Bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system

Neuroimmunology of Sleep

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 3-25

  Weigent, Douglas A ^a   Blalock, J Edwin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900738031     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69146-6_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (152)

1. Ader, R. (1996) Historical perspectives on psychoneuroimmunology. In: H. Friedman, T. W. Klein, and A. L. Friedman (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 1-24.
2. Ader, R., and Cohen, N. (1975) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosom Med 37, 333-340.
3. Aguila, M. C., Rodriguez, A. M., Aguila-Mansila, H. N., and Lee, W. T. (1996) Somatostatin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in culture. Endocrinology 137, 1585-1590.
4. Arkins, S., Rebeiz, N., Biragyn, A., Reese, D. L., and Kelley, K. W. (1993) Murine macrophages express abundant insulin-like growth factor-I class I Ea and Eb transcripts. Endocrinology 133, 2334-2343.
5. Arnold, R. E., and Weigent, D. A. (2003) The production of nitric oxide in EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone. J Neuroimmunol 134, 82-94.
6. Arzt, E., Stelzer, G., Renner, U., Lange, M., Muller, A., and Stalla, G. K. (1992) Interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor in human corticotrophic adenoma and murine pituitary cell cultures. J Clin Invest 90, 1944-1951.
7. Banks, W. A., Farr, S. A., and Morley, J. E. (2002) Entry of blood-borne cytokines into the central nervous system: Effects on cognitive processes. Neuroimmunomodulation 10, 319-327.
8. Banks, W. A., Moinuddin, A., and Morley, J. E. (2006) Regional transport of TNF-alpha across the blood-brain barrier in young ICR and young and aged SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Aging 22, 671-676.
9. Batticane, N., Morale, M., Galio, F., Farinella, Z., and Marchetti, B. (1991) Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone signalling at the lymphocyte involves stimulation of interleukin-2 receptor expression. Endocrinology 129, 277-286.
10. Baxter, J. B., Blalock, J. E., and Weigent, D. A. (1991) Characterization of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor-I from leukocytes and its regulation by growth hormone. Endocrinology 129, 1727-1734.
11. Bellinger, D. L., Lorton, D., Romano, T., Olschowka, J. A., Felten, S. Y., and Felten, D. L. (1990) Neuropeptide innervation of lymphoid organs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 594, 17-33.
12. Bergquist, J., Tarkowski, A., Ekman, R., and Ewing, A. (1994) Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 12912-12916.
13. Berkenbosch, F., Van Oers, J., Del Rey, A., Tilders, F., and Besedovsky, H. (1987) Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1. Science 238, 524-526.
14. Bernardini, R., Kammilaris, T. C., Calogero, A. E., Johnson, E. O., Gomez, M. T., Gold, P. W., and Chrousos, G. P. (1990) Interactions between tumor necrosis factor-a, hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, and adrenocorticotropin secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 126, 2876-2881.
15. Bernton, E., Bryant, H., Holaday, J., and Dave, J. (1987) Release of multiple hormones by a direct action of interleukin-1 on pituitary cells. Science 238, 519-522.
16. Bernton, E. W., Bryant, H. U., and Holaday, J. W. (1991) Prolactin and immune function. In: R. Ader, D. L. Felten, and N. Cohen (Eds.), Psychoneuroimmunology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 403-428.
17. Besedovsky, H., Sorkin, E., Keller, M., and Miller, J. (1977) Hypothalamic changes during the immune response. Eur J Immunol 7, 323-325.
18. Besedovsky, H. O., delRey, A. E., and Sorkin, E. (1981) Lymphokine containing supernatants from Con A-stimulated cells increase corticosterone blood levels. J Immunol 126, 385-387.
19. Besedovsky, H. O., delRey, A. E., Sorkin, E., DaPrada, M., and Keller, H. A. (1979) Immunoregulation mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Cell Immunol 48, 346.
20. Blalock, J. E. (1984) The immune system as a sensory organ. J Immunol 132, 1067-1070.
21. Blalock, J. E. (1994) The immune system: Our sixth sense. Immunologist 2, 8-15.
22. Blalock J. E., and Costa, O. (1990) Immune neuroendocrine interactions: Implications for reproductive physiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 564, 261-266.
23. Blalock, J. E., and Smith, E. M. (1980) Human leukocyte interferon: Structural and biological relatedness to adrenocorticotropic hormone and endorphins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77, 5972-5974.
