The myth of the imperial judiciary: Why the right is wrong about the courts

The Myth of the Imperial Judiciary: Why the Right is Wrong about the Courts

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-293

  Kozlowski, Mark ^a   Lewis, Anthony ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900193832     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (465)

1. William Kristol, "Crowning the Imperial Judiciary," New York Times, November 28, 2000, at A29.
2. William Kristol, "Judicial Tyranny," Washington Post, December 10, 2000, at B7.
3. William Kristol and Jeffrey Bell, "Against Judicial Supremacy," Weekly Standard, December 4, 2000, 11.
4. Ramesh Ponnuru, "The Judicial-Activist State," National Review, December 18, 2000, at 20.
5. Paul Gigot, "Liberals Discover the Tyranny of the Courts," Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2000, at A16.
6. Maggie Gallagher, "Liberals Aren't Used to Losing in Court," Detroit Free Press, December 15, 2000, at http://www.freep.com/voices/editorials/egall15_2001215.htm.
7. Tunku Varadarajan, "Judges or Priests?," WSJ.com, May 11, 2001.
8. Roger Pilon, "Judges and the Constitution," NationalReview.com, September 4, 2001.
9. Robert H. Bork, "Adversary Jurisprudence," New Criterion, May 2002, 4.
10. Max Boot, Out of Order: Arrogance, Corruption, and Incompetence on the Bench, 93 (1998) (emphasis in original).
11. Robert Bork, "Our Judicial Oligarchy," First Things, November 1996, 24.
12. Lino Graglia, "Constitutional Law: A Ruse for Government by an Intellectual Elite," 14 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 767, 776 (1998).
13. Will G.F., "Myth of the Solomonic Senate," Washington Post, December 27, 1998, at C7.
14. Quoted in Kirk Victor, "Bashing the Bench," National Journal, May 31, 1997, 1078.
15. Quoted in Stephan O. Kline, "Judicial Independence: Rebuffing Congressional Attacks on the Third Branch," 87 Ky. L.J. 679, 679-80 (1999).
16. 1 Democracy in America 270 (Anchor ed. 1969).
17. Judith Shklar, "Positive Liberty, Negative Liberty in the United States," in Redeeming American Political Thought, 112 (1998).
18. Grant Gilmore, The Ages of American Law, 35 (1977).
19. Mark Tushnet, "Is Judicial Review Good for the Left?" Dissent, Winter 1998, 65.
20. Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts, x (1999).
21. Lino Graglia, Letter to the Editor, Commentary, November 1999, 5.
22. It was this position that caused the Reagan administration to withdraw Professor Graglia's name from nomination for a seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. See Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges, 326 (1997).
23. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics, 1 (2000).
24. Quoted in John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees, 109 (1998).
25. Quoted in Peter Irons, A People's History of the Supreme Court, 482 (1999).
26. Philip B. Kurland, Politics, the Constitution, and the Warren Court, 186-87 (1970).
27. Archibald Cox, The Warren Court, 12 (1968).
28. Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth: 1976 (1976).
29. Nathan Glazer, "Towards an Imperial Judiciary?" Public Interest, Fall 1975, 106.
30. Vincent Blasi and Anthony Lewis, eds., The Burger Court: The Counter-Revolution That Wasn't (1986).
31. G. Edward White, "The Supreme Court and Constitutional Law, 1925-2000: Changing Stances of Constitutional Review," Virginia Quarterly Review, Spring 2000, 323-24.
32. On the ideologically charged selection process for federal judicial nominees employed by Reagan administration officials, see Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges, 296-307 (1997).
33. For the Bush administration's approach, see Robert Carp, Donald Songer, C. K. Rowland, Ronald Stidham, and Lisa Richey-Tracy, "The Voting Behavior of Judges Appointed by President Bush," Judicature, April-May 1993, 298.
34. G. Edward White, "The Supreme Court and Constitutional Law, 1925-2000: Changing Stances of Constitutional Review," Virginia Quarterly Review, Spring 2000, 328.
35. Quoted in Donald Grier Stephenson, Jr., Campaigns and the Court, 208 (1999).
36. Terry Eastland, "Deactivate the Courts," American Spectator, March 1997, 60.
37. Don Feder, "Even GOP Justices Can't Get It Right," Boston Herald, June 26, 2000, at 21.
38. Quoted in Dick Lehr, "Souter Raises Ire on the Right," Boston Globe, July 1, 1992, at 1.
39. "Chief Justice Souter?" Wall Street Journal, February 29, 2000, at A22.
40. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk, 2 (1991).
41. Mary Ann Glendon, A Nation under Lawyers, 141 (1994).
42. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk, 6 (1991).
43. Mary Ann Glendon, A Nation under Lawyers, 68 (1991).
44. "Introduction," First Things, November 1996, 19.
45. Thomas Sowell, "Political Dangers: Lessons of History Weren't Learned," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 9, 2001, at http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/epaper/editio.../opionion_a3a5fbd971a7e0a90096.htm.
46. Thomas Sowell, "How the Cultural Elite Undermine Traditional Values," Indianapolis Star, October 4, 1992, at F2.
47. John Kekes, "Dangerous Egalitarian Dreams," City Journal, Autumn 2001, 102.
48. John Leo, "Politics of the Bench," U.S. News and World Report, November 6, 2000, 14.
49. Maggie Gallagher, "Liberals Aren't Used to Losing in Court," Detroit Free Press, December 15, 2000, at http://www.freep.com/voices/editorial/egall15_20011215.htm.
