Still Jewish: A history of women and intermarriage in America

Still Jewish: A History of Women and Intermarriage in America

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-305

  McGinity, Keren R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

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EID: 84900589653     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (294)

1. See Melanie Fogell, "No-Woman's Land: Jewish Women and Intermarriage" (M.S. thesis, University of Calgary, April 1997) for a contemporary, primarily descriptive discussion of the experiences of ten Canadian Jewish women who married non-Jews. The only previous scholarship by a historian focused on Jewish-Gentile intermarriage treats gender (and race) as an immutable category of analysis. See Paul Spickard, "Jewish Americans," in Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America, pt. 3 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 161-231. For an earlier history, see Anne C. Rose, Beloved Strangers: Interfaith Families in Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
2. For a discussion of intermarriage from the beginning of Jewish history to the nineteenth century, see Ephraim Feldman, "Intermarriage Historically Considered," Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis 19 (9-16 November 1909): 271-307. Lila Corwin examined some of the early sociologists and their work in "The Sociological Love Affair with Intermarriage" (paper presented at the Sixth Biennial Scholars' Conference on American Jewish History, Washington, D.C., June 6-8, 2004).
3. Julius Drachsler, Intermarriage in New York City: A Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921), 7. See also Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America (New York: Macmillan, 1920).
4. Calvin Goldscheider and Alan Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 225.
5. Egon Mayer and Carl Sheingold, Intermarriage and the Jewish Future: A National Study in Summary (New York: American Jewish Committee, Institute of Human Relations, 1979), 33.
6. Carl N. Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 29;
7. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 48.
8. Shelly Tenenbaum, "Good or Bad for the Jews? Moving Beyond the Continuity Debate," Contemporary Jewry 21 (2000): 91-97.
9. Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 80.
10. Alan M. Dershowitz, The Vanishing American Jew: In Search of Jewish Identity for the Next Century (New York: Little, Brown, 1997; first Touchstone edition, 1998), 42.
11. Ruth R. Wisse, "American Jewry through the Lens of NJPS," Session at Thirty-fifth Annual Conference of the Association for Jewish Studies, 21 December 2003, Boston, Mass.
12. Steven M. Cohen and Arnold M. Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 184.
13. Linda J. Sax, America's Jewish Freshmen: Current Characteristics and Recent Trends among Students Entering College (University of California, Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, June 2002), 54-55.
14. Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing: Jewish Family and Mixed Marriage (Hanover, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2004), 85-87, 70. Fishman's finding is based on 254 interviews with men, women, and children (including 68 intermarried, 36 in-married, and 23 conversionary couples).
15. Shaye D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 242.
16. Jonathan D. Sarna, "Intermarriage in America: The Jewish Experience in Historical Context," paper presented at the "Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage" conference sponsored by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute; and the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, Waltham, Mass., 26 April 2004), 1; and Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness, 266.
17. Christine Hayes, Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities: Intermarriage and Conversion from the Bible to the Talmud (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 13.
18. Julius Drachsler, Intermarriage in New York City: A Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921), 27. For a 1943 example of a Jewish man who changed his name to "pass" and married an unsuspecting Gentile woman, see A Bintel Brief: Sixty Years of Letters From the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward, compiled, edited, and with an introduction by Isaac Metzker, foreword and notes by Harry Golden (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1971), 170-172.
19. Claris Edwin Silcox and Galen M. Fisher, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: A Study of Relationships in the United States and Canada (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1934; reprint, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 266, 270.
20. Louis A. Berman, Jews and Intermarriage: A Study in Personality and Culture (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1968), 94.
21. Toby Shafter, "The Fleshpots of Maine: Portrait of a Down-East Jewish Community," Commentary 7, January 1949, 63.
22. Keren Hadass, A Marriage Guide for Jewish Women: Especially Prepared for the American Jewish Woman (New York: author, 1941).
23. Rela Mintz Geffen, "Intermarriage and Conversion," Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 1998), 669-672.
24. Fred Massarik et al., National Jewish Population Study: Intermarriage, Facts for Planning (New York: Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, 1971), 1.
25. Lynn Davidman, Motherloss (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 10.
26. Werner Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), xiii-xv.
27. Erich Rosenthal, "Trends of the Jewish Population in Germany, 1910-1939," Jewish Social Studies 6 (1944): 233-273; cited in Marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 240.
28. Celia Silbert, "Intermarriage on the East Side," The American Jewish Chronicle 1, no. 15 (18 August 1916): 456-457. Harvard University Microfilm Collection, Cambridge, Mass.
29. Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 248.
30. Susan Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), 210, 238, 39.
31. Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 186;
32. Kathryn Cullen-DuPont, The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America (New York: Da Capo, 1998), 171.
33. Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 28, 357-359, 471.
34. Sydney Stahl Weinberg, The World of Our Mothers: The Lives of Jewish Immigrant Women (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 205.
35. Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985), 230.
36. Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 3.
