90.
28. Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49, 997-1003.
29. Critchley, S. (2001). Continental philosophy: A very short introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
30. Cushman, P. (1995). Constructing the self, constructing America: A cultural history of psychotherapy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
31. Danziger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press.
32. Danziger, K. (1997). Naming the mind: How psychology found its language. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Danziger, K. (1998). The historical formation of selves. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues. New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Davidson, D. (1985). Replies. In B. Vermazen & M. Hintikka (Eds.), Essays on Davidson: Actions and events. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
35. Dawda, D., & Martin, J. (2001). Psychologists on psychology: Inquiry beliefs of psychologists by subdiscipline, gender, and age. Review of General Psychology, 5, 163-179.
36. Degrandpre, R. J. (2000). A science of meaning: Can behaviorism bring meaning to psychological science.? American Psychologist, 55, 721-739.
37. Dennett, D. (1995). On giving libertarians what they say they want. In T. O'Connor (Ed.), Agents, causes, and events: Essays on indeterminism and free will (pp. 43-56). New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Dilthey, W. (1977). Descriptive psychology and historical understanding (R. M. Zaner & K. L. Heiges, Trans.). The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. (Original works published 1894 and 1927)
39. Dworkin, R. (1977). Taking rights seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism. New York: Basic Books.
41. Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998). What is agency? American Journal of Sociology, 103, 962-1023.
42. Epictetus (1983). Handbook of Epictetus (N. White, Intro. & Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
43. Etzioni, A. (1996). A moderate communitarian proposal. Political Theory, 24, 155-171.
44. Fairfield, P. (2000). Moral selfhood in the liberal tradition. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
45. Fallon, D. (1992). An existential look at B. F. Skinner. American Psychologist, 47, 1433-1440.
46. Fancher, R. (1995). Cultures of healing: Correcting the image of American mental health care. New York: Freeman.
47. Fay, B. (1996). Contemporary philosophy of social science: A multicultural approach. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
48. Fischer, J. M. (1994). The metaphysics of free will: A study of control. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
49. Fonagy, P., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62, 891-905.
50. Fowers, B. J. (2000, August). Human agency, character, and the good life. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
51. Frankfurt, H. G. (1971). Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. Journal of Philosophy, 68, 5-20.
52. Gadamer, H.-G. (1995). Truth and method (J. Weinsheimer & D. G. Marshall, Trans.) (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Continuum. (Original work published 1960)
53. Galton, F. (1908). Memories of my life. London: Methuen.
54. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self. New York: Basic Books.
55. Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and relationships. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
56. Gergen, K. J. (1997). The place of the psyche in a constructed world. Theory and Psychology, 7, 723-746.
57. Giorgi, A. (Ed.). (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
58. Glover, J. A., & Ronning, R. R. (Eds.). (1987). Historical foundations of educational psychology. New York: Plenum.
59. Gottlieb, G. (1992). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Greenwood, J. D. (1991). Relations and representations: An introduction to the philosophy of social psychological science. New York: Routledge.
61. Guignon, C. B. (1983). Heidegger and the problem of knowledge. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
62. Guignon, C. B. (1991). Pragmatism or hermeneutics? Epistemology after foundationalism. In D. R. Hiley, J. F. Bohman, & R. Shusterman (Eds.), The interpretive turn: Philosophy, science, culture (pp. 81-101). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
63. Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effect of human kinds. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multi-disciplinary approach (pp. 351-383). Oxford, England: Clarendon.