50. Cass Sunstein, One Case at a Time, 9 (1999).
51. Gary McDowell, "Judicial Activism Masquerading as Minimalism?" Washington Times, April 11, 1999, at B8.
52. Richard Hofstader, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays, 23 (1965).
53. Robert Bork, Slouching toward Gomorrah, 108 (1996).
54. J. Budzizewski, "The Future of the End of Democracy," First Things, March 1999, 15.
55. Robert Bork, Slouching toward Gomorrah, 109 (1996).
56. Robert Bork, "Our Judicial Oligarchy," First Things, November 1996, 23.
57. Robert Bork, Slouching toward Gomorrah, 109 (1996).
58. Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges, 198 (1997).
59. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 143 (1990).
60. Edwin Meese III, "Address before the D.C. Chapter of the Federalist Society Lawyers Division," in Steven Mailloux and Sanford Levinson, eds., Interpreting Law and Literature: A Hermeneutic Reader, 29 (1988).
61. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights, 303 (1998).
62. For a discussion of the interaction between Reconstruction historiography and the law, see Randall Kennedy, "Reconstruction and the Politics of Scholarship," 98 Yale L.J. 521 (1989).
63. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary, 249 (1977).
64. Walter Berns, Taking the Constitution Seriously, 214 (1987).
65. Paul Craig Roberts, "Benchmarks for Impeachment," Washington Times, March 20, 1997, at A16.
66. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary, 410 (1977).
67. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 349 (1990).
68. Henry V. Jaffa, Storm over the Constitution, 1 (1999).
69. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 143 (1990).
70. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 27 (1990).
71. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary, 386 (1977).
72. Raoul Berger, "Robert Bork's Contribution to Original Intention," 84 N.W. U. L. Rev. 1167 (1990).
73. Raoul Berger, "Robert Bork's Contribution to Original Intent," 84 N.W. U. L. Rev. 1167, 1174.
74. Robert George, "Revisionism Revisited," First Things, December 1999, 53.
75. Michael McConnell, "Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions," 81 Va. L. Rev. 947, 984 (1995).
76. Earl Maltz, "Brown v. Board of Education and 'Originalism,'" in Robert George, ed., Great Cases in Constitutional Law, 145 (2000).
77. See also Earl Maltz, "Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions-A Response to Professor Mc-Connell," 13 Cons. Comment. 223 (1996).
78. Raoul Berger, "The 'Original Intent'-As Perceived by Michael Mc-Connell," 91 N.W. U. L. Rev. 242 (1996).
79. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 76 (1990).
80. Michael McConnell, "Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions," 81 Va. L. Rev. 947, 951 n. 11 (1996).
81. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 39 (1990).
82. Will G.F., "The Grandparent Dissent," Washington Post, June 7, 2000, at A31.
83. By contrast, Earl Maltz has no hesitancy in declaring Troxel "a classic example of everything that is wrong with activist judicial review." Earl M. Maltz, "The Trouble with Troxel," 32 Rutgers L.J. 695, 710 (2001).
84. George Will, "Not Too Strict to Apply Justice," Washington Post, June 17, 2001, at B7.
85. For an excellent discussion of the scope of free expression in late-eighteenth- century America, see Michael Kent Curtis, Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege," 23-116 (2000).
86. David Yassky, "Eras of the First Amendment," 91 Colum. L. Rev. 1699, 1700 (1991).
87. Michael Kent Curtis, Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege," 2 (2000).
88. H. L. Mencken, "Morals and the Moron," in Marion Elizabeth Rodgers, ed., The Impossible H. L. Mencken, 87 (1991).
89. William H. Rehnquist, All the Laws but One, 221 (1998).
90. Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech, 8 (1993).
91. David A. Strauss, "Freedom of Speech and the Common Law Constitution," in Lee C. Bollinger and Geoffrey R. Stone, eds., Eternally Vigilant: Free Speech in the Modern Era, 38 (2002).
92. Quoted in Larry Dougherty, "Justice Presides over Annual Bar Dinner Meeting," St. Petersburg Times, December 13, 1998, at 3B.
93. Quoted in Patricia Manson, "High Court 'Originalist' Has Recipe for Making Good Law," Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, March 12, 1998, at 1.
94. Laurence Tribe, "Comment," in Amy Gutmann, ed., A Matter of Principle, 81 (1997).
95. Saikrishna B. Prakash, "Unoriginalism's Law without Meaning," 15 Const. Comment. 529, 530 (1998).
96. Keith E. Whittington, Constitutional Interpretation: Textual Meaning, Original Intent, and Judicial Review, 174 (1999).
97. Gary L. McDowell, "Blessings of Liberty," Times Literary Supplement, August 31, 2001, 26.
98. Quoted in Todd J. Gillman, "Court Confirmation Process Was 'Vicious,' Thomas Says," Dallas Morning News, September 10, 1999, at 32A.
99. Antonin Scalia, "Originalism: The Lesser Evil," 57 U. Cin. L. Rev. 849, 852 (1989) (emphasis added).
100. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 2 (1990).
101. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays, 30 (1965).
102. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution, 323 (1992).
103. 1 The Spirit of the Laws 152 (Hafner ed. 1949).
104. 1 Commentaries on the Laws of England 259-60 (1765).
105. For a brief treatment, see Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics, 68-70 (1970).
106. Merrill Jensen, ed., Tracts of the American Revolution, 149-50 (1967) (emphases in original).
107. Quoted in Shannon Stimson, The American Revolution in the Law, 50 (1990).
108. M. J. C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers, 132 (2d ed. 1998).
109. David Currie, "Separating Judicial Power," 61 Law & Contemp. Probs. 7, 9-10 (1998).
110. Gordon Wood, "Comment," in Amy Gutmann, ed., A Matter of Interpretation, 50, 51 (1997).
111. Quoted in Gordon Wood, "The Origins of Vested Rights in the Early Republic," 85 Va. L. Rev. 1421, 1438 (1999).
112. Gordon Wood, "Interests and Disinterestedness in the Making of the Constitution," in Richard R. Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter, eds., Beyond Confederation, 73 (1987) (emphasis added).
