Recent advances in integrated photonic sensors

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 12, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 15558-15598

  Passaro, Vittorio M N ^a   de Tullio, Corrado ^a   Troia, Benedetto ^a   La Notte, Mario ^a   Giannoccaro, Giovanni ^a   De Leonardis, Francesco ^a  

^a POLITECNICO DI BARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chemical sensors; Fano resonance; Mach Zehnder interferometer; Raman effect; Ring resonator; Silicon on insulator

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL SENSORS; CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; ELECTRIC FIELDS; MACH-ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETERS; RAMAN SCATTERING; RESONANCE;

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION; FANO RESONANCES; FOOD QUALITY CONTROLS; FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT; INTEGRATED PHOTONICS; RING RESONATOR; SENSING APPLICATIONS; SILICON ON INSULATOR;

SENSORS;

EID: 84900499092     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s121115558     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Passaro, V.M.N.; Troia, B.; La Notte, M.; De Leonardis, F. Chemical Sensors Based on Photonic Structures. In Advances in Chemical Sensors; Wang, W., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012.
2. Johnson, N.P.; Lahiri, B.; Sharp, G.; Rahman, G.A.; Velha, P.; Khokhar, A.; de la Rue, R.M.; McMeekin, S. Photonic sensors at the nanoscale. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Coventry, UK, 2-5 July 2012.
3. Jokerst, N.M.; Luan, L.; Palit, S.; Royal, M.; Dhar, S.; Brooke, M.A.; Tyler, T., II. Progress in chip-scale photonic sensing. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circ. Syst. 2009, 3, 202-211.
4. Wu, J.; Gu, M. Microfluidic sensing: State of the art fabrication and detection techniques. J. Biomed. Opt. 2011, 16, doi:10.1117/1.3607430.
5. Hunt, H.K.; Armani, A.M. Label-free biological and chemical sensors. Nanoscale 2010, 2, 1544-1599.
6. Fan, X.; White, I.M.; Zhu, H.; Suter, J.D.; Oveys, H. Overview of novel integrated optical ring resonator bio/chemical sensors. Proc. SPIE 2007, 6452, 6452M.
7. De Leonardis, F.; Passaro, V.M.N. Modeling and performance of a guided-wave optical angular-velocity sensor based on Raman effect in SOI. J. Lightwave Technol. 2007, 25, 2352-2366.
8. Wei, W.; Junlei, X.; Yuxin, X. Research on integrated optical gyroscope. In Proceedings of IEEE 2nd International Symposium on System and Control in Aerospace and Astronautics (ISAACAA), Shenzhen, China, 10-12 December 2008.
9. Barbour, N.M. Inertial Navigation Sensors. In Low-Cost Navigation Sensors and Integration Technology; RTO-EN-SET-116; NATO Science and Technology Organization, 2011. Available online: http://www.cso.nato.int/abstracts.aspx?RestrictPanel=8 (accessed on 5 November 2012).
10. Edu, I.R.; Obreja, R.; Grigorie, T.L. Current technologies and trend in the development of gyros used in navigation application-A review. In Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Communications and Information Technology, Corfu Island, Greece, 14-17 July 2011.
11. Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F.; Barile, P. Investigation of a p-i-n dual-cavity E-field photonic sensor. In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD), Rome, Italy, 5-8 September 2011.
12. Homola, J. Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 462-493.
13. Kashyap, R.; Nemova, G. Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber and planar waveguide sensors, hindawi publishing corporation. J. Sens. 2009, doi:10.1155/2009/645162.
14. Dell'Olio, F.; Passaro, V.M.N. Optical sensing by optimized silicon slot waveguides. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 4977-4993.
15. Passaro, V.M.N.; La Notte, M.; Troia, B.; Passaquindici, L.; De Leonardis, F.; Giannoccaro, G. Photonic structures based on slot waveguides for nanosensors: State of the art and future developments. IJRRAS 2012, 11, 402-418.
16. Barrios, C.A. Analysis and modeling of a silicon nitride slot-waveguide microring resonator biochemical sensor. Proc. SPIE 2009, 7356, doi:10.1117/12.820172.
