Disability harassment

Disability Harassment

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-217

  Weber, Mark C ^a  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84900258114     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (81)

1. Michelle Fine & Adrienne Asch, Disability beyond Stigma: Social Interaction, Discrimination, and Activism, 44 J. Soc. Issues 3, 9 (1988).
2. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963).
3. See Aaron J. Prero, Quantitative Outcomes of the Transitional Employment Training Demonstration, in Disability,Work, and Cash Benefits 273, 274, 277 (Jerry L. Mashaw et al. eds. 1996) (discussing prevalence of mental retardation disability in recipients of Supplemental Security Income and low earnings, consistent with sheltered or supported employment).
4. See Susan Sontag, AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989)
5. Simi Linton, Claiming Disability 100 (1998).
6. Vicki Schultz, Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment, 107 Yale L.J. 1683, 1720-28 (1998).
7. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice 264, 268, 276-78 (1954).
8. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Subordination, Stigma, and "Disability," 86 Va. L. Rev. 397, 418 (2000).
9. Martha Minow, Surviving Victim Talk, 40 UCLA L. Rev. 1411, 1420 (1993).
10. Ruth Colker, Anti-subordination above All: Sex, Race, and Equal Protection, 61 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003, 1007 (1986).
11. Lennard J. Davis, Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism and Other Difficult Positions 146-47 (2002).
12. David M. Engel & Frank W. Munger, Rights of Inclusion: Law and Identity in the Life Stories of Americans with Disabilities 239, 242-53 (2003).
13. Among the earliest sources developing this idea is Michelle Fine & Adrienne Asch, Disability beyond Stigma: Social Interaction, Discrimination, and Activism, 44 J. Soc. Issues 3, 6-14 (1988).
14. See Harlan Hahn, Advertising the Acceptably Employable Image: Disability and Capitalism, in The Disability Studies Reader, 172, 174 (Lennard J. Davis ed. 1997) (describing "minority-group model of disability");
15. see also James I. Charlton, Nothing about Us without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment 127 (1998) (defending minority group-civil rights model of disability); Simi Linton, Claiming Disability 9 (1998) (describing oppression against people with disabilities);
16. Jacobus ten-Broek & Floyd W. Matson, The Disabled and the Law of Welfare, 54 Cal. L. Rev. 809, 814-16 (1966) (applying civil rights approach to disability);
17. Jonathan C. Drimmer, Comment, Cripples, Overcomers, and Civil Rights:Tracing the Evolution of Federal Legislation and Social Policy for People with Disabilities, 40 UCLA L. Rev. 1341, 1357-58 (1993) (describing civil rights model of disability)
18. See generally Paula E. Berg, Ill/legal: Interrogating the Meaning and Function of the Category of Disability in Antidiscrimination Law, 18 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 1, 9 (1999).
19. This figure and the rest of the statistics in this paragraph are from H. Stephen Kaye, 2 Disability Watch: The Status of People with Disabilities in the United States (2001), available at http://www.dralegal.org/downloads/ pubs/disability_watch_v2.txt (visited Sep. 9, 2005). Kaye is with the Disability Statistics Center, University of California, San Francisco.
20. See L. Scott Muller et al., Labor-Force Participation and Earnings of SSI Disability Recipients: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Approach to the Behavior of Individuals, Soc. Security Bull., Mar. 1, 1996, at 22, 34-36 (discussing prevalence of sheltered and supported employment among recipients of government Supplemental Security Income benefits).
21. Hugh Gregory Gallagher, "Slapping Up Spastics": The Persistence of Social Attitudes toward People with Disabilities, 10 Issues L. & Med. 401, 402 (1995) ("In the late 1930s and throughout World War II, physicians of Germany's medical establishment . . . systematically killed their severely disabled and chronically ill mental patients. . . . The officially sanctioned killing program was authorized by Hitler in 1939 at the request of leading figures of the German medical establishment. . . . The program's proponents advanced various arguments for its justification: compassion, eugenics, economics, racial purity.");
22. Stanley S. Herr, The International Significance of Disability Rights, 93 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 332, 332 (2000) ("By the 1930s, the killing of German and Austrian nationals with disabilities through so-called euthanasia programs . . . suggested precursors to the genocide and fascist barbarisms to come.").