113. John Zvesper, Political Philosophy and Rhetoric: A Study in the Origins of American Party Politics, 44 (1977).
114. James W. Ely, Jr., The Guardian of Every Other Right, 37 (2d ed. 1998).
115. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, 173 (1967) (emphasis in original).
116. Helen C. Veit, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Charlene Bangs Bickford, eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 81 (1991) (emphasis added).
117. Jack Rakove notes that, at the Philadelphia Convention, Madison raised the issue of "interested majorities" no fewer than five times. Jack Rakove, Original Meanings, 61 (1996).
118. Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic, 131 (1983).
119. Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 411 (1969).
120. Shannon Stimson, The American Revolution in the Law, 124-25 (1990) (emphasis added).
121. James S. Liebman and William F. Ryan, "'Some Effectual Power': The Quantity and Quality of Decisionmaking Required of Article III Courts," 98 Colum. L. Rev. 696, 713 (1998).
122. Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson 256 (1904).
123. Leonard Levy, Origins of the Bill of Rights, 68 (1999).
124. Jack Rakove, "The Origins of Judicial Review: A Plea for New Contexts," 49 Stan. L. Rev., 1031, 1060 (1997).
125. Herbert Storing, ed., 2 The Complete Anti-Federalist 138 (1981).
126. Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, 54 (1981).
127. Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution, 658-59 (Liberty Fund ed. 1988).
128. Herbert Storing, ed., 2 The Complete Anti-Federalist 136 (1981).
129. Roger Pilon, "Letter to the Editor: The Great American Behemoth," Wall Street Journal, September 15, 1999, at A33.
130. Helen E. Veit, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Charlene Bangs Bickford, eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 197 (1991) (emphasis added).
131. Helen E. Veit, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Charlene Bangs Bickford, eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 15 (1991).
132. Jefferson Powell, "The Modern Misunderstanding of Original Intent," 54 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1513, 1543 (1987).
133. Quoted in Joseph M. Lynch, Negotiating the Constitution, 139 (1999).
134. "The Bank Bill," February 2, 1791, in William T. Hutchinson and William Rachal, eds., 13 The Papers of James Madison, 377 (1962-).
135. Jefferson Powell, "The Modern Misunderstanding of Original Intent," 54 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1513, 1537 (1987).
136. William Eskridge, Jr., "All about Words: Early Understandings of the 'Judicial Power' in Statutory Interpretation, 1776-1806," 101 Colum. L. Rev. 990, 1096-97 (2001).
137. Mark A. Graber, "Naked Land Transfers and American Constitutional Development," 53 Vand. L. Rev. 73, 73 (2000) (quotations omitted).
138. 1 The Spirit of the Laws 159 (Hafner ed. 1949).
139. William Eskridge, Jr., "All about Words: Early Understandings of the 'Judicial Power' in Statutory Interpretation, 1776-1806," 101 Colum. L. Rev. 990, 995 (2001).
140. Helen E. Veit, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Charlene Bangs Bickford, eds., Creating the Bill of Rights, 83-84 (1991).
141. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 183 (1990).
142. Charles L. Black, Jr., A New Birth of Freedom, 10 (1997).
143. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust, 34 (1980).
144. Jefferson Powell, "Rules for Originalists," 73 Va. L. Rev. 659, 670 (1987).
145. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary, 308, 365 (1997).
146. Richard John Neuhaus, "The Dred Scott of Our Time," Wall Street Journal, July 2, 1992, at A8.
147. David A. Bell, "The Ordeal of Legitimacy," New Republic, February 28, 2000, 37 (emphasis in original).
148. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, 8 (1983).
149. Quoted in John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust, 60 (1980).
150. Kenneth R. Bowling, "'A Tub to the Whale': The Founding Fathers and the Adoption of the Federal Bill of Rights," in Ralph D. Gray and Michael A. Morrison, eds., New Perspectives on the Early Republic, 52 (1994).
151. Nathan Glazer, "Towards an Imperial Judiciary?," Public Interest, Fall 1975, 106.
152. Max Boot, Out of Order, 10 (1998).
153. James L. Buckley, "The Constitution and the Courts: A Question of Legitimacy," 24 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 189, 193 (2000).
154. Quoted in David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 606 (1994).
155. Nathan Glazer, "Towards an Imperial Judiciary?" Public Interest, Fall 1975, 109.
156. 1 Democracy in America 100 (Anchor ed. 1969).
157. Guido Calabresi, A Common Law for the Age of Statutes, 4 (1982).
158. Grant Gilmore, The Ages of American Law, 36 (1977).
159. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State, 24 (1982).
160. Cass Sunstein, After the Rights Revolution, 17-18 (1990).
161. J. W. Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States, 7 (1956).
162. G. Edward White, The American Judicial Tradition, 48-49 (1976).
163. Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 32 (1977).
164. Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 42 (1977) (emphases added).
165. J. W. Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States, 24 (1956).
166. William E. Nelson, Americanization of the Common Law, 154 (1975).
167. Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 160 (1977).
168. Grant Gilmore, The Death of Contract, 15 (1974).
169. William E. Nelson, Americanization of the Common Law, 143 (1975).
170. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution, 54 (1991).
171. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 409 (1st ed. 1973).
172. 1 Commentaries on the Laws of England 417 (1765).