24. Brooks, K. H. (1990) Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) functions as a late-acting B cell growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 5. J Mol Cell Immunol 4, 327-335.
25. Bryant, P. A., Trinder, J., and Curtis, N. (2004) Sick and tired: Does sleep have a vital role in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 4, 457-467.
26. Carr, D. J., DeCosta, B. R., Jacobson, A. E., Rice, K. C., and Blalock, J. E. (1990) Corticotropinreleasing hormone augments natural killer cell activity through a naloxone-sensitive pathway. J Neuroimmunol 28, 53-61.
27. Carr, D. J. J. (1991) The role of endogenous opioids and their receptors in the immune system. Soc Exp Biol Med 198, 170-720.
28. Carr, D. J. J. (1992) Neuroendocrine peptide receptors on cells of the immune system. In: J. E. Blalock (Ed.), Neuroimmunoendocrinology. Karger, Basel, pp. 49-83.
29. Clarke, B. L., and Bost, K. L. (1989) Differential expression of functional adrenocorticotropic hormone receptors by subpopulations of lymphocytes. J Immunol 143, 464-469.
30. Clevenger, C. V., Sillman, A. L., Hanley-Hyde, J., and Prystowsky, M. B. (1992) Requirement for prolactin during cell cycle regulated gene expression in cloned T-lymphocytes. Endocrinology 130, 3216-3222.
31. Clevenger, C. V., Sillman, A. L., and Prystowsky, M. B. (1990) Interleukin-2 driven nuclear translocation of prolactin in cloned T-lymphocytes. Endocrinology 127, 3151-3159.
32. Cross, R. J., Markesbery, W. R., Brooks, W. H., and Roszman, T. L. (1980) Hypothalamicimmune interactions. I. The acute effect of anterior hypothalamic lesions on the immune response. Brain Res 196, 79-87.
33. DeBellis, A., Bizzarro, A., Pivonello, R., Lombardi, G., and Bellastella, A. (2005) Prolactin and autoimmunity. Pituitary 8, 25-30.
34. Delgado, M., Gonzalez-Rey, E., and Ganea, D. (2004) VIP/PACAP preferentially attract Th2 effectors through differential regulation of chemokine production by dendritic cells. FASEB J 18, 1453-1455.
35. DeSouza, E. B. (1993) Corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 receptors in the brainendocrine-immune axis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 697, 9-27.
36. Dhabhar, F. S., and McEwen, B. S. (1999) Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 1059-1064.
37. Dinarello, C. A. (2004) Infection, fever and exogenous and endogenous pyrogens: Some concepts have changed. J Endotoxin Res 10, 201-222.
38. Dobbs, C. M., Vasquez, M., Glaser, R., and Sheridan, J. F. (1993) Mechanisms of stressinduced modulation of viral pathogenesis and immunity. J Neuroimmunol 48, 151-160.
39. Dubuis, J. M., Dayer, J. M., Siegrist-Kaiser, C. A., and Burger, A. G. (1988) Human recombinant interleukin-1 beta decreases plasma thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone levels in rats. Endocrinology 123, 2175-2181.
40. Edwards, C. K., Ghiasuddin, S. M., Schepper, J. M., Yunger, L. M., and Kelley, K. W. (1988) A newly defined property of somatotropin: Priming of macrophages for production of superoxide anion. Science 239, 769-771.
41. Feistritzer, C., Clausen, J., Sturn, D. H., Djanani, A., Gunsilius, E., Wiedermann, C. J., and Kahler, C. M. (2003) Natural killer cell functions mediated by the neuropeptide substance P. Regul Pept 116, 119-126.
42. Felten, D. L., Felten, S. Y., Bellinger, D. L., Carlson, S. L., Ackerman K. D., Madden, K. S., Olschowka, J. A., and Livnat, S. (1987) Noradrenergic sympathetic neural interactions with the immune system: Structure and function. Immunol Rev 100, 225-260.
43. Fomicheva, E. E., Nemirovich-Danchenko, E. A., and Korneva, E. A. (2004) Immunoprotective effects of prolactin during stress-induced immune dysfunction. Bull Exp Biol Med 6, 544-547.
44. Foster, C. A., Mandak, B., Kromer, E., and Rot, A. (1992) Calcitonin gene-related peptide is chemotactic for human T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 657, 397-404.