37. Riv-Ellen Prell, Fighting to Become Americans: Jews, Gender, and the Anxiety of Assimilation (Boston: Beacon, 1999), 71.
38. Alix Shulman, To the Barricades: The Anarchist Life of Emma Goldman (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971), 161, 163.
39. Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 1-2.
40. Hal May, ed., Contemporary Authors: A Bio-Bibliographic Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Nonfiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, and Other Fields (Detroit: Gale Research, 1986), 118:22. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Boston, Mass., 1891-1943 (Waltham, Mass.: National Archives) T843, microfilm roll 10, vols. 16-17, 1 January-30 June 1894.
41. Allan Mazur, "Amadeus and Mary," in the pre-published manuscript for A Romance in Natural History (Syracuse, N.Y.: Garret, 2004), chap. 4, p. 2. I am grateful to Professor Mazur of Syracuse University for generously sharing his work with me.
42. Chae Ran Y. Freeze, Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia (Hanover, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, University Press of New England, 2002), 16-17.
43. Jonathan Sarna, The Jews of Boston: Essays on the Occasion of the Centenary (1895-1995) of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, ed. Jonathan Sarna and Ellen Smith (Boston: Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, 1995), 14.
44. Sam Bass Warner Jr., Province of Reason (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984), 26.
45. Abraham Cronbach, "Autobiography," American Jewish Archives 11, no. 4 (April 1959): 41.
46. Susan Koppelman, "Mary Antin," in Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook: 1984 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1984), 230.
47. Werner Sollors, "Letter from Mary Antin to Mary Austin, March 11, 1925," in RSA Journal 7:111.
48. Mary Antin, "House of the One Father," in Common Ground (spring 1941): 36.
49. Eric L. Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 168. Goldstein points to popular literature, including Salome of the Tenements (1923) by Anzia Yezierska, I Am a Woman-and a Jew (1926) by Leah Morton (Elizabeth Stern), and The Disinherited (1929) by Milton Waldman.
50. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 176-177.
51. Barbara J. Fields, "Whiteness, Racism, and Identity," International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (fall 2001): 51. Fields cites Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, 11.
52. Julian Morgenstern, "American Judaism Faces the Future," American Hebrew (New York), 22 September 1922, 502. Cited in Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness, 174-175.
53. Mary Antin, "Malinke's Atonement," in Atlantic Monthly 108.3 (1911): 303.
54. Allan Mazur, A Romance in Natural History: The Lives and Works of Amadeus Grabau and Mary Antin (2004), 212-217.
55. Arthur Zipser and Pearl Zipser, Fire and Grace: The Life of Rose Pastor Stokes (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 1.
56. James Boylan, Revolutionary Lives: Anna Strunsky and William English Walling (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), 55.
57. Rose Harriet Pastor, "The Views of a Settlement Worker: A Talk with J. G. Phelps Stokes," Jewish Daily News, 19 July 1903.
58. Deborah Hertz, Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 207-208.
59. Nancy B. Sinkoff, "Education for 'Proper' Jewish Womanhood: A Case Study in Domesticity and Vocational Training, 1897-1926," American Jewish History 77, no.4 (June 1988): 594-595.
60. Michael Cook, "The Debates of the Central Conference of American Rabbis on the Problem of Mixed Marriage: 1907-1968," Term Paper, 1969, 4. American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio.
61. Jenna Weissman Joselit, The Wonders of America: Reinventing Jewish Culture, 1880-1950 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), 27-28, 32-33.
62. Alice Preston, "The Things for Girls," Ladies' Home Journal, March 1905, 26. Cited in Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 262-263.
63. Alice Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked: A Historical Overview (Old Westbury, N,Y,: Feminist Press, 1981), 42.
64. Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 322.
65. Susan Ware, Modern American Women: A Documentary History (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1989), 100.
66. Herbert Shapiro and David L. Sterling, eds., I Belong to the Working Class: The Unfinished Autobiography of Rose Pastor Stokes (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), ix-xvii.
67. L. R. McCabe, "Poor Girls Who Marry Millions," Cosmopolitan 41, July 1906, 250.
68. Mazur, "Mary Triumphant," in the pre-published manuscript for A Romance in Natural History, chap. 5, p. 23.
69. Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 28, 99;
70. Glenna Matthews, "Just a Housewife: The Rise and Fall of Domesticity in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 198-199.
71. Marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 76.
72. Fred Massarik et al., National Jewish Population Study: Intermarriage, Facts for Planning (New York: Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, 1971), 10. These figures indicate the percentages of Jewish persons who intermarried by time period.
73. Dorothy Barclay, "Mixed-Religion Marriage Called Difficult to Sustain," New York Times, 2 April 1957, 60.
74. Renee C. Romano, Race Mixing: Black-White Marriage in Postwar America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 3, 123-124.
75. Susan Ware, Modern American Women: A Documentary History (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1989), 239.