173. J. W. Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States, 13 (1956).
174. Lawrence M. Friedman, "Losing One's Head: Judges and the Law in Nineteenth-Century American Legal History," 24 Law and Soc. Inquiry, 253, 264-65 (1999).
175. Gilbert E. Roe, Our Judicial Oligarchy, 112-13 (1912).
176. Kermit Hall The Magic Mirror: Law in American History, 201-2 (1989).
177. Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law, 27 (1982).
178. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State, 27 (1982).
179. James W. Ely, Jr., The Guardian of Every Other Right, 69 (2d ed. 1998).
180. Henry F. Graff, "The Charles River Bridge Case," in John A. Garrity, ed., Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, 74 (1962).
181. Stuart Bruchey, The Roots of American Economic Growth, 1607-1861, 137 (1965).
182. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 158 (1st ed. 1973).
183. Linda Kerber, Federalists in Dissent, 140 (1970).
184. Richard F. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis, 176 (1971).
185. Robert M. Cover, Justice Accused, 141-42 (1975).
186. William J. Novak, The People's Welfare, 246 (1996).
187. Karen Orren, Belated Feudalism, 62 (1991).
188. Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic, 93-94 (1993).
189. Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, 50-51 (2000).
190. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution, 48 (1991).
191. G. Alan Tarr, Understanding State Constitutions, 52 (1998).
192. Steven P. Croley, "The Majoritarian Difficulty: Elective Judiciaries and the Rule of Law," 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 689, 716-17 (1995).
193. Eric Foner, "The Strange Career of the Reconstruction Amendments," 108 Yale L.J. 2003, 2006 (1999).
194. Foner, Reconstruction, 1863-1877, 529 (1988).
195. Robert Kaczorowski, "Revolutionary Constitutionalism in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction," 61 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 863, 938 (1986).
196. Robert J. Reinstein, "Completing the Constitution: The Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights, and Fourteenth Amendment," 66 Temple L. Rev. 361, 402 (1993).
197. Charles L. Black, Jr., A New Birth of Freedom, 69 (1997).
198. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights, 213 (1998).
199. Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law, 475 (1982).
200. Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 1863-1877, 437 (1988).
201. Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 1863-1877, 531 (1988).
202. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk, 88 (Penguin ed. 1989).
203. C. Vann Woodward, "The Case of the Louisiana Traveler," in John A. Garraty, ed., Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, 158 (1962).
204. James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution, 145 (1991).
205. Leon Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow, 225 (1998).
206. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary, 183 (1977).
207. Max Boot, Out of Order, 96 (1998).
208. Mary Ann Glendon, A Nation under Lawyers, 183 (1994).
209. Walter Berns, Taking the Constitution Seriously, 224 (1987).
210. Quoted in Harold M. Hyman and Wiecek W.M., Equal Justice under Law, 426 (1982).
211. Paul Kens, Lochner v. New York: Economic Regulation on Trial, 9 (1998).
212. G. Edward White, The American Judicial Tradition, 86 (1976).
213. Howard Gillman, The Constitution in Crisis, 7 (1993).
214. Kermit Hall, The Magic Mirror: Law in American History, 232 (1989).
215. William Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement, 6 (1991).
216. William Forbath, "Labor," in Kermit Hall, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, 489 (1992).
217. Herbert Hovenkamp, Enterprise and American Law, 1836-1937, 226 (1991).
218. William Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement, 85 (1991).
219. Quoted in David Ray Papke, The Pullman Case, 77 (1999).
220. William Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement, 193 (1991).
221. Mary Ann Glendon, A Nation under Lawyers, 168 (1994).
222. Quoted in Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law, 122 (1960).
223. Quoted in William G. Ross, A Muted Fury, 41 (1994).
224. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 7 (1990).
225. Quoted in Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law, 123 (1960). Paul's book quotes scores of similar expressions of support for judicial intervention into labor relations.
226. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life, 394 (Capricorn ed. 1964).
227. Robert M. LaFollette, "Introduction," in Gilbert E. Roe, Our Judicial Oligarchy, vi-vii (1912).
228. Karen Orren, Belated Feudalism, 29 (1991).
229. Robert Young, "Reflections of a Survivor of State Judicial Election Warfare," Civil Justice Report of the Center for Legal Policy at the Manhattan Institute, June 2001, 3.
230. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, "A World Split Apart," June 8, 1978, www.hno.harvard. edu/hno.subpages/speeches/solzhenitsyn.html, at 2.
231. Philip K. Howard, The Death of Common Sense, 116 (1994).
232. Max Boot, Out of Order, 101 (1998).
233. Robert Bork, Slouching toward Gomorrah, 109 (1996).
234. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 16-17 (1990).
235. G. Edward White, The American Judicial Tradition, 318 (1976).
236. Charles R. Epp, The Rights Revolution, 2 (1998).
237. Henry J. Abraham and Barbara A. Perry, Freedom and the Court, 5 (7th ed. 1998).
238. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk, 4 (1991).
239. Richard Posner, "Barflies," New Republic, October 31, 1994, 40.
240. Mary Ann Glendon, "Rights in Twentieth-Century Constitutions," 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 519, 521 (1992).
241. Quoted in Jennifer Lee, "Discarded Dreams of Dot-Com Rejects," New York Times, February 21, 2001, at C1.
242. William J. Brennan, Jr., "State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights," 90 Harv. L. Rev. 489, 495 (1977).
243. Robert A. Shapiro, "Looking for a Way to Expand Rights? Try State Courts," Washington Post, March 26, 2000, at B2.
244. Kermit Hall, "Mostly Anchor and Little Sail: The Evolution of American State Constitutions," in Paul Finkelman and Stephen E. Gottlieb, eds., Toward a Usable Past: Liberty under State Constitutions, 394 (1991).