64. Hacking, I. (1999). The social construction of what? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
65. Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of discovery. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
66. Hare-Mustin, R. T., & Marecek, J. (1990). Making a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
67. Harré, R. (1983). Personal being: A theory for individual psychology. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
68. Harré, R. (1995). The necessity of personhood as embodied being. Theory and Psychology, 5, 369-373.
69. Harré, R. (1998). The singular self: An introduction to the psychology of personhood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70. Harré, R., & Gillet, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Harré R., & Krausz, M. (1996). Varieties of relativism. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
72. Haug, W. (1986). Critique of commodity aesthetics. Cambridge, England: Polity.
73. Hegelson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412-428.
74. Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row. (Original work published in 1927)
75. Heidegger, M. (1982). The basic problems of phenomenology (A. Hofstadter, Trans.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
76. Higgins, E. T. (1988). Development of self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: Costs, benefits, and trade-offs. In M. R. Gunnar & L. A. Sroufe (Eds.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology: Vol. 23. Self processes in development (pp. 125-165). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
77. Hobbes, T. (1962). The English works of Thomas Hobbes Vol. 1 (W. Molesworth, Ed.). London: Scientia Aalen.
78. Holiday, A. (1988). Moral powers. Brighton, England: Harvester.
79. Honderich, T. (1988). The consequences of determinism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
80. Horgan, T., & Tienson, J. (1996). Connectionism and the philosophy of psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
81. Howard, G. (1993). Steps toward a science of free will. Counseling and Values, 37, 116-128.
82. Howard, G. (Ed.). (1994). Freewill and psychology [Special issue]. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 14, 1-101.
83. Hudson, L. (1975). Human beings: The psychology of human experience. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
84. Jackson, F. (1996). Philosophy of mind and cognition. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
85. James, W. (1909). The dilemma of determinism. In W. James, The will to believe and other essays. New York: Longman.
86. Jenkins, A. H. (1997). Free will and psychotherapy: The enhancement of agency. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 17, 1-12.
87. Jennings, H. S. (1962). Behavior of the lower organisms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Original work published 1906)
88. Jensen, J. P., Bergin, A. E., & Greaves, D. W. (1990). The meaning of eclecticism: New survey and analysis of components. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 124-130.
89. Kagan, J. (1984). The nature of the child. New York: Basic Books.
90. Kane, R. (1998). The significance of free will. New York: Oxford University Press.
91. Kane, R. (2002). Free will, determinism, and indeterminism. In H. Atmanspacher and R. Bishop (Eds.), Between chance and choice: Interdisciplinary perspectives on determinism (pp. 371-406). Thorverton, UK: Imprint Academic.
92. Kant, I. (1949). Critique of practical reason (L. W. Beck, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1781)
93. Kegan, R. (1983). A neo-Piagetian approach to object relations. In B. Lec & G. G. Noam (Eds.), Developmental approaches to the self (pp. 267-307). New York: Plenum.
94. Kempen, H. J. G. (1996). Mind as body moving in space: Bringing the body back into self-psychology. Theory and Psychology, 6, 715-731.
95. Kim, J. (1996). Philosophy of mind. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
96. Koch, S. (1981). The nature and limits of psychological knowledge: Lessons of a century qua "science." American Psychologist, 36, 257-269.
97. Koch, S. (1992). Psychology's Bridgman vs. Bridgman's Bridgman. Theory and Psychology, 2, 261-290.
98. Koch, S. (1993). "Psychology" or the "psychological studies?" American Psychologist, 48, 902-904.
99. Koch, S. (1999). Psychology in human context: Essays in dissidence and reconstruction (D. Finkelman & F. Kessel, Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. Kögler, H. H. (1996). The power of dialogue: Critical hermeneutics after Gadamer and Foucault (P. Hendrickson, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
101. Köhler, W. (1947). Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright.
102. Kristeva, J. (1991). Strangers to ourselves. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
103. Kvale, S. (Ed.). (1992). Psychology and postmodernism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
104. Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics (W. Moore and P. Cammack, Trans.). London: Verso.
105. Lee, V. L. (1992). Transdermal interpretation of the subject matter of behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1337-1343.
106. Marsella, A., DeVos, G., & Hsu, F. L. K. (Eds.). (1985). Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives. New York: Tavistock.
107. Martin, J. (1994). The construction and understanding of psychotherapeutic change: Conversations, memories, and theories. New York: Teachers College Press.