23. Richard K. Scotch, American Disability Policy in the Twentieth Century, in The New Disability History 375, 389 (Paul K. Longmore & Lauri Umansky eds. 2001).
24. Lennard J. Davis, Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism & Other Difficult Positions (2002).
25. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity 5 (1963).
26. Irving Kenneth Zola, Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living with a Disability 120 (1982).
27. Robert Murphy, The Body Silent 116 (1987).
28. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature 41 (1997). Thomson also discusses the marking of persons with disabilities as deviant from the idea of the average or normal man in the nineteenth century.
29. See Simon Ungar, Disability and the Built Environment, Distance Education Centre, University of Sheffield, at http://fhis.gcal.ac.uk/PSY/sun/LectureNotes/ city/city.html (visited Mar. 10, 2003) ("[I]t should also be clear that these exclusions themselves help to reproduce negative attitudes to disabled people.").
30. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice 264 (25th Anniversary ed. 1979).
31. Martha M. Field, Killing "the Handicapped"-Before and after Birth, 16 Harv.Women's L.J. 79, 117 (1993).
32. Michael Ashley Stein, Disability, Employment Policy, and the Supreme Court, 55 Stan. L. Rev. 607, 631-32 (2002)
33. see also David M. Engel, Law, Culture, and Children with Disabilities:Educational Rights and the Construction of Difference, 1991 Duke L.J. 166, 183-84 (discussing psychological origins of negative attitudes toward persons with disabilities).
34. See Paul Sale & Doris M. Carey, The Sociometric Status of Students with Disabilities in a Full-Inclusion School, 62 Exceptional Children 6, 16-17 (1995) (reporting attitude study).
35. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Subordination, Stigma and "Disability," 86 Va. L. Rev. 397, 438-39 (2000).
36. See, e.g., Harriet McBryde Johnson, Unspeakable Conversations, New York Times Magazine, Feb. 16, 2003 (describing reaction to Singer among members of disability rights community).
37. See generally Helga Kuhse & Peter Singer, Should the Baby Live? 1 (1985) (asserting that killing infants with disabilities is moral); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation 18 (2d ed. 1990) (equating killing of animals and killing of infants with brain damage).
38. Regarding James, Pope, and Milton, see Sharon L. Snyder, Infinities of Forms: Disability Figures in Artistic Traditions, in Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities 173, 173-79 (Sharon L. Snyder et al. eds. 2002).
39. See Karen Schwartz et al., Social Imagery in the Film Million Dollar Baby: An Analysis Based on Wolf Wolfensberger's Social Role Valorization, Disability Studies Q., Summer 2005, available at http://www.des-sds.org/_articles_ html/2005/summer/m$b_forum.asp.
40. Frank M. Johnson, The Constitution and the Federal District Judge, 54 Tex. L. Rev. 903, 909 (1976) (emphasis in original).
41. Lisa Eichhorn, Hostile Environment Actions, Title VII, and the ADA:The Limits of the Copy-and-Paste Function, 77 Wash. L. Rev. 575 (2002).
42. See Timothy M. Cook, The Americans with Disabilities Act: The Move to Integration, 64 Temp. L. Rev. 393, 416 (1991) (describing ADA's legislative goal of integrating people with disabilities into mainstream of American life);
43. see also Jacobus tenBroek & Floyd W. Matson, The Disabled and the Law of Welfare, 54 Cal. L. Rev. 809, 811 (1966). This prescient and highly influential article details the history of what the authors term "custodialism," the practice of keeping individuals with disabilities separate from the rest of the population, and viewing the people with disabilities as objects of charity at best and elimination at worst.