17. Yebo, N.A.; Lommens, P.; Hens, Z.; Baets, R. An integrated optic ethanol vapor sensor based on a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator coated with a porous ZnO film. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 11859-11866.
18. de Vos, K.; Bartolozzi, I.; Schacht, E.; Bienstmann, P.; Baets, R. Silicon-on-insulator microring resonator for sensitive and label-free biosensing. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 7610-7615.
19. Dell'Olio, F.; Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F. Surface sensitivity optimization of a microring resonator for biochemical sensing. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Nottingham, UK, 18-22 June 2006.
20. Kargar, A.; Guo, H. Optical surface sensing by bent slot waveguides. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, Xiamen, China, 20-23 January 2010.
21. Passaro, V.M.N.; Troia, B.; De Leonardis, F. Group IV photonics slot structures for highly efficient gas sensing in Mid-IR. In Proceedings of IARIA Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications, Nice, France, 21-27 August 2011; pp. 103-108.
22. Chen, W.; Lou, S.; Wang, L.; Zou, H.; Lu, W.; Jian, S. Highly sensitive torsion sensor based on Sagnac interferometer using side-leakage photonic crystal fiber. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2011, 23, 1639-1641.
23. Tam, H.Y.; Khijwania, S.K.; Dong, X.Y. Temperature-intensitive pressure sensor using a polarization-maintaing photonic crystal fiber based sagnac interferometer. In Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronics Conference, Shanghai, China, 17-19 October 2007; pp. 345-347.
24. Fu, H.Y.; Tam, H.Y.; Shao, L.Y.; Dong, X.; Wai, P.K.; Lu, C.; Khijwania, S.K. Pressure sensor realized with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer. Appl. Opt. 2008, 47, 2835-2839.
25. Sorrentino, C.; Toland, J.R.E.; Search, C.P. Ultra-sensitive chip scale Sagnac gyroscope based on periodically modulated coupling of a coupled resonator optical waveguide. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 354-363.
26. Titterton, D.H.; Weston, J.L. Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, 2nd ed.; The Institution of Electrical Engineers: London, UK, 2004.
27. Claps, R.; Raghunathan, V.; Dimitropoulos, D.; Jalali, B. Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in silicon waveguides. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 2774-2780.
28. Lin, Q.; Painter, O.J.; Agrawal, G.P. Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: Modeling and applications. Opt. Exp. 2007, 15, 16604-16644.
29. De Leonardis, F.; Passaro, V.M.N. Modeling of Raman amplification in Silicon-on-Insulator optical microcavities. New J. Phys. 2007, 9, 1-24.
30. Liu, A.; Rong, H.; Jones, R.; Cohen, O.; Hak, D.; Paniccia, M. Optical amplification and lasing by stimulated Raman scattering in silicon waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol. 2006, 24, 1440-1455.
31. Agrawal, G.P. Nonlinear Fiber Optics; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2001.
32. Chen, Y.; Xu, Z.; Liu, L.; Coppe, J. Highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman nano-probing for direct proteomic profiling. IEEE Sensors 2010 Conference, Kona, HI, USA, 1-4 November 2010; pp. 2295-2298.
33. White, I.M.; Gohring, J.; Fan, X. SERS-based detection in an optofluidic ring resonator platform. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 17433-17442.
34. Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F. Investigation of SOI Raman lasers for mid-infrared gassensing. Sensors 2009, 9, 7814-7836.
35. Fan, S.; Suh, W.; Joannopoulos, J.D. Temporal coupled-mode theory for the Fano resonance in optical resonators. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2003, 20, 569-572.
36. Fan, S. Sharp asymmetric line shapes in side-coupled waveguide-cavity systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 908-910.
37. Bogaerts, W.; de Heyn, P.; van Vaerenbergh, T.; de Vos, K.; Selvaraja, S.K.; Claes, T.; Dumon, P.; Bienstman, P.; van Thourhout, D.; Baets, R. Silicon microring resonators. Laser Photon. Rev. 2012, 6, 47-73.
38. Poon, J.K.S.; Scheuer, J.; Mookherjea, S.; Paloczi, G.T.; Huang, Y.; Yariv, A. Matrix analysis of microring coupled-resonator optical waveguides. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 90-103.