108. Martin, J. (2002, October). Emergent persons. Paper presented to the Institut für Grenzgebeite der Psychologie und Psychologiene, Freiburg, Germany.
109. Martin, J., & Dawda, D. (1999). Beyond empathy: A hermeneutically inspired inquiry into interpersonal understanding in psychotherapy. Theory and Psychology, 9, 459-481.
110. Martin, J., & Sugarman, J. (1999). The psychology of human possibility and constraint. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
111. Martin, J., & Sugarman, J. (2001). Interpreting human kinds: Beginnings of a hermeneutic psychology. Theory and Psychology, 11, 193-207.
112. Martin, J. & Thompson, J. (in press). Psychotherapy as the interpretation of being: Hermeneutic perspectives on psychotherapy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology.
113. McAdams, D. P., Hoffman, B. J., Mansfield, E. D., & Day, R. (1996). Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes. Journal of Personality, 64, 339-377.
114. McClay, W. M. (1998). Communitarianism and the federal idea. In P. A. Lawler & D.McConkey (Eds.), Community and political thought today (pp. 101-107). Westport, CT: Praeger.
115. McDowell, J. (1994). Mind and world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
117. Meehl, P. E. (1967). Theory testing in psychology and physics: A methodological paradox. Philosophy of Science, 34, 103-115.
118. Mele, A. (1995). Autonomous agents: From self-control to autonomy. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception (C. Smith, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
120. Morrow-Bradley, C., & Elliot, R. (1986). Utilization of psychotherapy research by practicing psychotherapists. American Psychologist, 41, 188-197.
121. Mulhall, S., & Swift, A. (1996). Liberals and communitarians (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
122. Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York: Basic Books.
123. Packer, M., & Addison, R. (Eds.). (1989). Entering the circle: Hermeneutic investigation in psychology. New York: State University of New York Press.
124. Paton Walsh, J. (2000). A desert in Bohemia. London: Doubleday.
125. Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative psychology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
126. Prilleltensky, I. (Ed.). (1994). The morals and politics of psychology: Psychological discourse and the status quo. Albany: State University of New York Press.
127. Quigley, J. (2000). The grammar of autobiography: A developmental account. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
128. Quigley, J. (2001). Psychology and grammar: The construction of the autobiographical self. Theory and Psychology, 11, 147-170.
129. Ratner, C. (1991). Vygotsky's sociohistorical psychology and its contemporary applications. New York: Plenum.
130. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
131. Richardson, F. C. (1998). Beyond scientism and postmodernism? Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 18, 33-45.
132. Richardson, F. C., Fowers, B. J., & Guignon, C. (1999). Re-envisioning psychology: Moral dimensions of theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
133. Risser, J. (1997). Hermeneutics and the voice of the other: Re-reading Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. Albany: State University of New York Press.
134. Robinson, D. N. (1985). Philosophy of psychology. New York: Columbia University Press.
135. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On being a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
136. Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
137. Rose, N. (1998). Inventing ourselves: Psychology, power, and personhood. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
138. Rottschaefer, W. A. (1991). Some philosophical implications of Bandura's social cognitive theory of human agency. American Psychologist, 46, 153-155.
139. Rychlak, J. F. (1988). The psychology of rigorous humanism (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press.
140. Rychlak, J. F. (1997). In defense of human consciousness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
141. Rychlak, J. F. (1999). Social constructionism, postmodernism, and the computer model: Searching for human agency in the right places. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 20, 379-390.
142. Rychlak, J. F., Williams, R. N., & Bugaj, A. M. (1986). The heuristic properties of dialectical oppositionality in predication. Journal of General Psychology, 113, 359-368.
143. Safranski, R. (1998). Martin Heidegger: Between good and evil (E. Osers, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
144. Sandel, M. (1982). Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
145. Sandel, M. (1984). The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Political Theory, 12, 81-96.
146. Sappington, A. A. (1990). Recent psychological approaches to the free will versus determinism issue. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 19-29.
