Extravagant abjection: Blackness, power, and sexuality in the African American literary imagination

Extravagant Abjection: Blackness, Power, and Sexuality in the African American Literary Imagination

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-317

  Scott, Darieck ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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References (290)

1. Toni Morrison, Beloved (New York: Knopf, 1987), 165.
2. See generally Ashraf H. A. Rushdy, Neo-Slave Narratives: Studies in the Social Logic of a Literary Form (New York: Oxford U P, 1999), especially chapters 1 and 2.
3. Sharon Patricia Holland, Raising the Dead: Readings of Death and (Black) Subjectivity (Durham, NC: Duke U P, 2000), 120.
4. Stockton, Beautiful Bottom, 7-8.
5. One example of such an argument is Hazel Carby, Race Men (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 1998).
6. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, and Renée T. White, "Introduction:Five Stages of Fanon Studies," in Fanon: A Critical Reader, ed. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, and Renée T. White (Cambridge, MA:Blackwell, 1996), 7, 6, original emphasis.
7. Lewis R. Gordon and Jane Anna Gordon, Not Only the Master's Tools: African-American Studies in Theory and Practice (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006), 41.
8. James Weldon Johnson, The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man (1912; New York: Vintage, 1989), 187-188.
9. Frantz Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" in Toward the African Revolution, trans. Haakon Chevalier (New York: Grove, 1967), 4.
10. Kwame Ture and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (1967; New York: Vintage Books, 1992), xix-xx.
11. LeRoi Jones, "The Legacy of Malcolm X, and the Coming of the Black Nation," in Home: Social Essays (1966; Hopewell, NJ: Ecco, 1998), 246.
12. Amiri Baraka, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones (1984; Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1997), 295, 271.
13. Newton, "Founding of the Black Panther Party," 50.
14. Jones, "Legacy of Malcolm X," 246.
15. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (1963; New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1965), 144. A subsequent translation, by Richard Philcox, was published by Grove in 2004. Also, a new translation of Black Skin, White Masks by Philcox was published by Grove in 2008. I sometimes reference the newer Philcox translations in the notes as Philcox, Wretched, and Philcox, Black Skin.
16. Jerry Gafio Watts, Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 255.
17. LeRoi Jones, "American Sexual Reference: Black Male," in Home, 225.
18. Fanon, Wretched, 216.
19. Ture and Hamilton, Black Power, 6.
20. David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (New York: Picador USA, 2000), 29.
21. See bell hooks, "Feminism as a Persistent Critique of History: What's Love Got to Do with It?" in The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation, ed. Alan Read (Seattle: Bay Press, 1996), 76-85;
22. Hortense J. Spillers, "'All the Things You Could Be by Now, If Sigmund Freud's Wife Was Your Mother': Psychoanalysis and Race," in Black, White, and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003), 376-427. hooks and Spillers provide precise considerations of Fanon's distortions of the "inner" and "intra" of black life-that is, the individual black person's psyche and black-on-black family and community relations.
23. See Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Critical Fanonism," in Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue, ed. Nigel C. Gibson, 251-268 (New York: Humanity Books, 1999).
24. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (1952; New York: Grove, 1967), 231.
25. See Ronald A. T. Judy, "Fanon's Body of Black Experience," in Gordon, Sharpley-Whiting, and White, Fanon: A Critical Reader, 53-73.
26. Fanon, Wretched, 224.
27. See Homi K. Bhabha, "Day by Day . . . with Frantz Fanon," in Read, Fact of Blackness, 186-205.
28. Fanon, Black Skin, 226.
29. Ato Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 1996), 76.
30. Frantz Fanon, "Racism and Culture," in Toward the African Revolution, trans. Haakon Chevalier (New York: Grove, 1967), 34.
31. Fanon, Wretched, 218.
32. Fanon, Black Skin, 226.
33. Fanon, Black Skin, 225, 226, 230, 229, original emphasis.
34. Spillers, "Peter's Pans: Eating in the Diaspora," in Black, White, and in Color, 36.
35. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 2000), 336.
36. Abdul R. JanMohamed, The Death-Bound Subject: Richard Wright's Archaeology of Death (Durham, NC: Duke U P, 2005), 300.
37. Sonia Kruks, "Fanon, Sartre, and Identity Politics," in Gordon, Sharpley-Whiting, and White, Fanon: A Critical Reader, 132.
38. Francoise Verges, "Chains of Madness, Chains of Colonialism: Fanon and Freedom," in Read, Fact of Blackness, 63, original emphasis.
39. Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience, 76.