39. Yi, H.; Citrin, D.S.; Zhou, Z. Highly sensitive silicon microring sensor with sharp asymmetrical resonance. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 2967-2972.
40. Passaro, V.M.N.; Dell'Olio, F.; Casamassima, B.; De Leonardis, F. Guided-wave optical biosensors. Sensors 2007, 7, 508-536.
41. Arshak, K.; Velusamy, V.; Korostynska, O.; Oliwa-Stasiak, K.; Adley, C. Conducing polymers and their applications to biosensor: Emphasizing on foodborne pathogen detection. IEEE Sens. J. 2009, 9, 1942-1951.
42. Leheny, R.F.; McCants, C.E. Technologies for photonic sensor systems. Proc. IEEE 2009, 97, 957-970.
43. Almeida, V.R.; Xu, Q.; Barrios, C.A.; Lipson, M. Guiding and confining light in noid nanostructure. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 1209-1211.
44. Iqbal, M.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, J. Light confinement in low contrast slot waveguide structures investigated. In Proceedings of International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, Nanjing, China, 21-24 April 2008; pp. 878-881.
45. Passaro, V.M.N. Modeling of Photonic Devices; Nova Science Publisher: Commack, NY, USA, 2009.
46. Troia, B.; Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F. Bandgap engineering and optical properties of group IV material compounds. In Proceedings of 13th Italian National Conference of Photonic Technologies, Genova, Italy, 9-11 May 2011.
47. Passaro, V.M.N.; Troia, B.; De Leonardis, F. A generalized approach for design of photonic gas sensors based on Vernier-effect in mid-IR. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2012, 168, 402-420.
48. Sun, Y.; Fan, X. Optical ring resonators for biochemical and biochemical sensing. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 399, 205-211.
49. Passaro, V.M.N.; Dell'Olio, F.; De Leonardis, F. Ammonia optical sensing by micro ring resonators. Sensors 2007, 7, 2741-2749.
50. Sun, Y.; Fan, X. Optical ring resonators for biochemical and chemical sensing. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 399, 205-211.
51. Qavi, A.J.; Kindt, J.T.; Gleeson, M.A.; Bailey, R.C. Anti-DNA:RNA antibodies and silicon photonic microring resonators: Increased sensitivity for multiplexed microRNA detection. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 5949-5956.
52. Zhu, H.; Dale, P.S.; Caldwell, C.W.; Fan, X. Rapid and label-free detection of breast cancer biomarker CA15-3 in clinical human serum samples with optofluidic ring resonator sensors. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 9858-9865.
53. Bailer, R.C.; Washburn, A.L.; Qavi, A.J.; Iqbal, M.; Gleeson, M.; Tybor, F.; Gunn, L.C. A robust silicon photonic platform for multiparameter biological anlysis. Proc. SPIE 2009, 7220, 72200N.
54. Yi, H.; Citrin, D.S.; Zhou, Z. Highly sensitive silicon micro ring sensor with sharp asymmetrical resonance. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 2967-2972.
55. Claes, T.; Bogaerts, W.; Bienstam, P. Experimental characterization of a silicon photonic sensor consisting of two cascaded ring resonators based on the Vernier-effect and introduction of a curve fitting method for an improved detection limit. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 22747-22761.
56. Passaro, V.M.N.; La Notte, M. Optimizing SOI slot waveguide fabrication tolerances and strip-slot coupling for very efficient optical sensing. Sensors 2012, 12, 2436-2455.
57. Jin, L.; Li, M.; He, J. Highly-sensitive silicon-on-insulator sensor based on two cascaded micro-ring resonators with Vernier effect. Opt. Commun. 2011, 284, 156-159.
58. Hu, J.; Dai, D. Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2011, 23, 842-844.
59. Dai, D. Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 23817-23822.
60. Luff, B.J.; Wilkinson, J.S.; Piehler, J.; Hollenbach, U.; Ingenhoff, J.; Fabricius, N. Integrated Optical Mach-Zehnder Biosensor. J. Lightwave Technol. 1998, 16, 583-592.