76. Samuel C. Heilman, Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 26-27, 44.
77. Milton Barron, People Who Intermarry: Intermarriage in a New England Industrial Community (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1946), 332.
78. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 259.
79. Henry L. Feingold, A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 90.
80. Jenna Weissman Joselit, "The Jewish Home Beautiful," in The American Jewish Experience, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1997 [1986]), 238.
81. Jonathan Sarna, ed., The American Jewish Experience (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1997 [1986]) 197, 217.
82. Deborah Dash Moore, At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), 47, 80, 110. Feingold, A Time for Searching, 88, 97.
83. Claris Edwin Silcox and Galen M. Fisher, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: A Study of Relationships in the United States and Canada (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1934; reprint, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 242.
84. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 147.
85. Howard Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 70.
86. Mirra Komarovsky, "Cultural Contradictions and Sex Roles," American Journal of Sociology 52, no. 3 (November 1946): 184-185, 188-189.
87. Rosalind Rosenberg, Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), 126.
88. Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 105, 131, 150; Rosenberg, Divided Lives, 131.
89. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1999 [1988]), xviii; Rosenberg, Divided Lives, 147-148.
90. Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 8, 126-127.
91. Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 8-9. Staub cites Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 3; Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999) 1; and Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976), 627.
92. Hasia R. Diner, The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 264.
93. Marshall Sklare, Jewish Identity on the Suburban Frontier: A Study of Group Survival in the Open Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979 [1967]), 270-271. Sklare's observation is pertinent to Jewish women meeting Gentile men, although it should be noted that interfaith marriage was not predominantly the case in Lakeville.
94. Louis L. Mann, "Intermarriage: As a Practical Problem in the Ministry," Central Conference of American Rabbis 47 (25-30 May 1937): 315-317, 322-323.
95. Morton Sontheimer, "Would You Approve Your Child's Marrying a Protestant? A Catholic? A Jew?" Woman's Home Companion 80 (March 1953).
96. "Reply to Catholics on Mixed Marriage," New York Times, 28 March 1932, 17:1.
97. Ernest Groves, "The Problem of the Mixed Marriage," Ladies' Home Journal 58, June 1941, 92-93.
98. Bernard Bamberger, "Plain Talk About Intermarriage," The Reconstructionist 15, no. 16 (16 December 1949), 10.
99. David Kirshenbaum, Mixed Marriage and the Jewish Future (New York: Bloch, 1958), vii.
100. David R. Mace, "The Truth about Mixed Marriages," Woman's Home Companion (July 1951), 36, 43-44. See also "Should Persons of Different Faiths Marry?" Reader's Digest 59 (October 1951), 31-33.
101. Edwin S. Gaustad, ed., A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1865, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1993), 431-432.
102. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004), 323-324.
103. George Lawton, "Should Those of Different Faiths Marry?" Senior Scholastic 42 (8 March 1943), 35.
104. Deborah Dash Moore, GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 121.
105. Lenora Mattingly Weber, "My Mixed Marriage Was Happy," Woman's Home Companion 78 (August 1951): 8 and 11.
106. J.D. Smith, "Why They Marry Others and Subsequent Results," Catholic World, 176, October 1952, 46-50. Smith disagrees with Thomas, "The Factor of Religion in the Selection of Marriage Mates," 487-491.
107. Hugh F. O'Reilly, "Our East-West Marriage Is Working," American Mercury 81 (December 1955): 17-19.
108. Jonathan A. Sarna, "The Jews of Boston in Historical Perspective," in The Jews of Boston: Essays on the Occasion of the Centenary (1895-1995) of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, ed. Jonathan Sarna and Ellen Smith (Boston: Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, 1995), 12-13.
109. Hershel Shanks, "Jewish-Gentile Intermarriage: Facts and Trends," Commentary 16, no. 4, October 1953, 375.
110. James McBride, The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother (New York: Riverhead Books, 1996), 80.
111. Maria H. Levinson and Daniel J. Levinson, "Jews Who Intermarry: Sociopsychological Bases of Ethnic Identity and Change," YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 12 (1958/1959): 125.
112. Aaron Hass, In the Shadow of the Holocaust: The Second Generation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990; reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 110.
113. Sander L. Gilman, Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jews (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 286, 304, 307-308.
114. Irving Sarnoff, "Identification with the Aggressor: Some Personality Correlates of Anti-Semitism among Jews," Journal of Personality 20 (1951): 199-218; cited in Louis A. Berman, Jews and Intermarriage: A Study in Personality and Culture (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1968), 69.
115. Susan A. Glenn, "The Vogue of Jewish Self-Hatred in Post-World War II America," Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society 12, no. 3 (spring/summer 2006): 95-136. I am grateful to Susan Glenn for sharing her page proofs with me.
116. James H. S. Bossard, "Nationality and Nativity as Factors in Marriage," American Sociological Review 4, no. 6 (December 1939): 792.
117. George Wolff, "The Social Significance of Jewish-Christian Marriage," Scientific Monthly 62, no. 1 (January 1946): 96-97 (emphasis in original).