44. cf. Stanley S. Herr, The International Significance of Disability Rights, 93 ASIL Proc. 332, 332-33 (2000) (describing systematic killing of persons with disabilities by Nazi regime).
45. See, e.g., Samuel R. Bagenstos, Subordination, Stigma, and "Disability," 86 Va. L. Rev. 397 (2000);
46. Frank S. Ravitch & Marsha B. Freeman, The Americans with "Certain" Disabilities Act: Title I of the ADA and the Supreme Court's Result Oriented Jurisprudence, 77 Denv. U. L. Rev. 119 (1999);
47. Bonnie Poitras Tucker, The Supreme Court's Definition of Disability under the ADA: A Return to the Dark Ages, 52 Ala. L. Rev. 321 (2000);
48. Mark C. Weber, Disability Discrimination in Higher Education, 26 J.C. & U. L. 351, 354-55 (1999).
49. The Columbia World of Quotations (1996), available at http://www.bartleby.com/66/35/42835.html.
50. Schoolchildren with disabilities are significantly lower in social prestige than other students. See Paul Sale & Doris M. Carey, The Sociometric Status of Students with Disabilities in a Full-Inclusion School, 62 Exceptional Children 6, 16-17 (1995) (reporting attitude study).
51. For a revealing personal narrative regarding the treatment by peers and teachers of a deaf student in high school, see Bonnie Poitras Tucker, The Feel of Silence 31-35 (1995).
52. See generally David M. Engel, Law, Culture, and Children with Disabilities, 1991 Duke L.J. 166, 184 ("Physically disabled persons are viewed with fear and revulsion because they occupy an anomalous social position. . . . Stigma, fear of contagion, stereotyping, and rejection have thus typified the responses of 'normal' society to those labeled physically 'handicapped.'").
53. See Vicki Schultz, Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment, 107 Yale L.J. 1683, 1720-28 (1998);
54. cf. Miranda Oshige, Note, What's Sex Got to Do with It? 47 Stan. L. Rev. 565, 567 (1995) (proposing reconfiguration of sexual harassment as gender-based different treatment).
55. See Hugh Gregory Gallagher, "Slapping Up Spastics": The Persistence of Social Attitudes toward People with Disabilities, 10 Issues L. & Med. 401 (1995) (discussing negative social attitudes toward persons with disabilities).
56. See generally Edward D. Re & Joseph R. Re, Remedies 824 (5th ed. 2000) ("[B]y imposing upon tortfeasors the cost of their wrongful acts, [damages] promote the deterrent value of tort law."). In the last generation, the deterrent effects of damages awards have been the special subject of the law and economics movement.
57. See, e.g., Richard A. Posner, A Theory of Negligence, 1 J. Legal Stud. 29, 32-33 (1972) (discussing self-interest in taking precautions against harm to avoid damages award).
58. Sources citing these policy grounds for an exhaustion rule include Terry Jean Seligmann, A Diller, a Dollar: Section 1983 Damage Claims in Special Education Lawsuits, 36 Ga. L. Rev. 465, 520-26 (2002);
59. Paul M. Secunda, At the Crossroads of Title IX and a New " Idea": Why Bullying Need Not Be " A Normal Part of Growing Up" for Special Education Children, 12 Duke J. Gender L. & Pol'y 1, 25-26 (2005).
60. See Paul Sale & Doris M. Carey, The Sociometric Status of Students with Disabilities in a Full-Inclusion School, 62 Exceptional Children 6, 16-17 (1995) (discussing low social prestige of students with disabilities among peers).
61. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Subordination, Stigma and " Disability," 86 Va. L. Rev. 397 (2000).
62. Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process, Lecture IV (1921), available at http://www.constitution.org/cmt/cardozo/judproc.htm.