61. Saunders, J.; Dreher, M.A.; Barnes, J.A.; Crudden, C.M.; Du, J.; Loock, H.; Xu, D.; Densmore, A.; Ma, R.; Janz, S.; Vachon, M.; Lapointe, J.; Delage, A.; Schmid, J.; Cheben, P. Detection of lead contamination of water and VOC contamination of air using SOI micro-optical devices. In Proceedings of 7th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Beijing, China, 1-3 September 2010.
62. Tu, X.; Son, J.; Liow, T.Y.; Park, M.K.; Yiying, J.Q.; Kee, J.S.; Yu, M.; Lo, G.Q. Thermal independent silicon-nitride slot waveguide biosensor with high sensitivity. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 2640-2648.
63. Liu, L.; Ma, S.; Ji, Y.; Chong, X.; Liu, Z.; He, Y.; Guo, J. A two-dimensional polarization interferometry based parallel scan angular surface Plasmon resonance biosensor. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2011, 82, p023109.
64. di Pippo, W.; Lee, B.J.; Park, K. Design analysis of doped-silicon plasmons resonance immunosensor in mid-infrared range. Opt. Exp. 2010, 18, 19396-19406.
65. Piliarik, M.; Sipova, H.; Kvasnicka, P.; Galler, N.; Krenn, J.R.; Homola, J. High-resolution biosensor based on localized surface plasmons. Opt. Exp. 2012, 20, 672-680.
66. Li, S.; Yin, S.; Jiang, Y.; Yin, C.; Deng, Q.; Du, C. Specific protein detection in multiprotein coexisting environment by using LSPR biosensor. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2010, 9, 554-557.
67. Lonc-caronar, M.; Axel, S.; Yueming, Q. Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 4648-4650.
68. Chakravarty, S.; Lai, W.; Zou, Y.; Chen, R.T. Photonic crystal microcavity engineering and high-density bio-patterning for chip-integrated microarray applications. Proc. SPIE 2012, 8212, 82120A.
69. Zou, Y.; Chakravarty, S.; Lai, W.; Lin, C.; Chen, R.T. Methods to array photonic crystal microcavities for high throughput high sensitivity biosensing on a silicon-chip based platform. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 2309-2312.
70. Passaro, V.M.N.; Loiacono, R.; D'Amico, G.; De Leonardis, F. Design of Bragg gratings sensors based on submicrometer optical rib waveguides in SOI. IEEE Sens. J. 2008, 8, 1603-1611.
71. Lee, S.M.; Saini, S.S.; Jeong, M.Y. Parametric discrimination between refractive index, temperature and strain using etched-core FBG. In Proceedings of 23rd Annual Meeting of the IEEE Photonics Society, Denver, CO, USA, 7-11 November 2010.
72. Kuo, W.-K.; Chang, C.-H. Phase detection properties of grating-coupled surface plasmons resonance sensors. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 19656-19664.
73. Jagerska, J.; Zhang, H.; Diao, Z.; le Thomas, N.; Houdrè, R. Refracrive index sensing with air-slot photonic crystal nanocavity. Opt. Lett. 2010, 35, 2523-2525.
74. Lee, M.; Fauchet, P.M. Two-dimensional silicon photonic crustal based biosensing platform for protein detection. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 4530-4535.
75. Sinclair, W.; Schmid, J.H.; Waldron, P.; Poitras, D.; Janz, S.; Mischki, T.; Lopinski, G.; Densmore, A.; Xu, D.; Lapointe, J.; Delage, A. Silicon photonic field molecular sensor using resonant grating interrogation. In Proceedings of CLEO/QELS 2009: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, and Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2-4 June 2009.
76. Passaro, V.M.N.; Dell'Olio, F.; Ciminelli, C.; Armenise, M.N. Efficient chemical sensing by coupled slot SOI waveguides. Sensors 2009, 9, 1012-1032.
77. McCosker, R.J.; Town, G.E. Optical chemical sensor using a multi-channel directional coupler with slot waveguides. In Proceedings of International Conference on Photonics (ICP), Kedah, Malaysia, 5-7 July 2010.
78. Densmore, A.; Vachon, M.; Xu, D.; Janz, S.; Ma, R.; Li, Y.-H.; Lopinski, G.; Delage, A.; Lapointe, J.; Luebbert, C.C.; et al. Silicon photonic wire biosensor array for multiplexed real-time and label-free molecular detection. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34, 3598-3600.