45. Fujii, T., and Kawashima, K. (2000) Calcium signaling and c-fos gene expression via M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human T- and B-cells. Jpn J Pharmacol 84, 124-132.
46. Fujimoto, K., Matsui, M., Fujii, T., and Kawashima, K. (2001) Decreased acetylcholine content and choline acetyltransferase mRNA expression in circulating mononuclear leukocytes and lymphoid organs of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci 69, 1629-1638.
47. Fujino, H., Kitamura, Y., Yada, T., Uehara, T., and Nomura, Y. (1997) Stimulatory roles of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex-mediated interleukin-2 production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 51, 1007-1114.
48. Fukushima, T., Ichinose, M., Shingai, R., and Sawada, M. (2001) Adrenocorticotropic hormone activates an outward current in cultured mouse peritoneal macropahges. J Neuroimmunol 113, 231-235.
49. Gaillard, R. C., Turnill, D., Sappino, P., and Muller, A. F. (1990) Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits the hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors. Endocrinology 127, 101-106.
50. Gala, R. R. (1991) Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 198, 513-527.
51. Gala, R. R., and Shevach, E. M. (1993) Identification by analytical flow cytometry of prolactin receptors on immunocompetent cell populations in the mouse. Endocrinology 133, 1617-1623.
52. Gan, X., Zhang, L., Solomon, G. F., and Bonavida, B. (2002) Mechanism of norepinephrinemediated inhibition of human NK cytotoxic functions: Inhibition of cytokine secretion, target binding, and programming for cytotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 16, 227-246.
53. Ganea, D., Rodriquez, R., and Delgado, M. (2003) Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: Players in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Mol Biol 49, 127-142.
54. Geffner, M. E., Bersch, N., Lippe, B. M., Rosenfeld, R. G., Hintz, R. L., and Golde, D. W. (1990) Growth hormone mediates the growth of T-lymphoblast cell lines via locally generated insulin-like growth factor-I. J Clin Endocrin Metab 71, 464-469.
55. Glaser, R., Rice, J., Sheridan, J., Fertel, R., Stout, J., Speicher, C., Pinsky, D., Kotur, M., Post, A., Beck, M., and Kiecolt-Glaser, J. A. (1987) Stress-related immune suppression: Health implications. Brain Behav Immun 1, 7-20.
56. Gonzalez, M. C., Aguila, M. C., and McCann, S. M. (1991) In vitro effects of recombinant human gamma-interferon on growth hormone release. Prog Neuroendocrin Immunol 4, 222-227.
57. Gonzalez, M. C., Riedel, M., Rettori, V., Yu, W. H., and McCann, S. M. (1990) Effect of recombinant human gamma-interferon on the release of anterior pituitary hormones. Prog Neuroendocrin Immunol 3, 49-54.
58. Guarcello, V., Weigent, D. A., and Blalock, J. E. (1991) Growth hormone releasing hormone receptors on thymocytes and splenocytes from rats. Cell Immunol 136, 291-302.
59. Hadden, J. W., Hadden, E. M., and Middleton, E. (1970) Lymphocyte blast transformation. I. Demonstration of adrenergic receptors in human peripheral lymphocytse. J Cell Immunol 1, 583-595.
60. Hadden, J. W., Hadden, E. M., Middleton, E., and Good, R. A. (1971) Lymphocyte blast transformation. II. The mechanisms of action of alpha adrenergic receptors effects. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 40, 526-539.
61. Harbour, D. V., and Hughes, T. K. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) induces gamma interferon release. FASEB J A 5884. 1991.
62. Harbour, D. V., Leon, S., Keating, C., and Hughes, T. K. (1990) Thyrotropin modulates B-cell function through specific bioactive receptors. Prog Neuroendocrin Immunol 3, 266-276.
63. Hiruma, K., Koike, T., Nakamura, H., Sumida, T., Maeda, T., Tomioka, H., Yoshida, S, and Fujita, T. (1990) Somatostatin receptors on human lymphocytes and leukaemia cells. Immunology 71, 480-485.
64. Ho, W., Lai, J., Li, Y., and Douglas, S. (2002) HIV enhances substance P expression in human immune cells. FASEB J 16, 616-618.
65. Irwin, M. (2002) Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 16, 503-512.
66. Jain, R., Zwickler, D., Hollander, C. S., Brand, H., Saperstein, A., Hutchinson, B., Brown, C., and Audhya, T. (1991) Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates the immune response to stress in the rat. Endocrinology 128, 1329-1336.