118. John E. Mayer, "Intermarriage Patterns: A Hypothesis," Sociology and Social Research 45, no. 2 (January 1961): 190-191; cited in Berman, Jews and Intermarriage, 70.
119. Reuben B. Resnik, "Some Sociological Aspects of Intermarriage of Jew and Non-Jew," Social Forces (October 1933): 99.
120. Uriah Zevi Engelman, "Intermarriage among Jews in Germany, USSR, and Switzerland," Jewish Social Studies 2, no. 2 (1940): 166.
121. Robert K. Merton, "Intermarriage and the Social Structure: Fact and Theory," Psychiatry: Journal of the Biology and the Pathology of Interpersonal Relations 4, no. 3 (August 1941): 364.
122. Judson T. Landis and Mary G. Landis, "Mixed Marriages," in idem, Building a Successful Marriage (New York: Prentice Hall, 1948), 150.
123. Hettie Jones, How I Became Hettie Jones (New York: Grove, 1990), 34.
124. Ray Baber, "A Study of Mixed Marriages," American Sociological Review 2, no. 5 (October 1937): 712.
125. Phyllis Ehrlich, "When the Marriage Is 'Interfaith,'" New York Times Magazine, 24 July 1960, 52.
126. Erich Rosenthal, "Studies of Jewish Intermarriage in the United States," in American Jewish Yearbook 1963, vol. 64 (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1963), 53. See also Ira Eisenstein, "Intermarriage," 52.
127. Roland G. Gittelsohn, "Should We Intermarry?" in Modern Jewish Problems (Cincinnati: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1943), 89.
128. Toby Shafter, "The Fleshpots of Maine: Portrait of a Down-East Jewish Community," Commentary 7, January 1949, 63.
129. Jacob Kohn, "The Jewish Family and the Danger of Intermarriage," in Modern Jewish Problems: A Study in Parental Attitudes (New York: Women's League of the United Synagogue of America, 1932), 113-114.
130. Bernard Rosenberg and Gilbert Shapiro, "Marginality and Jewish Humor," Midstream 4, no. 2 (1958): 72.
131. Israel Bettan, "Response: The Marriage of a Negro Boy to a Jewish Girl," Central Conference of American Rabbis: Annual Convention 64, no. 4 (January 1954): 38.
132. Daniel Walker Howe, The Unitarian Conscience: Harvard Moral Philosophy, 1805-1861 (reprint; Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), 302-304.
133. Thomas R. Goldsmith, "Affirming Interfaith Marriages," UUA Pamphlet Commission Publication, 1991.
134. Joseph Brandriss, "I am Jewish-My Husband is Catholic," The Jewish Spectator 23 (1958): 15.
135. Andrew J. Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981) 25; cited in May, Homeward Bound, 165.
136. Kirsten Fermaglich, "'The Comfortable Concentration Camp': The Significance of Nazi Imagery in Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963)," American Jewish History 91, no. 2 (June 2003): 207, 231.
137. Patrick O'Higgins, Madame: An Intimate Biography of Helena Rubinstein (New York: Viking, 1971), 288.
138. Werner Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
139. Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 130.
140. Marshall Sklare, "Intermarriage and Jewish Survival," Commentary 49, no. 3, March 1970, 52.
141. Nadine Brozan, "The Jewish Family: The Ties That Bind Are Being Loosened," New York Times, 9 February 1973, 40.
142. Morris Axelrod, Floyd J. Fowler Jr., and Arnold Gurin, A Community Survey for Long Range Planning: A Study of the Jewish Population of Greater Boston (Boston: Combined Jewish Philanthropies, 1967), 168-169, table 15.2.
143. Samuel S. Lieberman and Morton Weinfeld, "Demographic Trends and Jewish Survival," Midstream 24, no. 9 (November 1978): 19.
144. Edwin S. Gaustad, ed., A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1965, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1993), 581; Irwin Unger and Debi Unger, eds., The Times Were a Changin' (New York: Three Rivers, 1998), 5.
145. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1999 [1988]), 198;
146. Howard Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 266.
147. Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 263.
148. Arnold Schwartz, "Intermarriage in the United States," American Jewish Year Book 71 (1970): 117.
149. Marc Dollinger, Quest for Inclusion: Jewish and Liberalism in Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 4, 220, 226.
150. Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 243-244, 275-276.
151. Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 241.
152. Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 43.
153. Jack Wertheimer, "The Turbulent Sixties," in The American Jewish Experience, ed. Jonathan Sarna (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 338.
154. Patricia K. Brown, "The 1980s: Decade for Ethnic Studies?" History Teacher 12, no. 3 (May 1979): 359-360.
155. Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations: The Case of Interracial Marriage," Frontiers 12, no. 1 (1991): 11.
156. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 8-9.