79. Iqbal, M.; Gleeson, M.A.; Spaugh, B.; Tybor, F.; Gunn, W.G.; Hochberg, M.; Baehr-Jones, T.; Bailey, R.C.; Gunn, L.C. Label-free biosensor arrays based on silicon ring resonators and high-speed optical scanning instrumentation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2010, 16, 654-661.
80. Armenise, M.N.; Ciminelli, C.; Dell'Olio, F.; Passaro, V.M.N. Advances in Gyroscope Technologies; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010.
81. Wang, W.; Xia, J.; Xu, Y. Research on integrated optical gyroscope. In Proceedings of 2nd International Symposiums on Systems and Control in Aerospace and Astronautics, Shenzhen, China, 10-12 December 2008.
82. Sorel, M.; Giuliani, G.; Scirè, A.; Miglierina, R.; Donati, S.; Laybourn, P.J.R. Operating regimes of GaAs-AlGaAs semiconductor ring lasers: Experiment and model. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 2003, 39, 1187-1195.
83. Cao, H.; Ling, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, H.; Benavidez, M.; Smagley, V.A.; Caldwell, R.B.; Peake, G.M.; Smolyakov, G.A.; Eliseev, P.G.; Osiski, M. Large S-section-ring-cavity diode lasers: Directional switching, electrical diagnostics, and mode beating spectra. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2005, 17, 282-284.
84. Reza, S.; Dey, D.; Min, Y.; Ricken, R.; Sohler, W. Integrated optical ring laser in Er:GHz. In Proceedings of European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO '05), Grenoble, France, 6-8 April 2005.
85. Armenise, M.N.; Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F.; Armenise, M. Modeling and design of a novel miniaturized integrated optical sensor for gyroscope applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 2001, 19, 1476-1494.
86. Rong, H.; Kuo, Y.H.; Xu, S.; Liu, A.; Jones, R.; Paniccia, M. Monolithic integrated Raman silicon laser. Opt. Express 2006, 14, 6705-6715.
87. Adar, R.; Serbin, M.R.; Mizrahi, V. Less than 1 dB per meter propagation loss of silica waveguides measured using a ring resonator. J. Lightwave Technol. 1994, 12, 1369-1372.
88. Lee, H.; Chen, T.; Li, J.; Yang, K.Y.; Jeon, S.; Painter, O.; Vahala, K.J. Chemically etched ultrahigh-Q wedge-resonator on a silicon chip. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6, 369-373.
89. Lee, H.; Chen, T.; Li, J.; Painter, O.; Vahala, K.J. Ultra-low-loss optical delay line on a silicon chip. Nat. Comm. 2012, 3, doi:10.1038/ncomms1876.
90. John, D.D.; Heck, M.J.R.; Bauters, J.F.; Moreira, R.; Barton, J.S.; Bowers, J.E.; Blumenthal, D.J. Multilayer platform for ultra-low-loss waveguide applications. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2012, 24, 676-678.
91. Guillen-Torres, M.A.; Cretu, E.; Jaeger, N.A.F.; Chrostowski, L. Ring resonator optical gyroscopes-Parameter optimization and robustness analysis. J. Lightwave Technol. 2012, 30, 1802-1817.
92. Yu, H.; Zhang, C.; Feng, L.; Zhou, Z.; Hong, L. Ï11/4_Waveguide resonator used in an integrated optical gyroscope. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2009, 26, 054210.
93. Guo, L.; Shi, B.; Chen, C.; Lv, H.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, M. Optimal design and fabrication of ring resonator composed of Á31/4_-doped silica waveguides for IOG. Proc. SPIE 2009, 7381, 7381Q.
94. Ma, H.; Zhang, X.; Jin, Z.; Ding, C. Waveguide-type optical passive ring resonator gyro using phase modulation spectroscopy technique. Opt. Eng. 2006, 45, 080506.
95. Mao, H.; Ma, H.; Jin, Z. Polarization maintaining silica waveguide resonator optic gyro using double phase modulation technique. Opt. Exp. 2011, 19, 4632-4643.