67. Johnson, H. M., Downs, M. O., and Pontzer, C. H. (1992) Neuroendocrine peptide hormone regulation of immunity. Chem Immunol 52, 49-83.
68. Johnson, H. M., Farrar, W. L., and Torres, B. A. (1982a) Vasopressin replacement of interleukin 2 requirement in gamma interferon production: Lymphokine activity of a neuroendocrine hormone. J Immunol 129, 983-986.
69. Johnson, H. M., Smith, E. M., Torres, B. A., and Blalock, J. E. (1982b) Neuroendocrine hormone regulation of in vitro antibody formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79, 4171-4174.
70. Johnson, H. M., Torres, B. A., Smith, E. M., Dion, L. D., and Blalock, J. E. (1984) Regulation of lymphokine (gamma-interferon) production by corticotropin. J Immunol 132, 246-250.
71. Kakucska, I., Qi, Y., Clark, B. D., and Lechan, R. M. (1993) Endotoxin-induced corticotropinreleasing hormone gene expression is the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is mediated centrally by interleukin-1. Endocrinology 129, 2796.
72. Kalra, P. S., Sahu, A., and Kalra, S. P. (1990) Interleukin-1 inhibits the ovarian steroid-induced luteinizing hormone surge and release of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rats. Endocrinology 126, 2145-2152.
73. Karanth, S., Aguila, M. C., and McCann, S. M. (1993) The influence of interleukin-2 on the release of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone by mediobasal hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 58, 185-190.
74. Karanth, S., and McCann, S. M. (1991) Anterior pituitary hormone control by interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 2961-2965.
75. Kawashima, K., and Fujii, T. (2003) The lymphocytic cholinergic system and its biological function. Life Sci 72, 2101-2109.
76. Kelley, K. W. (1989) Growth hormone, lymphocytes and macrophages [Review]. Biochem Pharmacol 38, 705-713.
77. Kelley, K. W., Arkins, S., and Li, Y. M. (1992) Growth hormone, prolactin, and insulin-like growth factors: New jobs for old players. Brain Behav Immun 6, 317-326.
78. Koff, W. C., and Dunnegan, M. A. (1986) Neuroendocrine hormones suppress macrophagemediated lysis of herpes simplex virus-infected cells. J Immunol 136, 705-709.
79. Kooijman, R., and Coppens, A. (2004) Insulin-like growth facator-1 stimulates IL-10 production in human T cells. J Leukoc Biol 76, 862-867.
80. Kooijman, R., and Gerlo, S. (2002) Prolactin expression in the immune system. In: L. Matera and R. Rapaport (Eds.), Growth and Lactogenic Hormones. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 147-159.
81. Kooijman, R., Hooghe-Peters, E. L., and Hooghe, R. (1996) Prolactin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the immune system. Adv Immunol 63, 377-453.
82. Kruger, T. E., Smith, L. R., Harbour, D. V., and Blalock, J. E. (1989) Thyrotropin: An endogenous regulator of the in vitro immune response. J Immunol 142, 744-747.
83. Lai, J.-P., Ho, W. Z., Kilpatrick, L. E., Wang, X., Tuluc, F., Korchak, H. M., and Douglas, S. D. (2006) Full-length and truncated neurokinin-1 receptor expression and function during monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Proc Acad Sci USA 103, 7771-7776.
84. Laye, S., Bluthe, R. M., Kent, S., Combe, C., Medina, C., Parnet, P., Kelley, K., and Dantzer, R. (1995). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks induction of IL-1ß mRNA in mice brain in response to peripheral LPS. Am J Physiol 268, R1327-R1331.
85. Levite, M. (1998) Neuropeptides, by direct interaction with T cells, induce cytokine secretion and break the commitment to a distinct T helper phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 12544-12549.
86. Li, Y. M., Arkins, S., McCusker, R. H., Jr., Donovan, S. M., Liu, Q., Jayaraman, S., and Dantzer, R. (1996) Macrophages synthesize and secrete a 25 kDa protein that binds insulin-like growth factor-1. J Immunol 156, 64-72.