40. Spillers, "Peter's Pans," 36.
41. See Jacques Lacan, "The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis," in Ecrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Norton, 1977), 103.
42. Spillers, "Peter's Pans," 36.
43. Lacan, "The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis," 52.
44. Fanon, Black Skin, 227.
45. See Lewis R. Gordon, Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial World (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 144.
46. Fanon, Black Skin, 112, 140.
47. Fanon, Wretched, 238, 244.
48. Fanon, Wretched, 246.
49. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 130.
50. Fanon, Wretched, 203, 147.
51. See again Kawash, "Terrorists and Vampires."
52. Fanon, Wretched, 304-305.
53. Fanon, "Racism and Culture," 34;
54. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" in Toward the African Revolution, 4.
55. Fanon, Black Skin, 95, original emphasis.
56. See Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon, 272-280.
57. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 1992), 33.
58. Fanon, Wretched, 139, 138.
59. Fanon, Wretched, 139.
60. Fanon, "West Indians and Africans," in Toward the African Revolution, 27.
61. Fanon, Wretched, 313.
62. Fanon, Black Skin, 111.
63. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (1958; New York: Routledge, 2003), 173.
64. Verges, "Chains of Madness, Chains of Colonialism," 61, 65.
65. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 9.
66. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 273.
67. Jean Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (1956; New York: Washington Square P, 1984), 409, 428.
68. Fanon, Black Skin, 225.
69. Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience, 82.
70. Fanon, Wretched, 40.
71. Fanon, Wretched, 53.
72. Fanon, Wretched, 57, emphasis added;
73. Sartre, preface to Wretched, 19;
74. Fanon, Wretched, 57, emphasis added.
75. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia U P, 1982), 51, 49.
76. Fanon, Black Skin, 231.
77. Fanon, Wretched, 252 (emphasis added), 292.
78. Fanon, Wretched, 291, emphasis added.
79. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 4.
80. Fanon, Wretched, 294, emphasis added.
81. Fanon, "Racism and Culture," 41-42.
82. Fanon, Black Skin, 109.
83. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 13, emphasis added.
84. Fanon, Wretched, 292-293.
85. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 127, 128, emphasis added.
86. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 180, emphasis added.
87. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 134.
88. Fanon, Wretched, 241, emphasis added.
89. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 4, emphasis added.
90. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 179, original emphasis.
91. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 9.
92. Spillers, "All the Things You Could Be by Now," 391.
93. Fanon, Wretched, 253. Philcox translates this a bit differently-and less lyrically, to my mind: "But can we escape vertigo? Who dares claim that vertigo does not prey on every life?" (Philcox, Wretched, 185n23).
94. Fanon, Wretched, 253.
95. Fanon, Wretched, 242.
96. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 64, 65.
97. Fanon, Black Skin, 140.
98. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 65.
99. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 273, 196, 197-198, 247.
100. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 404, emphasis added.
101. Fanon, Wretched, 56-57, emphasis added.
102. Fanon, Black Skin, 109-110.
103. Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience, 76.
104. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 434.
105. Fanon, Black Skin, 150.
106. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 251.
107. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 437, 438-439, emphasis added.
108. Fanon, Black Skin, 232.
109. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 277.
110. Fanon, Black Skin, 134.
111. Gates, "Critical Fanonism," 266, 267.
112. See Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography, 230.
113. Diana Fuss, "Interior Colonies: Frantz Fanon and the Politics of Identification," in Gibson, Rethinking Fanon, 318, 319.
114. Kobena Mercer, "Busy in the Ruins of a Wretched Phantasia," in Alessandrini, Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives, 197.
115. Fanon, "The 'North African Syndrome,'" 4.
116. Fanon, Black Skin, 111.
117. Robert Stepto, From Behind the Veil: A Study of Afro-American Narrative (Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1979).
118. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 211.
119. Phillip Brian Harper, Are We Not Men? Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity (New York: Oxford U P, 1996), 108-113;
120. Siobhan B. Somerville, Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture (Durham, NC: Duke U P, 2000), 111-130.
121. Kristeva, Powers of Horror, 51.
122. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 186, 185, 186, 185.
123. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 56, 61, 62, 121.
124. Fanon, Black Skin, 161.
125. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 187, 186, 187, emphasis added.
126. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 190, 150, 74, 181.
127. Sigmund Freud, "'A Child Is Being Beaten' (1919): A Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Sexual Perversions," in Sexuality and the Psychology of Love (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963), 97-122. I want to thank Lauren Berlant for suggesting the use of this essay in this context.
128. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 200.
129. Stepto, From Behind the Veil, 125, 124.
130. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 16, 17, emphasis added.
131. Butler, Bodies That Matter, 180-182.
132. Fanon, Black Skin, 162n25.
133. Merleau-Ponty Phenomenology of Perception, 250.
134. Fanon, Black Skin, 10.
135. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 17, 124, 190.
136. Fanon, Black Skin, 226.
137. Cathy Caruth, "Trauma and Experience: Introduction," in Trauma: Explorations in Memory, ed. Cathy Caruth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U P, 1995), 3-12. "The impact of the traumatic event lies precisely in its belatedness, in its refusal to be simply located, in its insistent appearance outside the boundaries of any single place or time" (9).
138. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 246.
139. Fanon, Black Skin, 140.
140. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (1955; Boston: Beacon, 1966), 231.
141. See David Allyn, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (New York: Routledge, 2001), 196-199, 202-206.
142. Marcuse, Eros and Civilization, 56.
143. See Laplanche and Pontalis, "Castration Complex," in Language of Psycho-Analysis, 56-59.
144. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 278-279.
145. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 211, 133-134, 135, my emphasis.
146. Fanon, Wretched, 253.
147. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 143.
148. Stepto, From Behind the Veil, 126.
149. Stepto, From Behind the Veil, 97.
150. See Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (1913; New York: Norton, 1950), especially 28.
151. Johnson, Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man, 211.
152. Fanon, Black Skin, 8, 9, emphasis added.
153. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 114, original emphasis.
154. See David Lloyd, "Adulteration and the Nation: Monologic Nationalism and the Colonial Hybrid," in An Other Tongue: Nation and Ethnicity in the Linguistic Borderlands, ed. Alfred Arteaga (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994), 53-92.
155. See also Rey Chow, "The Politics of Admittance: Female Sexual Agency, Miscegenation, and the Formation of Community in Frantz Fanon," in Alessandrini, Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives, 34-56.
156. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 179.
157. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 119-120.
158. Fanon, Black Skin, 149.
159. Barbara Christian, "Ancestral Worship: Afrocentric Debates in Toni Morrison's Beloved" (lecture, "Issues of Feminism, Gender and 'Race'" series, Stanford University, April 23, 1993).
160. Angelita Reyes, "Reading a Nineteenth-Century Fugitive Slave Incident," Annals of Scholarship: Studies of the Humanities and Social Sciences 7 (1990): 465.
161. See generally Rushdy, Neo-Slave Narratives. For a discussion of syndetic approaches to interpretation and temporality in relation to David Bradley's neo-slave narrative The Chaneysville Incident, see Edward Pavlic, "Syndetic Redemption:Above-Underground Emergence in David Bradley's The Chaneysville Incident," African American Review 30.2 (Summer 1996): 165-184.
162. For a discussion of traumatic temporality in relation to Gayl Jones's neo-slave narrative Corregidora, see Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg, "Living the Legacy: Pain, Desire and Narrative Time in Gayl Jones' Corregidora," Callaloo 26.2 (2003): 446-472.
163. Morrison, Beloved, 273.
164. Morrison, Beloved, 108-109.
165. See Scott Paulson-Bryant, Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
166. Morrison, Beloved, 125, 126.
167. Arthur Flannigan Saint-Aubin, "Testeria: The Dis-ease of Black Men in White Supremacist, Patriarchal Culture," Callaloo 17 (1994): 1054-1073.
168. Leo Bersani, "Is the Rectum a Grave?" in AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism, ed. Douglas Crimp (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 209.
169. Morrison, Beloved, 42, 41, 52, my emphasis.
170. For a discussion of rape in relation to torture, see Goldberg, "Living the Legacy," 448-451.
171. Morrison, Beloved, 106.
172. See Jacqueline Rose, Sexuality in the Field of Vision (New York: Verso, 1987), 94-99.
173. Morrison, Beloved, 117.
174. Toni Morrison, "Introduction: Friday on the Potomac," in Race-ing Justice, Engendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Pantheon, 1992), xvi.
175. Fanon, Black Skin, 157.
176. Morrison, Beloved, 64.
177. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1947; New York: Vintage, 1980), 319.
178. Richard Wright, Native Son, (1940; New York: HarperPerennial, 1993), 20.
179. Robyn Wiegman, "The Anatomy of Lynching," in Fout and Tantillo, American Sexual Politics, 235.
180. Morrison, Beloved, 198-199.
181. Morrison, Beloved, 69.
182. Butler, Bodies That Matter, 121-140.
183. Spillers, "Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe," 221.
184. "Dialogue: bell hooks, Lyle Ashton Harris, Gilane Tiwadros, Homi K. Bhabha, Members of the Audience," in Read, Fact of Blackness, 182.
185. Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983, 1981), 23-24, 175.
186. For a discussion of the relationship between rape and lynching, see Wiegman, "Anatomy of Lynching," 223-245.
187. David M. Halperin, "Is There a History of Sexuality?" in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 418-419.
188. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 246.
189. Butler, Bodies That Matter, 124.
190. See chapter 2, "Basic Skills, Genre, and Fiction as Dream," in John Gardner, The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers (New York: Vintage, 1985), 17-38, especially 30-32.
191. Bersani, "Is the Rectum a Grave?" 209.
192. See Lee Edelman, "The Part for the (W)hole: Baldwin, Homophobia, and the Fantasmatics of 'Race,'" in Homographesis: Essays in Gay Literary and Cultural Theory, 42-75 (New York: Routledge, 1994). I discuss Edelman's argument in greater detail in chapter 4.
193. Ross, "Race, Rape, Castration," 322.
194. Laplanche and Pontalis, "Masochism," in Language of Psycho-Analysis, 244-245.
195. Ross, "Race, Rape, Castration," 312, 314.
196. Essex Hemphill, "The Occupied Territories," in Ceremonies (1982; San Francisco: Cleis, 2000), 80-81.
197. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Looking for Modernism," in Black American Cinema, ed. Manthia Diawara (New York: Routledge, 1993), 203.
198. See Ross, "Race, Rape, Castration";
199. Marlon B. Ross, "Camping the Dirty Dozens: The Queer Resources of Black Nationalist Invective," Callaloo 23.1 (Winter 2000): 290-312.
200. See also Harper, Are We Not Men? 39-53. One of the earliest and most influential assays of sexuality in its relation to black nationalist politics is Michele Wallace's controversial Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman (1978; New York: Verso, 1990).
201. See also Dwight McBride, "Can the Queen Speak? Racial Essentialism, Sexuality, and the Problem of Authority," Callaloo 21.2 (Spring 1998): 363-379;
202. Robert Reid-Pharr, "Tearing the Goat's Flesh," in Black Gay Man, 99-134.
203. Edelman, Homographesis, 56, 57, 52.
204. Reid-Pharr, Black Gay Man, 134.
205. Ross, "Camping the Dirty Dozens," 304, original emphasis.
206. John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1997), 301-325.
207. LeRoi Jones, "The Last Days of the American Empire," in Home, 216. Michele Wallace was one of the first to call attention to Jones's essay in Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman (62-69).
208. LeRoi Jones, "The Last Days of the American Empire (Including Some Instructions for Black People," in Home, 193.
209. LeRoi Jones, "What Does Nonviolence Mean?" in Home, 151;
210. Jones, "American Sexual Reference," 227, my emphasis.
211. Jones, "American Sexual Reference," 228, 227.
212. Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (New York: McGraw, 1968), 14.
213. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 186, 208-214.
214. Cleaver, Soul on Ice, 14, emphasis added.
215. See Stuart Marshall, "The Contemporary Political Use of Gay History: The Third Reich," in How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video, ed. Bad Object-Choices (Seattle: Bay Press, 1991), 78.
216. D'Emilio and Edelman, Intimate Matters, 247-248, 255.
217. Jones, "American Sexual Reference," 231.
218. See Chow, "Politics of Admittance," especially 46-49.
219. Also see Samuel R. Delany, "Some Queer Notions about Race," in Dangerous Liaisons: Blacks, Gays and the Struggle for Equality, ed. Eric Brandt (New York: New Press, 1999), 259-289, especially 270-272.
220. Ross writes, "Again, the curious thing about race rape is . . . the unspoken act of metonymy whereby black men, rather than women, become the improper tokens of the other race's raping desire" ("Race, Rape, Castration," 314).
221. Jones, "American Sexual Reference," 233, 220.
222. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 149.
223. LeRoi Jones, System of Dante's Hell (New York: Grove, 1965), 57.
224. Amiri Baraka, "An Interview with Amiri Baraka," in Conversations with Amiri Baraka, ed. Charles Reilly (Jackson: University P of Mississippi, 1994), 256-257.
225. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 139.
226. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 251, 275.
227. See Kimberly Benston, Baraka: The Renegade and the Mask (New Haven, CT: Yale U P, 1976), 14-17.
228. See also Werner Sollors, Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones:The Quest for a "Populist Modernism" (New York: Columbia U P, 1978), 139-146.
229. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 80.
230. Sollors, Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 97.
231. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 82, 84.
232. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 84, 87.
233. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 174.
234. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 89.
235. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 151.
236. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 152.
237. Cleaver, Soul on Ice, 102.
238. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 91.
239. Sollors, Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 98.
240. Amiri Baraka, "Amiri Baraka: An Interview: Kimberly W. Benston/1977," in Reilly, Conversations with Amiri Baraka, 106-107.
241. Wallace, Black Macho, 39.
242. Norman Mailer, "The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster" (1957), in Advertisements for Myself, 337-358 (1959; Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 1992), 341, 348, 347.
243. Wallace, Black Macho, 46.
244. Jones, System of Dante's Hell, 122.
245. Bersani, "Is the Rectum a Grave?" 218.
246. Samuel R. Delany, Phallos (Whitmore Lake, MI: Bamberger Books, 2004), 80.
247. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 246.
248. Samuel R. Delany, "The Thomas L. Long Interview," in Shorter Views: Queer Thoughts and the Politics of the Paraliterary (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan U P, 1999), 133-134.
249. See Laura Kipnis, Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America (Durham, NC: Duke U P, 1999), 177, and her argument generally in the chapter "How to Look at Pornography," 161-206.
250. Samuel R. Delany, "On the Unspeakable," in Shorter Views, 66.
251. Delany, "Thomas L. Long Interview," 133.
252. Samuel R. Delany, The Mad Man (1994; Rutherford, NJ: Voyant, 2002), ix, emphasis added.
253. Alex Von Mann, Slaves (London: Prowler Books, 1997), 30-31.
254. Savran, Taking It Like a Man, 236.
255. See Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films, 3rd ed. (New York: Continuum, 1994).
256. See also Nelson George, Buppies, B-Boys, Baps, and Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture (New York: HarperCollins, 1992);
257. Edelman, "Part for the (W) hole," 53.
258. Reid-Pharr, "The Shock of Gary Fisher," in Black Gay Man, 135-149.
259. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 3.
260. Samuel R. Delany, "Pornography and Censorship," in Shorter Views, 297.
261. Delany, Mad Man, 15, 21, 25, 34, 196, 235, 301, 324, all emphases in original.
262. Samuel R. Delany, Equinox (New York: Masquerade, 1994). Rpt. of Tides of Lust, 1973.
263. Delany, "Pornography and Censorship," 295.
264. Davis, "Delany's Dirt," 182.
265. Jeffrey Allen Tucker, A Sense of Wonder: Samuel R. Delany, Race, Identity, and Difference (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan U P, 2004), 252, 251, 248.
266. Delany, Mad Man, 101, 109-110.
267. Dossie Eaton and Janet W. Hardy, The New Bottoming Book (Emeryville, CA: Greenery, 2001), 148-149.
268. Savran, Taking It Like a Man, 232-233 (emphasis added), 237 (emphasis in original).
269. Delany, Mad Man, 238, 352 (emphasis and ellipsis in original), 354.
270. Delany, Mad Man, 364, emphasis and ellipses in original.
271. Morrison, Beloved, 210.
272. Samuel R. Delany, Atlantis: Three Tales (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan U P, 1995), 206-207, emphasis added.
273. Delany, Mad Man, 428, emphasis in original.
274. Delany, Atlantis, 207.
275. Delany, Mad Man, 428.
276. Kobena Mercer, "Decolonisation and Disappointment: Reading Fanon's Sexual Politics," in Read, Fact of Blackness, 129.
277. Delany, Mad Man, 345.
278. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 241.
279. Fanon, Black Skin, 112.
280. Morrison, Beloved, 244.
281. Delany, Mad Man, 361.
282. Morrison, Beloved, 140.
283. Fanon, Black Skin, 8.
284. Samuel R. Delany, Neveryóna (1983; Hanover, NH: Wesleyan U P, 1993), 179-180, emphasis in original.
285. Spillers, "Changing the Letter: The Yokes, the Jokes of Discourse, or, Mrs. Stowe, Mr. Reed," in Black, White, and in Color, 200, emphasis in original.
286. Savran, Taking It Like a Man, 236.
287. Gayl Jones, Corregidora (1975; Boston: Beacon, 1986), 124-128.
288. Barack Obama, preface to Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, rev. ed. (1995; New York: Three Rivers, 2004), x, x-xi.
289. See Lloyd, "Adulteration and the Nation."
290. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 165-166, emphasis in original.