157. Alice Walker, Meridien (Orlando: A Harvest Book, Harcourt), 167.
158. Irving Spiegel, "Rabbis Call Intermarriage a Major Campus Topic," New York Times, 18 December 1969, 41.
159. Steven M. Cohen and Arnold M. Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 183-184.
160. Andrew M. Greeley, "Religious Musical Chairs," Society 15, no. 4 (May/June 1978): 54.
161. Mordecai L. Brill, Marlene Halpin, and William H. Genné, Write Your Own Wedding, rev. ed. (Piscataway, N.J.: New Century, 1985 [1973]), 15, 17-18.
162. Erich Rosenthal, "Studies of Jewish Intermarriage in the United States," in American Jewish Yearbook 1963, vol. 64 (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1963), 52-53.
163. Erich Rosenthal, "Jewish Intermarriage in Indiana," in American Jewish Yearbook 1967, vol. 68 (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1967), 263-264.
164. Milton Himmelfarb, "The Vanishing Jews," Commentary 36, no. 3, September 1963, 249-250.
165. Intermarriage and Jewish Life: A Symposium, ed. Werner J. Cahnman (New York: Herzl Press and Jewish Reconstructionist Press, 1963), 11.
166. Julius Drachsler, Democracy and Assimilation: The Blending of Immigrant Heritages in America (New York: Macmillan, 1920).
167. Allen Maller, "Mixed or-Mitzvah Marriage," Jewish Spectator, March 1966, 8.
168. David Polish, "The Problem of Intermarriage-Will Moderation Help?" Central Conference of American Rabbis 11, no. 44 (January 1964): 36.
169. Samuel S. Lieberman and Morton Weinfeld, "Demographic Trends and Jewish Survival," Midstream 24, no. 9 (November 1978): 13.
170. Eugene Mihaly et al., "Report of the Special Committee on Mixed Marriage," Central Conference of American Rabbis (1962).
171. Judah Nadich, "Mixed Marriage," Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 40, 26-30 March 1978 (New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 1978), 94.
172. William G. Weart, "Toynbee Predicts Gains by Judaism: Historian Assails Zionism as Akin to Anti-Semitism," New York Times, 7 May 1961, 37; Irving Spiegel, "Orthodox Jews Attack Toynbee: Leaders of 2 Bodies Score Stand on Intermarriage," New York Times, 12 May 1961, 60.
173. Irving Spiegel, "Orthodox Rabbis Warn Jews on Intermarriage: Threat to All Major Faiths Seen in Rising Trend: Practice Found Contributing to Family Breakdowns," New York Times, 20 December 1963, 27.
174. Irving Spiegel, "Orthodox Jews Move to Halt Trend toward Intermarriages," New York Times, 28 October 1965, 31.
175. Edward B. Fiske, "Rabbis Are Upset by Assimilation: Orthodox Council to Set Up Panel on Jewish Survival," New York Times, 25 June 1972, 25.
176. George Dugan, "Study Finds that 41% of U.S. Reform Rabbis Marry Jews to Non-Jews," New York Times, 15 June 1972, 13.
177. Dannel Schwartz, "The Intermarriage Rip-Off," Moment, July/August 1978, 62-63.
178. Samuel M. Silver, Mixed Marriage between Jew and Christian (New York: Arco, 1977), 95.
179. Susan Ware, Modern American Women: A Documentary History (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1989), 331.
180. Rosalind Rosenberg, Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), 189-190.
181. Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and The New Left (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 195.
182. Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003 [1970]), 184. Rosenberg identifies Firestone as a founder of Redstockings in Divided Lives, 204.
183. Beverly Jones and Judith Brown, "Toward a Female Liberation Movement," in Tanner, Voices from Women's Liberation, 400.
184. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 208.
185. Khoren Arisian, The New Wedding: Creating Your Own Wedding Ceremony (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), 12.
186. Jennifer Baker Fleming and Carolyn Kott Washburn, For Better, For Worse: A Feminist Handbook on Marriage and Other Options (New York: Scribner's, 1977), 10.
187. Rhona Rapoport and Robert Rapoport, "The Dual Career Family," Human Relations 22 (1969): 3-30; cited in Yalom, A History of the Wife, 380.
188. Sylvia Barack Fishman, A Breath of Life: Feminism in the American Jewish Community (New York: Free Press, 1993), 83.
189. Mirra Komarovsky, "Cultural Contradictions and Sex Roles: The Masculine Case," American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 4, Changing Women in a Changing Society series (January 1973): 883.
190. Judith Porter and Alex A. Albert, "Attitudes toward Women's Role: Does a 'Jewish Subculture' Exist in America?" Gratz College Annual of Jewish Studies 5 (1976): 132-133.
191. Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: Jewish Women and the American Century (New York: Free Press, 1997), 260.
192. Jacob Rader Marcus, The American Jewish Woman, 1654-1980 (New York: Ktav, 1981), 157;
193. Pamela S. Nadell, Women Who Would Be Rabbis: A History of Women's Ordination, 1889-1985 (Boston: Beacon, 1998), 170.