245. "The End of Marriage?" Weekly Standard, January 17, 2000, 7.
246. Robert Barr, "1 Man + 1 Woman = Marriage," Washington Times, February 9, 2000, at A7.
247. Compare Andrew Koppelman, "Dumb and DOMA: Why the Defense of Marriage Act Is Unconstitutional," 83 Iowa L. Rev. 1 (1997)
248. Whitten R.U., "The Original Understanding of the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the Defense of Marriage Act," 32 Creighton L. Rev. 255 (1998).
249. Robert A. Shapiro, "Looking for a Way to Expand Rights? Try State Courts," Washington Post, March 26, 2000, at B2.
250. Timothy G. O'Rourke, "The Impact of Reapportionment on Congress and State Legislatures," in Mark E. Rush, ed., Voting Rights and Redistricting in the United States, 198 (1998).
251. Malcolm E. Jewell, "Political Patterns in Apportionment," in Malcolm E. Jewell, ed., The Politics of Reapportionment, 17-18 (1962).
252. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 85 (1990).
253. Archibald Cox, The Warren Court, 118 (1968).
254. Quoted in Lucas Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, 252 (2000).
255. Timothy G. O'Rourke, "The Impact of Reapportionment on Congress and State Legislatures," in Mark E. Rush, ed., Voting Rights and Redistricting in the United States, 201, 202 (1998).
256. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust, 74 (1980).
257. Lani Guinier and Pamela S. Karlan, "The Majoritarian Difficulty: One Person, One Vote," in E. Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, eds., Reason and Passion: Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, 210 (1997) (emphases added).
258. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 248-49 (1990); Slouching toward Gomorrah, 99 (1996).
259. Hadley Arkes, "Liberalism and the Law," in Hilton Kramer and Roger Kimball, eds., The Betrayal of Liberalism, 103 (1999).
260. Archibald Cox, The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government, 38 (1980).
261. Anthony Lewis, Make No Law, 157 (1991).
262. Lino Graglia, "Constitutional Law: A Ruse for Government by an Intellectual Elite," 14 Ga. St. L. Rev. 767, 776 (1998).
263. Bertell Ollman, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, 219 (1971).
264. Anthony Lewis, Make No Law, 153 (1991).
265. Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts, 131 (1999).
266. David Luban, "The Warren Court and the Concept of a Right," 34 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev., 7 (1999).
267. David Luban, "The Warren Court and the Concept of a Right," 34 Harv. C.R.-C.L.L. Rev. 7, 9 (1999).
268. Frank Michelman, "Foreword: On Protecting the Poor through the Fourteenth Amendment," 83 Harv. L. Rev. 7, 9, 11 (1969).
269. Stephen Loffredo, "Poverty, Democracy, and Constitutional Law," 141 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1277, 1278 (1993).
270. Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse, x (1986).
271. Sylvia A. Law, "Some Reflections on Goldberg v. Kelly at Twenty Years," 56 Brook. L. Rev. 805, 807 (1990).
272. Stephen G. Breyer, "Goldberg v. Kelly: Administrative Law and the New Property," in E. Joshua Rosenkranz and Bernard Schwartz, eds., Reason and Passion:Justice Brennan's Enduring Influence, 256 (1997).
273. William J. Brennan, "Reason, Passion, and 'The Progress of the Law,'" 10 Cardozo L. Rev. 3, 21 (1988).
274. Sheryll D. Cashin, "Federalism, Welfare Reform, and the Minority Poor:Accounting for the Tyranny of State Majorities," 99 Colum. L. Rev. 552, 559 (1999).
275. Robert E. Reich, "Clinton's Leap in the Dark," Times Literary Supplement, January 22, 1999, 3.
276. William E. Forbath, "Constitutional Welfare Rights: A History, Critique, and Reconstruction," 69 Fordham L. Rev. 1821, 1870 (2001).
277. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 11 (1999).
278. Lynne Duke, "Building a Boom behind Bars," Washington Post, September 8, 2000, at A1.
279. Akhil Reed Amar, The Constitution and Criminal Procedure, ix (1997).
280. Quoted in Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 219 (1927).
281. Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History, 296 (1993).
282. Max Boot, Out of Order, 88 (1998).
283. Richard Neely, How Courts Govern America, 154-55 (1982).
284. Tracey L. Meares and Dan M. Kahan, "When Rights Are Wrong," Boston Review, April-May 1999, 4.
285. Clarence Thomas, "Federalist Society Symposium: The Rights Revolution:Keynote Address," 1 Mich. L. & Pol'y Rev. 269, 275 (1996).
286. Jonathan Turley, "Miranda-Confirmed But Barely Alive," Washington Post, June 27, 2000, at A23.
287. Robert Bork, "Slouching toward Bush Won't Save Us from Gomorrah," Wall Street Journal, October 11, 1999, at A22.
288. David Cole, No Equal Justice, 66 (1999).
289. David Cole, No Equal Justice, 78 (1999).
290. See Victor E. Flango and Patricia McKenna, "Federal Habeas Corpus Review of State Court Convictions," 31 Cal.W. L. Rev. 237 (1995).
291. Quoted in Richmond Eustis, "11th Circuit Splits 6-5 on Death Case," National Law Journal, August 14, 2000, at A5.
292. David Luban, "The Warren Court and the Concept of a Right," 34 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 7 (1999).
293. Charles Fried, Order and Law, 72 (1991).
294. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America, 72 (1990).
295. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk, 58 (1991).
296. Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Roe v.Wade: Speaking the Unspeakable," in Robert P. George, ed., Great Cases in Constitutional Law, 175 (2000) (emphasis in original).