87. Lin, L., Hungs, M., and Mignot, E. (2001) Narcolepsy and the HLA region. J Neuroimmunol 117, 9-20.
88. Lipton, J. and Catania, A. (2003). Anti-inflammatory actions of the neuroimmunomodulator α-MSH. Immunol Today 18, 140-145.
89. Luger, T. A., Scholzen, T. E., Brzoska, T., and Bohm, M. (2003) New insights into the functions of α-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 994, 133-140.
90. Matera, L., Cesano, A., Bellone, G., and Oberholtzer, E. (1992) Modulatory effect of prolactin on the resting and mitogen-activity of T, B, and NK lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun 6, 409-417.
91. Matera, L., Mori, M., and Galetto, A. (2001) Effect of prolactin on the antigen presenting function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Lupus 10, 728-734.
92. Mathew, R. C., Cook, G. A., Blum, A. M., Metwali, A., Felman, R., and Weinstock, J. V. (1992) Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates T lymphocytes to release IL-5 in murine schistosomiasis mansoni infection. J Immunol 148, 3572-3577.
93. McCann, S. M., Karanth, S., Kamat, A., Dees, W. L., Lyson, K., Gimeno, M., and Rettori, V. (1994) Induction of cytokines of the pattern of pituitary hormone secretion in infection. Neuroimmunomodulation 1, 2-13.
94. McGillis, J. P., Humphreys, S., and Reid, S. (1991) Characterization of functional calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors on rat lymphocytes. J Immunol 147, 3482-3489.
95. Metal'nikov, S., and Chorine, V. (1926) Role des reflexes conditionnels dans l'immunite. Ann l'Institute Pasteur 40, 893-900.
96. Milenkovic, L., Rettori, V., Snyder, G. E., Reutler, B., and McCann, S. M. (1989) Cachectin alters anterior pituitary hormone release by a direct action in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 2418-2422.
97. Moldofsky, H. (1993) Fibromyalgia, sleep disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ciba Found Symp 173, 272-279.
98. Montgomery, D. W. (2001) Prolactin production by immune cells. Lupus 10, 665-675.
99. Montgomery, D. W., Shen, G. K., Ulrich, E. D., Steiner, L. L., Parrish, P. R., and Zukoski, C. F. (1992) Human thymocytes express a prolactin-like messenger ribonucleic acid and synthesize bioactive prolactin-like protein. Endocrinology 131, 3019-3026.
100. Mullington, J., Korth, C., Hermann, D. M., Orth, A., Galanos, C., Holsboer, F., and Pollmacher, T. (2000) Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on human sleep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278, R947-R955.
101. Naitoh, Y., Fukata, J., Tominaga, T., Nakai, Y., Tamai, S., Mori, K., and Imura, H. (1988) Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freelymoving rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155, 1459-1463.
102. O'Neal, K. D., Schwarz, L. A., and Yu-Lee, L. Y. (1991) Prolactin receptor gene expression in lymphoid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 82, 127-135.
103. Obal, F., Jr., Fang, J., Payne, L. C., and Krueger, J. (1995) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone mediates the sleep-promoting activity of interleukin-1 in rats. Neuroendocrinology 61, 559-565.
104. Opp, M. R., and Imeri, L. (2001) Rat strains that differ in corticotropin-releasing hormone production exhibit different sleep-wake responses to interleukin-1. Neuroendocrinology 73, 272-284.
105. Opp, M. R., and Krueger, J. M. (1994) Anti-interleukin-1-beta reduces sleep and sleep rebound after sleep deprivation in rats. Am J Physiol 266, R688-R695.
106. Ottaway, C. A., Bernaerts, C., Chan, B., and Greenberg, G. R. (1983) Specific binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide to human circulating mononuclear cells. Can J Phys Pharm 61, 664-671.
107. Pascual, D. W., Xu-Amano, J. C., Kiyono, H., McGhee, J. R., and Bost, K. L. (1991) Substance P acts directly upon cloned B lymphoma cells to enhance IgA and IgM production. J Immunol 146, 2130-2136.
108. Pavlov, V. A., Wang, H., Czura, C. J., Friedman, S. G., and Tracey, K. J. (2003) The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: A missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Mol Med 9, 125-134.
109. Payne, L. C., Weigent, D. A., and Blalock, J. E. (1994) Induction of pituitary sensitivity to interleukin-1: A new function for corticotropin- releasing hormone. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 198, 480-484.