194. Ann Braude, "Women's History Is American Religious History," in Retelling U.S. Religious History, ed. Thomas A. Tweed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 88, 102.
195. Deborah Dash Moore, "Intermarriage and the Politics of Identity," The Reconstructionist 66, no. 1 (fall 2001): 44-45.
196. Judy Klemesrud, "Jewish-Gentile Marriages: As Numbers Grow, So Does Debate," New York Times, 25 June 1973, 38.
197. Kenneth A. Briggs, "Jews Said to Ease View on Marriage: Study Finds an Increasing Attempt to Keep Jewish Partner in the Community," New York Times, 15 May 1976, 29.
198. Steven Huberman, "New Jews: The Dynamics of Religious Conversion" (Ph.D. diss., The Heller School, Brandeis University, 1978), 75; cited in Dru Greenwood, "Conversion to Judaism: A Gendered Phenomenon" (working paper, Hadassah International Research Institute on Jewish Women, September 2002), 1 n. 5. I am grateful to Dru Greenwood for sharing the draft of her HIRIJW paper with me.
199. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 290-291
200. Jack Wertheimer, "The Turbulent Sixties," in The American Jewish Experience, ed. Jonathan Sarna (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 338.
201. Hasia R. Diner, The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 334, 332.
202. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 176-177.
203. Evelyn Lauter, "Some 'Mixed Marrieds' Speak for Themselves," National Jewish Monthly, February 1965, 8.
204. Eric L. Goldstein, "Different Blood Flows in Our Veins": Race and Jewish Self-Definition in Late Nineteenth Century America," American Jewish History 85, no. 1 (March 1997): 29-55.
205. Erich Rosenthal, "Divorce and Religious Intermarriage: The Effect of Previous Marital Status upon Subsequent Marital Behavior," Journal of Marriage and the Family 32, no. 3 (August 1970): 435.
206. Jon Norheimer, "The Family in Transition: A Challenge from Within," New York Times, 27 November 1977, 1.
207. Herbert J. Gans, "Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America," in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader, ed. Werner Sollors (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 434-435.
208. Barry A, Kosmin et al. Highlights of the CJF 1990 National Jewish Population Survey (New York: Council of Jewish Federations, 1991), 14;
209. Fred Massarik et al., National Jewish Population Study: Intermarriage, Facts for Planning (New York: Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, 1971), 10.
210. Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz et al. The National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01: Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish Population (New York: United Jewish Communities, 2003), 16-17.
211. Renee C. Romano, Race Mixing: Black-White Marriage in Postwar America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 3.
212. Bruce Phillips, "Los Angeles Jewry: A Demographic Portrait," American Jewish Year Book 86 (1986): 145-147, 153, and 177-178; cited in Jonathan D. Sarna, "Reform Jewish Leaders, Intermarriage, and Conversion," in Journal of Reform Judaism 37, no. 1, issue 148 (winter 1990): 3.
213. Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 153; Ware, Modern American Women, 376.
214. Rosalind Rosenberg, Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), 247.
215. Arlie Russell Hochschild and Anne Machung, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989); cited in Maushart, The Mask of Motherhood, 184.
216. Joanne Michaels, Living Contradictions: The Women of the Baby Boom Come of Age (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 27.
217. Leonard Fein, Where Are We? The Inner Life of America's Jews (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 199; cited in Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 219-221.
218. Phillip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization," Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom, Ann Orlov, and Oscar Handlin (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), 54-55.
219. Andrew M. Greeley, Why Can't They Be Like Us? America's White Ethnic Groups (New York: Dutton, 1971), 191.
220. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians and Irish of New York City, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970 [1963]); cited in Alba, Ethnic Identity, 18. See also Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics: The New Political Force of the Seventies (New York: Macmillan, 1971).
221. Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Wife (New York: Harper Collins, 2001), 389-390; Ware, Modern American Women, 424; Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 13.
222. Adrienne Rich, "Split at the Root: An Essay on Jewish Identity" (1982), in idem, Blood, Bread, and Poetry (New York: Norton, 1986), 122-123.
223. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War against American Women (New York: Crown, 1991), xxiii, 3.
224. Jerold S. Heiss, "Interfaith Marriage and Marital Outcome," Marriage and Family Living 23, no. 3 (August 1961): 229, 233.
225. Joe Berkofsky, "Donor Offers $10 Million to Fund, but with Secular Strings Attached," InterfaithFamily.Com 131, 9 April 2004, Internet. Reprinted from a Jewish Telegraphic Agency article dated 2 December 2003.
226. William J. Cromie, "One-third of Americans Pray for Their Health," Harvard University Gazette, 13 May 2004, cover story.