297. Jonathan Rauch, "The Right Approach to Gay Marriage," Washington Post, December 28, 1999, at A23.
298. Democracy, Abortion, and the Court," Chicago Tribune, July 2, 2000, at 14.
299. "Splitting the Embryo," Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2001, at A12.
300. David Garrow, "Abortion before and after Roe v. Wade: An Historical Perspective," 62 Alb. L. Rev. 833, 840 (1999).
301. John Dunn, "Rights and Political Conflict," in Interpreting Political Responsibility, 50 (1990) (emphasis added).
302. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood, 2 (1984).
303. Reva Siegel, "Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection," 44 Stan. L. Rev. 261, 379 (1992).
304. Florian Miedel, "Is West Germany's 1975 Abortion Decision a Solution to the American Abortion Debate?: A Critique of Mary Ann Glendon and Donald Kommers," 20 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 471, 505 (1993-1994).
305. Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law, 52, 55 (1987).
306. Gregg Easterbrook, "Abortion and Brain Waves," New Republic, January 31, 2000, 21.
307. Karen Houppert, "The Meaning of Life," Nation, March 13, 2000, 7.
308. Katha Pollitt, Reasonable Creatures, 177 (1994).
309. Jean Reith Schroedel, Is the Fetus a Person? 190 (2000).
310. Martha Davis, "Between a Woman and Her Doctor," www.msnbc.com, June 29, 2000.
311. Margaret Talbot, "The Little White Bombshell," New York Times Magazine, July 11, 1999, 38.
312. Janet Parshall, "Daily Radio Commentary," www.frc.org, August 17, 2000 (emphasis in original).
313. Quoted in Shari Roan, "The Abortion Pill: Finally at Hand?" Los Angeles Times, August 14, 2000, at S1.
314. Rita Rubin, "RU-486," USA Today, October 1, 2001, at 5D.
315. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood, 14-15 (1984).
316. David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 277 (1994).
317. "NOW Bill of Rights," in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Powerful, 514 (1970).
318. Laurence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 45 (1990).
319. David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 310 (1994) (emphasis in original).
320. Neal Devins, Shaping Constitutional Values, 59 (1996).
321. Laurence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 47-48 (1990).
322. Quoted in David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 546 (1994).
323. Rosemary Nossiff, Before Roe, 106 (2001).
324. Jean Reith Schroedel, Is the Fetus a Person? 38-39 (2000).
325. James L. Buckley, "The Constitution and the Courts: A Question of Legitimacy," 24 Harv. J. Law & Pub. Pol'y 189, 196 (2000). This is a confused statement, but, if Judge Buckley is suggesting that Dred Scott "unleashed" the issue of slavery, he is, as we have noted earlier, incorrect.
326. Robert P. George, "Justice, Legitimacy, and Allegiance: 'The End of Democracy?' Symposium Revisited," 44 Loy. L. Rev. 103, 104 (1998).
327. Clarke D. Forsythe, "A New Strategy," Human Life Review, September 1999, 15.
328. N. E. H. Hull and Peter Charles Hoffer, Roe v. Wade: The Abortion Rights Controversy in American History, 189 (2001).
329. Laurence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 151 (1990).
330. Quoted in Donald Grier Stephenson, Campaigns and the Court, 204 (1999).
331. Laurence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, 165 (1990). Further, by 1978 only thirteen of the necessary thirty-four states had called for a constitutional convention for the purpose of passing an amendment to overrule Roe.
332. David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 631 (1994).
333. David Garrow, "Privacy and the American Constitution," Social Research, April 2001, 72.
334. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees, 111 (1998).
335. David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 680-81 (1994).
336. "Senate Backs Roe v.Wade Decision," www.msnbc.com, October 21, 1999.
337. Iris Marion Young, "The Supreme Court and Abortion," Dissent, Fall 1992, 425-26.
338. Anna Greenberg, "Will Choice Be Aborted?" American Prospect, Fall 2001, 25.
339. For a full description of the range of antiabortion regulations that have been passed by the states, see Jean Reith Schroedel, Is the Fetus a Person? 66-96 (2000).
340. Christopher Caldwell, "Pro-Lifestyle," New Republic, April 5, 1999, 14.
341. Midge Decter, "Response," in Mitchell S. Muncy, ed., The End of Democracy? 79 (1997).
342. Burt Neuborne, Campaign Finance Reform and the Constitution: A Critical Look at Buckley v. Valeo, Brennan Center Campaign Finance Reform Series, 12 (1997).
343. Edward B. Foley, "Philosophy, the Constitution, and Campaign Finance," 10 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 23, 25 (1998).
344. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, "Not by 'Election' Alone," 32 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1173, 1175 (1999).
345. See Samuel Issacharoff, Pamela S. Karlan, and Richard H. Pildes, The Law of Democracy, 244 (2d ed. 2001).
346. Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America, 1 (1989).
347. Alan Taylor, "From Fathers to Friends of the People: Political Personas in the Early Republic," in Ralph D. Gray and Morrison M.A., eds., New Perspectives on the Early Republic, 139 (1994).
348. Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America, 2 (1989).
349. Morgan E.S., Inventing the People, 183 (1988).
350. Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible, 90 (1979).
351. Robert A. Gross, The Minutemen and Their World, 66 (1976).
352. Noble Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans, 250 (1957).
353. Gil Troy, "Money and Politics: The Oldest Connection," Wilson Quarterly, Summer 1997, 18.
354. Bradley Smith, "The Sirens' Song: Campaign Finance Regulation and the First Amendment," 6 J. L. & Pol'y 1, 8 (1997).
355. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 289 (1993).
356. Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, 249 (2001).
357. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution, 105 (1992).
358. Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, 58 (1969).
359. Letter to Mercy Otis Warren, April 16, 1776, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected Writings of John Adams and John Quincy Adams, 57-58 (1946).
360. Daniel W. Howe, "The Political Psychology of the Federalist," 44 William and Mary Quarterly 503 (1987).
361. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, "Not by 'Election' Alone," 32 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1173, 1175 (1999).
362. Will G.F., "Is Free Speech Only for the Media?" Washington Post, October 17, 1999, at B9.
363. Clint Bolick, "If You Want the Money, Ask for It," Arizona Republic, June 19, 2002.
364. Tom DeLay, "Rationing Speech as Campaign Reform," Media Studies Journal, Fall 2000, 3 (emphasis added).
365. Saikrishna B. Prakash, "America's Aristocracy," 109 Yale L.J. 541, 584 (1999).
366. Tunku Varadarajan, "Judges or Priests?," WSJ.com, May 11, 2001.
367. Sir Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, 202 (1959 ed.).
368. Stephen B. Presser, "How Bush Would Fix the Supremes," Chicago Tribune, November 5, 2000, at 21.
369. Malcolm M. Feeley and Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State, 335 (1999).
370. John Stuart Mill, "M. de Tocqueville on Democracy in America," in Williams G.L., ed., John Stuart Mill on Politics and Society, 213 (1976).
371. Jack Rakove, "The Origins of Judicial Review: A Plea for New Contexts," 49 Stan. L. Rev. 1031, 1042 (1997).
372. Nicholas Zeppos, "Administrative State," in Kermit Hall, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, 11 (1992).
373. Guido Calabresi, A Common Law for the Age of Statues, 46 (1982).
374. Richard B. Stewart, "The Reformation of American Administrative Law," 88 Harv. L. Rev. 1669, 1677 (1975).
375. David Brody, "What Next for Labor Rights?" Dissent, Spring 2001, 18.
376. Peter L. Strauss, "The Place of Agencies in Government: Separation of Powers and the Fourth Branch," 84 Colum. L. Rev. 573, 582 (1984).
377. Malcom M. Feeley and Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State, 333 (1999).
378. Guido Calabresi, A Common Law for the Age of Statues, 99 (1982).
379. John A. Rohr, To Run a Constitution, 157 (1986).
380. Richard Neely, How Courts Govern America, 82 (1981).
381. "Who Elected the EPA?" New York Times, October 2, 2000, at A27.
382. "Rein in the Regulators," Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2000, at A26.
383. Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process, 165-66 (1921).
384. Cass Sunstein, After the Rights Revolution, 118 (1990).
385. William N. Eskridge, Jr., "Overriding Supreme Court Statutory Interpretation Decisions," 101 Yale L.J. 331, 337 (1991).
386. Richard E. Morgan, "Coming Clean about Brown," City Journal, Summer 1996, 51.
387. Bruce Fein, "Bush's Supreme Error," New York Post, November 26, 2000, at 55.
388. Richard A. Epstein, Simple Rules for a Complex World, 342, n.4 (1995).
389. Donald Grier Stephenson, Jr., Campaigns and the Court, 205 (1999).
390. Quoted in Dan Morgan, "Bill Would End Ban on Honoraria for Judges," Washington Post, September 14, 2000, at A1.
391. Joan Biskupic, "Hill Republicans Take Aim at 'Judicial Activism,'" Washington Post, September 15, 1997, at A8.
392. Terry Eastland, "Impeachment DeLay," American Spectator, June 1997, 58.
393. Dennis Shea, "Impeaching Abusive Judges," Policy Review, May 1997, 62.
394. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court, 123 (1999).
395. See David Yalof, Pursuit of Justices, 44-51 (1999).
396. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court, 124 (1999).
397. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees, 5 (1998).
398. Quoted in David Yalof, Pursuit of Justices, 146 (1999).
399. Clint Bolick, "The Judicial Tipping Point," American Lawyer, March 2000, 89.
400. See Evan P. Schultz, "The Case for Mudslinging," Legal Times, January 21, 2002, at 58.
401. Quoted in David Byrd, "Clinton's Untilting Federal Bench," National Journal, February 19, 2000, 555.
402. Karen O'Connor and Barbara Palmer, "The Clinton Clones," Judicature, March-April 2001, 273.
403. Robert A. Carp, Kenneth L. Manning, and Ronald Stitham, "President Clinton's District Judges: 'Extreme Liberals' or Just Plain Moderates," Judicature, March-April 2001, 284.
404. Jeffrey Rosen. "The Lost Promise of School Integration," New York Times, April 2, 2000, Section 4, at 1.
405. Davison M. Douglas, "The End of Busing?" 95 Mich. L. Rev. 1715, 1720 (1997).
406. Nathan Glazer, "Towards an Imperial Judiciary?" Public Interest, Fall 1975, 110.
407. Lino Graglia, Disaster by Decree, 259 (1976).
408. Walter Dean Burnham, "Critical Realignment: Dead or Alive?" in Byron E. Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment?, 124 (1991).
409. Thomas Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction, 89 (1992).
410. Quoted in Donald Grier Stephenson, Campaigns and the Court, 180 (1999).
411. Stephen Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962-1972, 523 (1989).
412. Davison Douglas, "The End of Busing?" 95 Mich. L Rev. 1715, 1721 (1997).
413. Quoted in Donald Grier Stephenson, Campaigns and the Court, 202 (1999).
414. See Davison Douglas, "The End of Busing?" 95 Mich. L. Rev. 1715, 1716, n. 7 (1997).
415. Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton, and The Harvard Project on School Desegregation, Dismantling Desegregation, 2 (1996).