96. Suzuki, K.; Takiguchi, K.; Hotate, K. Monolithically integrated resonator microoptic gyro on silica planar lightwave circuit. J. Lightwave Technol. 2000, 18, 66-72.
97. Yu, H.; Zhang, C.; Feng, L.; Zhou, Z.; Hong, L.; Wang, J. Optical noise analysis in dual-resonator structural micro-optic gyro. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2011, 28, 084203.
98. Hsiao, H.; Winick, K.A. Planar glass waveguide ring resonators with gain. Opt. Exp. 2007, 15, 17783-17797.
99. Vannahme, C.; Suche, H.; Reza, S.; Ricken, R.; Quiring, V.; Sohler, W. Integrated optical ring resonator for rotation rate sensing. In Proceedings of European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO), Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-27 April 2007.
100. Sohler, W.; Buchter, D.; Herrmann, H.; Hu, H.; Quiring, V.; Reza, S.; Ricken, R.; Suche, H.; Thomas, A.; Vannahme, C. Integrated Photonics in GHz: Recent developments. In Proceedings of 1st Mediterranean Photonic Conference, Napoli, Italy, 25-28 June 2008.
101. Scheuer, J.; Yariv, A. Sagnac effect in coupled-resonator slow-light waveguide structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 053901.
102. Mancinelli, M.; Guider, R.; Masi, M.; Bettotti, P.; Vanacharla, M.R.; Fedeli, J.; Pavesi, L. Optical characterization of a SCISSOR device. Opt. Exp. 2011, 19, 13664-13674.
103. Peng, C.; Li, Z.; Xu, A. Optical gyroscope based on a coupled resonator with the all-optical analogous property of electromagnetically induced transparency. Opt. Exp. 2007, 15, 3864-3875.
104. Ciminelli, C.; Dell'Olio, F.; Campanella, C.E.; Armenise, M.N. Photonic technologies for angular velocity sensing. Adv. Opt. Photon. 2010, 2, 370-404.
105. Ito, H. Miniaturized integrated-optical voltage sensor-Effective for electromagnetic interference tests and measurements. R&D Rev. Toyota 2000, 35, 9-10.
106. Kyosemi Corporation, Optical electric field sensor. Available online: http://www.kyosemi.co.jp/datasheet/efst13.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2012).
107. Lee, C.; Lee, T.; Wu, P. Integrated GHz Mach-Zehnder type electrooptical electromagnetic sensor. In Proceedings of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Seoul, Korea, 26-31 August 2007.
108. Sun, B.; Chen, F.; Chen, K.; Hu, Z.; Cao, Y. Integrated optical electric field sensor from 10 kHz to 18 GHz. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2012, 24, 1106-1108.
109. Zeng, R.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, W.; Zhang, B. Measurement of electric field distribution along composite insulators by integrated optical electric field sensor. IEEE Trans. Diel. Electr. Insul. 2008, 15, 302-310.
110. Zeng, R.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, W.; Zhang, B. Design and application of an integrated electro-optic sensor for intensive electric field measurements. IEEE Trans. Diel. Electr. Insul. 2011, 18, 310-319.
111. Tulli, D.; Janner, D.; Pruneri, V. All-optical electric field sensor in domain inverted GHz for harsh environment. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Munich, Germany, 22-26 May 2011.
112. Lin, C.; Wang, A.X.; Lee, B.S.; Zhang, X.; Chen, R.T. High dynamic range electric field sensor for electromagnetic pulse detection. Opt. Exp. 2011, 19, 17372-17377.
113. Heinzelmann, R.; Stohr, A.; Goss, M.; Kalinowski, D.; Alder, T.; Schmidt, M.; Jaeger, D. Optically powered remote optical field sensor system using an electroabsorption modulator. In Proceedings of IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Baltimore, MD, USA, 7-12 June 1998.
114. Ebihara, S.; Sato, M. Application of an optical electric field sensor array for detection of arrival estimation in a barehole. In Proceedings of International Geoscience Remote Sensing Symposium, Sydney, Ausralia, 9-13 July 2001.
115. Passaro, V.M.N.; De Leonardis, F. Modeling and design of a novel high-sensitivity electric field silicon-on-insulator sensor based on a whispering-gallery-mode resonator. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 2006, 12, 124-133.