227. Fran Schumer, "Star-Crossed: More Gentiles and Jews Are Intermarrying," New York 23, 2 April 1990, 32-38.
228. Glenn Collins, "A New Look at Intermarriage in the U.S.," New York Times, 11 February 1985, C13.
229. Lou Jacquet, "Interfaith Marriage: Two Faiths Are Better Than None," U.S. Catholic 47, June 1982, 49.
230. Henry Fehren, "How Odd of God," U.S. Catholic 53, September 1988, 42.
231. Robert T. Reilly, "How Interfaith Couples Make the Most of Their Differences," U.S. Catholic 54, May 1989, 28.
232. Eileen Ogitz, "A Marriage of Two Faiths," Ladies' Home Journal 105, December 1988, 26.
233. Egon Mayer, Intermarriage and the Attitudes of American Jewish Leadership: The Issues and the Controversies (New York: Jewish Outreach Institute, 1990), 1.
234. Kenneth L. Woodward, "A New Definition of Who Is a Jew," Newsweek 101, 28 March 1983, 50.
235. Rabbi J. Simcha Cohen, Intermarriage and Conversion: A Halakhic Solution (Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav, 1987), 3, 83.
236. Sidney Goldstein, "Profile of American Jewry: Insights from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey," Occasional Papers No. 6, May 1993, American Jewish Yearbook 1992, vol. 92 (New York: Council of Jewish Federations, 1993), 127.
237. Jonathan D. Sarna, "The Secret of Jewish Continuity," Commentary 98, no. 4, October 1994, 55.
238. Steven Bayme et al. The Intermarriage Crisis: Jewish Communal Perspectives and Responses (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1991).
239. Rachel Josefowitz Siegel, Ellen Cole, and Susan Steinberg-Cohen, eds., Jewish Mothers Tell Their Stories: Acts of Love and Courage (New York: Haworth, 2000), 7.
240. Eileen Ogitz, "A Marriage of Two Faiths," Ladies' Home Journal 105, December 1988, 22-24.
241. Beth Levine, "The Forbidden Road Home," Reform Judaism 30, no. 1 (fall 2001): 22-23.
242. Carole Bodger, "The Challenges of Cross-Cultural Marriage," Glamour 82, May 1984, 361.
243. Cokie Roberts and Steve Roberts, From This Day Forward (New York: William Morrow, 2000), 111-112.
244. Henry Fehren, "How Odd of God," U.S. Catholic 53, September 1988, 42.
245. Susan J. Krupper, Surnames for Women: A Decision-Making Guide (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1990), 1, 6.
246. Sharon Lebell, Naming Ourselves, Naming Our Children: Resolving the Last Name Dilemma (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press: 1988), 9, 64-65.
247. Alvin Powell, "A New Comfort Zone? Fewer Women Keeping Names on Marriage," Harvard Gazette, 26 August 2004.
248. Paula E. Hyman, Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representation of Women (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 27, 153-154. For a discussion of European Jewish women as cultural transmitters and "domestic Judaism," see
249. Marion Kaplan, The Making of the Jewish Middle Class: Women, Family, and Identity in Imperial Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 64-84.
250. Norval D. Glenn, "Interreligious Marriage in the United States: Patterns and Recent Trends," Journal of Marriage and the Family 44, no. 3 (August 1982): 564;
251. Edwin H. Friedman, "The Myth of the Shiksa," in Ethnicity and Family Therapy, ed. Monica McGoldrick, John K. Pearce, and Joseph Giordano (New York: Guilford, 1982), 503; Fishman, Double or Nothing, 85; Kaplan, Interfaith Families, xiv.
252. Levine, "The Forbidden Road Home," 23.
253. Kotler-Berkowitz et al. The National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01, 18.
254. Kosmin et al. Highlights of the CJF 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, 16.
255. Kotler-Berkowitz et al. The National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01, 18.
256. David W. Belin, "Confronting the Intermarriage Crisis with Realism and Effective Action," in The Intermarriage Crisis: Jewish Communal Perspectives and Responses (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1991), 39. An earlier version of this speech was delivered at the American Jewish Committee Annual Meeting, 8 May 1990.
257. "American Jewish Committee Deplores Chief Rabbi's Attack on Reform Judaism," The American Jewish Committee Press Release, 26 January 1999, available at http://ajc.org/InTheMedia/PressReleases.
258. McClain, Embracing the Stranger, 3.
259. Karal Ann Marling, Merry Christmas! Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000); for a history of the Christmas tree specifically, see 160, 163.
260. Paul Cowan and Rachel Cowan, Mixed Blessings: Overcoming the Stumbling Blocks in an Interfaith Marriage (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 196.
261. See also Barbara Kantrowitz and Deborah Witherspoon, "The December Dilemma: How to Reconcile Two Faiths in One Household," Newsweek, 28 December 1987, 56.
262. Evelyn Kaye, "Interfaith Marriages," Ladies' Home Journal 99, December 1982, 76-77, 130-135.
263. Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: Jewish Women and the American Century (New York: Free Press, 1997), 299.
264. Praeger, "When Is a Tree Not a Tree?" 12.
265. Bethamie Horowitz, "Connections and Journeys: Shifting Identities among American Jews," Contemporary Jewry 19 (1998): 89.