110. Pierpaoli, W., Baroni, C., Fabris, N., and Sorkin, E. (1969) Hormones and immunological capacity. II. Reconstitution of antibody production in hormonally deficient mice by somatotropic hormone, thyrotropic hormone and thyroxin. J Immunol 16, 217-230.
111. Provinciali, M., Di Stefano, G., and Fabris, N. (1992) Improvement in the proliferative capacity and natural killer cell activity of murine spleen lymphocytes by thyrotropin. Int J Immunopharm 14, 865-870.
112. Qiu, Y.-H., Peng, Y.-P., Jiang, J.-M., and Wang, J.-J. (2004) Expression of tyrosine hydroxlyase in lymphocytes and effect of endogenous catecholamines on lymphocyte function. Neuroimmunomodulation 11, 75-83.
113. Rasmussen, A. F., Jr., Marsh, J. T., and Brill, N. Q. (1957) Increased susceptibility to herpes simplex in mice subjected to avoidance-learning stress or restraint. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 96, 183-189.
114. Renegar, K. B., Crouse, D., Floyd, R. A., and Krueger, J. (2000) Progression of influenza viral infection through the murine respiratory tract: The protective role of sleep deprivation. Sleep 23, 859-863.
115. Renier, G., Clement, I., Desfaits, A. C., and Lambert, A. (1996) Direct stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on monocyte and macarophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Endocrinology 137, 4611-4618.
116. Rivest, S. (1995) Molecular mechanisms and neural pathways mediating the influence of interleukin-1 on the activity of neuroendocrine CRF motoneurons in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 13, 135.
117. Rouabhia, M., Chakir, J., and Deschaux, P. (1991) Interaction between the immune and endocrine systems: Immunomodulatory effects of luteinizing hormone. Prog Neuroendocrin Immunol 4, 86-91.
118. Roupas, P., and Herington, A. C. (1989) Cellular mechanisms in the processing of growth hormone and its receptor [Review]. Mol Cell Endocrinol 61, 1-12.
119. Ruzicka, B., and Huda, A. K. L. (1995) Differential cellular regulation of POMC by IL-1 and corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Neuroendocrinology 61, 136.
120. Sakami, S., Ishikawa, T., Kawakami, N., Haratani, T., Fukui, A., Kobayashi, F., Fujita, O., Araki, S., and Kawamura, N. (2002) Coemergence of insomnia and a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 dominance. Neuroimmunomodulation 10, 337-343.
121. Savard, J., Laroche, L., Simard, S., Ivers, H., and Morin, C. M. (2003) Chronic insomnia and immune functioning. Psychosom Med 65, 211-221.
122. Schobitz, B., Pezeshki, G., Pohl, T., Hemmann, U., Heinrich, P. C., Holsboer, F., and Reul, J. M. H. M. (1995) Soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor augments central effects of IL-6 in vivo. FASEB J 9, 659.
123. Siejka, A., Stepien, T., Lawnicka, H., Krupinski, R., Komorowski, J., and Stepien, H. (2005) Effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH (1-44) NH2] on IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Endocr Rev 39, 7-11.
124. Singh, U. (1985) Lymphoiesis in the nude fetal mouse thymus following sympathectomy. Cell Immunol 93, 222-228.
125. Smith, A. (1992) In: R. J. Broughton and R. D. Ogilvie (Eds.), Arousal and Performance. Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 233-242.
126. Smith, E. M. (2003) Opioid peptides in immune cells. In: H. Machelska and C. Stein (Eds.), Immune Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 51-68.
127. Smith, E. M., and Blalock, J. E. (1981) Human lymphocyte production of corticotropin and endorphin-like substances: Association with leukocyte interferon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78, 7530-7534.
128. Smith, E. M., Hughes, T. K., Hashemi, F., and Stefano, G. B. (1992) Immunosuppressive effects of corticotropin and melanotropin and their possible significance in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 782-786.
129. Spangelo, B. L., Judd, A. M., Isakson, P. C., and MacLeod, R. M. (1989) Interleukin-6 stimulates anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro. Endocrinology 125, 575-577.
130. Spangelo, B. L., and MacLeod, R. M. (1990) Regulation of acute phase response and neuroendocrine function by interleukin 6. Prog Neuroendocrin Immunol 3, 167-174.
131. Spiegel, K., Sheridan, J. F., and Van Cauter, E. (2002) Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization. JAMA 288, 1471-1472.