147. Sass, L. A. (1988). Humanism, hermeneutics, and the concept of the human subject. In S. B. Messer & L. A. Sass (Eds.), Hermeneutics and psychological theory: Interpretive perspectives on personality, psychotherapy, and psychopathology (pp. 222-271). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
148. Sass, L. A. (1992). The epic of disbelief: The postmodernist turn in contemporary psychoanalysis. In S. Kvale (Ed.), Psychology and postmodernism (pp. 166-182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
149. Searle, J. R. (1992). The rediscovery of the mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
150. Shotter, J. (1993). Conversational realities: Constructing life through language. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
151. Skinner, B. F. (1959). Cumulative record. New York: Appleton-Century.
152. Skinner, E. A., Chapman, M., & Baltes, P. B. (1988). Control, means-ends, and agency beliefs: A new conceptualization and its measurement during childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 117-133.
153. Slife, B. D. (1994). Free will and time: That "stuck" feeling. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 14, 1-12.
154. Smedslund, J. (1988). Psycho-logic. New York: Springer-Verlag.
155. Smith, J. A., Harré, R., & Van Langenhove, L. (Eds.). (1995). Rethinking methods in psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
156. Smith, M. B. (1994). Selfhood at risk: Postmodern perils and the perils of postmodernism. American Psychologist, 49, 405-411.
157. Snow, C. P. (1998). The two cultures. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. (Original works published 1959 and 1963)
158. Sohn, D. (1999). Experimental effects: Are they constant or variable across individuals? Theory and Psychology, 9, 625-638.
159. Sperry, R. W. (1993). The impact and promise of the cognitive revolution. American Psychologist, 48, 878-885.
160. Spivak, G. C. (1996). The Spivak reader: Selected works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. New York: Routledge.
161. Strawson, P. (1959). Individuals. Routledge: New York.
162. Strawson, P. (1962). Freedom and resentment. Proceedings of the British Academy, 48, 1-25.
163. Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. (1995)Training in and dissemination of empirically-validated psychological treatment: Report and recommendations. The Clinical Psychologist, 48, 2-23.
164. Taylor, C. (1964). The explanation of behavior. London: Routledge.
165. Taylor, C. (1985). Self-interpreting animals. In Philosophical papers: Vol. 1. Human agency and language (pp. 45-76). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
166. Taylor, C. (1988). Wittgenstein, empiricism, and the question of the "inner": Commentary on Kenneth Gergen. In S. B. Messer, L. A. Sass, & R. L. Woolfolk (Eds.), Hermeneutics and psychological theory: Interpretive perspectives on personality, psychotherapy, and psychopathology (pp. 52-58). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
167. Taylor, C. (1995). Philosophical arguments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
168. Tiryakian, E. A. (1962). Sociologism and existentialism: Two perspectives on the individual and society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
169. Tolman, C. (1994). Psychology, society, and subjectivity. London: Routledge.
170. Valsiner, J. (1998). The guided mind: A sociogenetic approach to personality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
171. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
172. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language (A. Kozulin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Original work published 1934)
173. Wallach, M. A., & Wallach, L. (1998). When experiments serve little purpose: Misguided research in mainstream psychology. Theory and Psychology, 8, 183-194.
174. Walzer, M. (1983). Spheres of justice. New York: Basic Books.
175. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
176. Wertsch, J. V. (1998). Mind in action. New York: Oxford University Press.
177. Wertz, F. J. (1995, August). The scientific status of psychology. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.
178. Westcott, M. R. (1988). The psychology of human freedom: A human science perspective and critique. New York: Springer-Verlag.
179. Williams, R. N. (1992). The human context of agency. American Psychologist, 47, 752-760.
180. Williams, R. N. (1994). The modern, the post-modern, and the question of truth: Perspectives on the problem of agency. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 14, 25-49.
181. Winch, R. H. (1908). The transfer of improvement of memory in schoolchildren. British Journal of Psychology, 2, 284-293.
182. Woolfolk, R. L. (1998). The cure of souls: Science, values, and psychotherapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.