266. Steven M. Cohen and Arnold M. Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 184.
267. Ruth R. Wisse, "American Jewry through the Lens of NJPS," Session at the Thirty-fifth Annual Conference of the Association for Jewish Studies, 21 December 2003, Boston, Mass.
268. Tirzah Firestone, With Roots in Heaven: One Woman's Passionate Journey into the Heart of Her Faith (New York, Dutton: 1998), 262.
269. Samuel G. Freedman, "Freedom: The Promise and the Challenge," Hadassah, March 2004, 11.
270. Sarah Coleman "Not Lost: A Jewish Feminist Atheist Meditates on Intermarriage," in Yentl's Revenge: The Next Wave of Jewish Feminism, ed. Danya Ruttenberg (New York: Seal, 2001), 75.
271. Ann Braude, "Women's History Is American Religious History," in Retelling U.S. Religious History, ed. Thomas A. Tweed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 97.
272. Egon Mayer quoted in Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 237.
273. Bruce A. Phillips, Re-examining Intermarriage: Trends, Textures, Strategies (The Susan and David Wilstein Institute of Jewish Policy Studies and The William Petschek National Jewish Family Center of the American Jewish Committee, 1997), 71.
274. Barry Kosmin, The Demographic Imperatives of Outreach, Journal of Jewish Communal Service 66 no. 3 (1990): 210. Cited in Phillips, Re-examining Intermarriage, 69.
275. Steven Bayme, "Ensuring Jewish Continuity: Policy Challenges and Implications for Jewish Communal Professionals," Journal of Jewish Communal Service 68, no. 4 (summer 1992): 338.
276. Steven Bayme, "To Condone or Not to Condone-Is That the Question?" Comment & Analysis 2, no. 4, November 1991, 2-3.
277. Egon Mayer, Intermarriage and the Attitudes of American Jewish Leadership: The Issues and the Controversies (New York: Jewish Outreach Institute, 1990), 2.
278. Debra Nussbaum Cohen, "New Coalition Formed to Fight Intermarriage," The Jewish Week, 2 March 2001; reprinted in InterfaithFamily.com 57; available online at http://interfaithfamily.com/article/issue57/news.phtml;
279. Robert Wiener, "In-marriage vs. outreach: A new organization promoting Jewish-Jewish marriage sparks debate over resources and sensitivity," New Jersey Jewish News, n.d. Available at http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/112703/njinmarriage.html.
280. Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz et al. The National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01: Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish Population (New York: United Jewish Communities, 2003), 2.
281. Deborah Dash Moore, "Intermarriage and the Politics of Identity," The Reconstructionist 66, no. 1 (fall 2001): 49.
282. The State of Jewish Outreach Today, inaugural report of the Jewish Outreach Institute (New York: Jewish Outreach Institute, 2002).
283. Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing: Jewish Family and Mixed Marriage (Hanover, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2004), 152-153.
284. Douglas Rushkoff, "The Medium Is the Message: Getting over Racehood," The Inclusive, Jewish Outreach Institute, spring 2003, 2-3.
285. Bethamie Horowitz, "Connections and Journeys: Shifting Identities among American Jews," Contemporary Jewry 19 (1998), 76. I am grateful to Bethamie Horowitz for sharing her work with me. See also idem, "Connections and Journeys: Assessing Critical Opportunities for Enhancing Jewish Identity," A Report to the Commission on Jewish Identity and Renewal, UJA-Federation of New York (New York: UJA-Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York, September 2003 [June 2000]).
286. Calvin Goldscheider, "Are American Jews Vanishing Again?" Contexts 2 (winter 2003): 18.
287. Mary Antin, The Promised Land (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 248-249.
288. Bruce A. Phillips, Re-examining Intermarriage: Trends, Textures, Strategies, Susan and David Wilstein Institute of Jewish Policy Studies and the William Petschek National Jewish Family Center of the American Jewish Committee, 1997, 78.
289. Pamela S. Nadell and Jonathan D. Sarna, Women and American Judaism: Historical Perspectives (Hanover, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2001), 1.
290. Alan M. Dershowitz, The Vanishing American Jew: In Search of Jewish Identity for the Next Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 1997; first Touchstone edition, 1998), 24.
291. For a popular analysis of Gentile women, see Christine Benvenuto, Shiksa: The Gentile Woman in the Jewish World (New York: St. Martin's, 2004).
292. Fred Massarik et al., National Jewish Population Study: Intermarriage, Facts for Planning (New York: Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, 1971), 10.
293. Barry A. Kosmin et al., Highlights of the CJF 1990 National Jewish Population Survey (New York: Council of Jewish Federations, 1991), 14.
294. Pearl Beck, A Flame Still Burns: The Dimensions and Determinants of Jewish Identity among Young Adult Children of the Intermarried (Jewish Outreach Institute, June 2005), 28-29.