416. Megan Twohey, "Desegregation Is Dead," National Journal, September 18, 1999, 2615-16.
417. Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton, and The Harvard Project on School Desegregation, Dismantling Desegregation, 49 (1996).
418. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court, 100 (1999).
419. Lucas Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, 55 (2000).
420. Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope, 43-44 (1991) (emphasis in original).
421. Davison Douglas, "The End of Busing?" 95 Mich. L. Rev. 1715, 1720 (1997).
422. Quoted in David Currie, The Constitution in Congress, 196 (1997).
423. See Jill Norgren, The Cherokee Cases, 95-98 (1996).
424. Barry Friedman, "The History of the Countermajoritiarian Difficulty, Part One: The Road to Judicial Supremacy," 73 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 333, 396-97 (1998).
425. Abram Chayes, "The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation," 89 Harv. L. Rev. 1281, 1282, 1284 (1976).
426. Malcolm M. Feeley and Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State, 263 (1999).
427. John Sullivan, "States and Cites Removing Prisons from Courts' Grip," New York Times, January 30, 2000, Section 1, at 1.
428. Spencer Abraham, "The Case for Needed Legal Reform," USA Today Magazine, July1, 1998, 24.
429. Malcolm M. Feeley and Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State, 383 (1999) (emphasis added).
430. Quoted in John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility, 3 (1993).
431. Robert H. Bork, "Erosion of the President's Power in Foreign Affairs," 68 Wash. U. L.Q. 693, 695 (1990).
432. Kate Stith and Jose Cabranes, Fear of Judging, 79 (1998).
433. Stephen Breyer, "Federal Sentencing Guidelines Revisited," Criminal Justice, Spring 1999, 29.
434. Kate Stith and Jose Cabranes, Fear of Judging, 3 (1998).
435. Kate Stith and Jose Cabranes, Fear of Judging, 82-83 (1998).
436. Joan Biskupic and Mary Pat Flaherty, "Loss of Discretion Fuels Frustration on Federal Bench," Washington Post, October 8, 1996, at A1.
437. Richard Neely, How Courts Govern America, 35 (1982).
438. John Paul Stevens, "Opening Assembly Address, American Bar Association Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, August 3, 1996," 12 St. John's J. Legal Comment. 21, 22 (1996).
439. Quoted in "Note: Popular Justice: State Judicial Elections and Procedural Due Process," 31 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 187, 197 (1995).
440. Roy A. Schotland, "Comment," 61 Law & Contemp. Probs. 149, 154 (1998).
441. Paul D. Carrington, "Big Money in Texas Judicial Elections: The Sickness and Its Remedies," 53 SMU L. Rev. 263, 266 (2000).
442. Anthony Champagne, "Interest Groups and Judicial Elections," 34 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1391, 1393 (2001).
443. See Deborah Goldberg, Craig Holman, and Samantha Sanchez, The New Politics of Judicial Elections, Justice at Stake Campaign (2002);
444. Roy A. Schotland, "Financing Judicial Elections; 2000: Change and Challenge," 2001 L. Rev. Mich. St. U. Det. C.L., 849.
445. Louis Jacobson, "Lobbying for 'Justice' in State Courts," National Journal, November 18, 2000, 3678;
446. William Glaberson, "Fierce Campaigns Signal a New Era for State Courts," New York Times, June 5, 2000, at A1;
447. Alexander Wohl, "Justice for Rent," American Prospect, May 22, 2000, 34.
448. Paul D. Carrington, "Judicial Independence and Democratic Accountability in Highest State Courts," 61 Law & Contemp. Probs. 79, 112 (1998).
449. See Jesse Green and Kelly A. McCauley, "Republicans Keep Control of Michigan Supreme Court," Michigan Lawyers Weekly, November 13, 2000, at 1;
450. Curt Guyette, "Justice at Any Price?" Detroit Metro Times, October 10, 2000, http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story/ap?id=725.
451. See Kara Baker, "Is Justice for Sale in Ohio? An Examination of Ohio Judicial Elections and Suggestions for Reform," 35 Akron L. Rev. 159 (2001).
452. Randy Ludlow, "Big Business Goal: Oust Ohio Justice," Cincinnati Post, September 9, 2000, at A1.
453. See John D. Echevveria, "Changing the Rules by Changing the Players:The Environmental Issue in State Judicial Elections," 9 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 217, 238-54 (2001).
454. Alexander Tabarrok and Eric Helland, "Court Politics: The Political Economy of Tort Awards," 42 J. L. & Econ. 157 (1999).
455. Ware S.J., "Money, Politics, and Judicial Decisions: A Case Study of Arbitration Law In Alabama," 15 J. L. & Pol. 645, 684 (1999).
456. John D. Echevveria, "Changing the Rules by Changing the Players: The Environmental Issue in State Judicial Elections," 9 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 217, 220 (2001).
457. Anthony Champagne, "Interest Groups and Judicial Elections," 34 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1391, 1407-8 (2001).
458. Lou Cannon, "One Tough Cop," New York Times Magazine, October1, 2000, 62.
459. Quoted in Paul Redinger, "The Politics of Judging," ABA Journal, April 1987, 58.
460. Gerald F. Uelmen, "The Fattest Crocodile," Criminal Justice, Spring 1998, 4.
461. Grant Gilmore, The Ages of American Law, 91-92 (1977).
462. Lino Graglia, "It's Not Constitutionalism, It's Judicial Activism," 19 Harv. J. Law & Pub. Pol'y 293, 294 (1996).
463. Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1789, 502 (1969).
464. Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Gas-Stokers' Strike," in Richard A. Posner, ed., The Essential Holmes, 122 (1992).
465. Benjamin Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process, 167-68 (1921).