132. Stanisz, A. M., Befus, D., and Bienenstock, J. (1986) Differential effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P and somatostatin on immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. J Immunol 136, 152.
133. Stein, M., Schiavi, R. C., and Camerino, M. (1976) Influence of brain and behavior on the immune system. Science 191, 435-440.
134. Suzuki, K., Suzuki, S., Saito, Y., Ikebuchi, H., and Terao, T. (1990) Human growth hormonestimulated growth of human cultured lymphocytes (IM-9) and its inhibition by phorbol diesters through down-regulation of the hormone receptors. Possible involvement of phosphorylation of a 55, 000 molecular weight protein associated with the receptor in the down-regulation. J Biol Chem 265, 11320-11327.
135. Tayebati, S. K., El-Assouad, D., Ricci, A., and Amenta, F. (2002) Immunochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of cholinergic markers in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 132, 147-155.
136. Torres, K. C. L., Antonelli, L. R. V., Souza, A. L. S., Teixeira, M. M., Dutra, W. O., and Gollob, K. J. (2005) Norepinephrine, dopamine and dexamethasone modulate discrete leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine profiles from human PBMC. J Neuroimmunol 166, 144-157.
137. Toth, L. A., and Krueger, J. M. (1988) Alteration of sleep in rabbits by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Infect Immun 56, 1785-1791.
138. Tracey, K. (2002) The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420, 853-859.
139. Tsao, C. W., Lin, Y. S., and Cheng, J. T. (1998) Inhibition of immune cell proliferation with haloperidol and relationship of tyrosine hydroxylase expression to immune cell growth. Life Sci 62, 335-344.
140. Vankelecom, H., Carmeliet, P., Heremans, H., Van Damme, J., Dijkmans, R., Billiau, A., and Denef, C. (1990) Interferon-gamma inhibits stimulated adrenocorticotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone secretion in normal rat anterior pituitary cell cultures. Endocrinology 126, 2919-2926.
141. Wang, H., Xing, L., Li, W., Hou, L., Guo, J., and Wang, X. (2002) Production and secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide from human lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 130, 155-162.
142. Wang, H. C., and Klein, J. R. (2001) Immune function of thyroid stimulating hormone and receptor. Crit Rev Immunol 21, 323-337.
143. Warthan, M. D., Freeman, J., Loesser, K., Lewis, C., Hong, M., Conway, C., and Stewart, J. (2002) Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase expression in mouse thymus and spleen. Brain Behav Immun 16, 493-499.
144. Webster, E. L., Tracey, D. E., and De Souza, E. B. (1991) Upregulation of interleukin-1 receptors in mouse AtT-20 pituitary tumor cells following treatment with corticotropinreleasing factor. Endocrinology 129, 2796-2798.
145. Weigent, D. A., Baxter, J. B., and Blalock, J. E. (1992) The production of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I by the same subpopulation of rat mononuclear leukocytes. Brain Behav Immun 6, 365-376.
146. Weigent, D. A., and Blalock, J. E. (1995) Associations between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. J Leukoc Biol 58, 137-150.
147. Weigent, D. A., Blalock, J. E., and LeBoeuf, R. D. (1991) An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. Endocrinology 128, 2053-2057.
148. Williams, J. M., Peterson, R. G., Shea, P. A., Schmedtje, J. R., Bauer, D. C., and Felten, D. L. (1981) Sympathetic innervation of murine thymus and spleen: Evidence for a functional link between the nervous and immune system. Brain Res Bull 6, 83.
149. Wilson, T., Yu-Lee, L., and Kelley, M. (1995) Coordinate gene expression of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and the LHRH receptor after prolactin stimulation in the rat Nb2 T cell line: Implications for a role in immunomodulation and cell cycle gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 9, 44-53.
150. Woloski, B. M., Smith, E. M., Meyer, W. J.3., Fuller, G. M., and Blalock, J. E. (1985) Corticotropin-releasing activity of monokines. Science 230, 1035-1037.
151. Wrona, D. (2006) Neural-immune interactions: An integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune systems. J Neuroimmunol 172, 38-58.
152. Zelazowski, P., Dohler, K. D., Stepien, H., and Pawlikowski, M. (1989) Effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone on human peripheral blood leukocyte chemotaxis and migration in normal subjects. Neuroendocrinology 50, 236-239.