63. Eugene Volokh, How Harassment Law Restricts Free Speech, 47 Rutgers L. Rev. 563, 569 (1995).
64. For a discussion of this distinction, see Alan E. Brownstein, Hate Speech and Harassment: The Constitutionality of Campus Codes That Prohibit Racial Insults, 3 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 179, 179-180 (1994).
65. See Rodney A. Smolla, Emotional Distress and the First Amendment, 20 Ariz. St. L.J. 423, 467 (1988);
66. see also Rodney A. Smolla, Rethinking First Amendment Assumptions about Racist and Sexist Speech, 47 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 171, 210 (1990) (applying constitutional standards to racist and sexist speech that inflicts emotional distress);
67. cf. Jean C. Love, Discriminatory Speech and the Tort of Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, 47 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 123, 159 (1990) (endorsing Smolla's views).
68. See Debra D. Burke, Workplace Harassment: A Proposal for a Bright Line Test Consistent with the First Amendment, 21 Hofstra Lab. & Emp. L.J. 591, 614 (2004) (" [T]here seems to be merit in the contention that there is no valid First Amendment claim of protection just because words are used to intimidate an employee into succumbing without genuine consent to sexual overtures." ).
69. Michael Ashley Stein, Employing People with Disabilities: Some Cautionary Thoughts for a Second-Generation Civil Rights Statute, in Employment, Disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act 51, 53 (Peter David Blanck ed., 2000). An exception, although it can hardly be called a monumental effort in light of the results, is the integration mandate in IDEA.
70. See Mark C. Weber, Towards Access, Accountability, Procedural Regularity and Participation: The Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992 and 1993, Journal of Rehabilitation, July, 1994, at 21 (describing increased emphasis on programs that involve placement of individuals in competitive employment with job coaches and other supports).
71. See Peter D. Blanck et al., The Emerging Workforce of Entrepreneurs with Disabilities: Preliminary Study of Entrepreneurship in Iowa, 85 Iowa L. Rev. 1583 (2000) regarding small-business creation programs.
72. Innovative programs of this type include a Canadian one providing catering and executive gifts, see Bow Catering-About Us, at http://bowcatering.ca/aboutus.html (visited Feb. 6, 2006)
73. and one in Maryland furnishing organic vegetables, see Red Wiggler Foundation Mission, at http://www.redwiggler.org/aboutus/organization.html (visited Feb. 7, 2006).
74. For detailed description of the relevant laws and proposals, see Mark C. Weber, Beyond the Americans with Disabilities Act: A National Employment Policy for People with Disabilities, 46 Buff. L. Rev. 123, 142-74 (1998).
75. See, e.g., Bonnie Poitras Tucker, The ADA's Revolving Door: Inherent Flaws in the Civil Rights Paradigm, 62 Ohio St. L.J. 335, 386-87 (2001).
76. See Lisa Waddington, Reassessing the Employment of People with Disabilities in Europe: From Quotas to Anti-Discrimination Laws, 18 Comp. Lab. L.J. 62, 69 (1996) (noting success of German system of job quotas but pointing out continuing problems with compliance).
77. Mark C. Weber, Disability and the Law of Welfare, 2000 U. Ill. L. Rev. 889, 943-47. Objections to this proposal, including cost, are considered at length in that source.
78. See Steven D. Baderian et al., Managing Employment Risks in Light of the New Rulings in Sexual Harassment Law, 21 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 343, 364-67 (1999) (describing components of effective policies against sexual harassment).
79. See Laura L. Rovner, Perpetuating Stigma: Client Identity in Disability Rights Litigation, 2001 Utah L. Rev. 247 (discussing contradictions inherent in portraying person who experienced denial of accommodations as victim).
80. Simon Ungar, Disability and the Built Environment, at http://www.surrey.ac.uk/~pss1su/lecturenotes/sun/LectureNotes/city/ (visited Feb. 7, 2006).
81. Samuel R. Bagenstos, The Future of Disability Law, 114 Yale L.J. 1, 4 (2004).