Sorcerers apprentices: 100 years of law clerks at the United States Supreme Court

Sorcerers Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-336

  Ward, Artemus ^a   Weiden, David L ^b  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900076709     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (242)

1. Hugo Black Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
2. Harry A. Blackmun Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
3. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
4. John Marshall Harlan Papers, Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ.
5. Thurgood Marshall Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6. Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Papers, Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, VA.
7. Stanley Forman Reed Oral History Project, Stanley Forman Reed Collection, Modern Political Archives, Division of Special Collections and Archives, University of Kentucky Libraries, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
8. Wiley Rutledge Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
9. Harlan Fiske Stone Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
10. Earl Warren Papers, Manuscript Divison, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
11. 41 Stat. 209, July 19, 1919.
12. Act of Aug. 4, 1886, ch. 902, 24 Stat. 222.
13. Code of Conduct for Law Clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1989.
14. Hearings on S. 2060 and 2061 before a Subcomm. of the Committee on the Judiciary, 68th Cong., 1st Sess. (1924).
15. Rehnquist, William H. "2003 Year-End Report on the Federal Judiciary," www.supremecourtus.gov.
16. "Report of the Commission on Revision of the Appellate Court System," Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
17. "Report of the Study Group on the Caseload of the Supreme Court," Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.
18. Bickel, Alexander M. "The Court: An Indictment Analyzed," New York Times, April 27, 1958, 6.
19. Biskupic, Joan. "Clerks Gain Status, Clout in the Temple of Justice," Washington Post, January 2, 1994, A23.
20. Carlson, Bob. "Ex-Clerks Downplay The Brethren," Virginia Law Weekly, February 1, 1980, 1.
21. Coyle, Marcia. "31 New Law Clerks Begin at Supreme Court," National Law Journal, October 12, 1987, 3.
22. Eastland, Terry. "While Justice Sleeps," National Review, April 21, 1989, 25.
23. Gamarekian, Barbara. "O'Connor's Agonizing Search for Law Clerks," New York Times, November 3, 1989, B7.
24. Gearan, Anne. "Blackmun's Papers Tell Tale of '92 Ruling on Abortion," Associated Press, March 5, 2004.
25. Lane, Charles. "In Court Clerks' Breach, a Provocative Precedent," Washington Post, October 17, 2004, D01.
26. Lauter, D. "Clerkships: Picking the Elite," National Law Journal, February 9, 1987, 1.
27. Margolick, David, Evgenia Pretz, and Michael Shnayerson, "The Path to Florida," Vanity Fair, October 2004, 310-23, 355-67, 369.
28. Mauro, Tony. "Congress Grills Justices on Clerks," USA Today, March, 11, 1999.
29. Mauro, Tony. "Court Justices Defend Hiring Record," USA Today, December 8, 1998.
30. Mauro, Tony. "For Lawyers, Clerkship Is Ultimate Job," USA Today, June 5, 1998.
31. Mauro, Tony. "High Court Hires More Minorities," USA Today, September 9, 1999.
32. Mauro, Tony. "Insiders' Book Breaks Code of Silence," USA Today, March 13, 1998.
33. Mauro, Tony. "Rehnquist Won't Discuss Minority Clerks," USA Today, June 10, 1998.
34. Mauro, Tony. "Scalia Defends Clerk Hiring Record," USA Today, February 22, 1999.
35. Mauro, Tony. "Sentencing, Clerkships Discussed at High Court Budget Hearing," www.law.com, April 10, 2003.
36. Mauro, Tony. "Supreme Court Renovations Set to Start," American Lawyer Media, April 21, 2003.
37. Myers, Ken. "Law Professor Opens New Book: Clerking for U.S. Supreme Court," National Law Journal, April 22, 1996, A20.
38. Price, Deb. "Civil Rites: Arguments against Same-sex Marriage Mirror Those That Kept the Races Apart," Detroit News, April 18, 1997.
39. Rehnquist, William H. "Who Writes Decisions of the Supreme Court?" U.S. News and World Report, December 13, 1957.
40. Rogers, William D. "Do Law Clerks Wield Power in Supreme Court Cases?" U.S. News and World Report, Feb. 21, 1958.
41. Stennis, John C. Speech on the Senate Floor (May 6, 1958), reprinted in "Investigate Supreme Court's 'Law Clerk' System?" U.S. News and World Report, May 16, 1958.
42. "Stennis Is Wary of Court's Clerks," New York Times, May 7, 1958, 27.
43. "'Sway' of Clerks on Court Cited," New York Times, Dec. 10, 1957, 23.
44. Taylor, Jr., Stuart. "When High Court's Away, Clerks' Work Begins," New York Times, Sept. 23, 1988.
45. Wayne, Ellen. "It's Not Too Late to Clerk," National Law Journal 24 (December 10, 2001): B14.
46. Williams, Richard L. "Justices Run 'Nine Little Law Firms' at Supreme Court," Smithsonian, February 1977, 88.
47. Williamson, David. "Leading Expert on U.S. Supreme Court Practice Publishes Latest 'Bible,'" University of North Carolina News Services, September 2, 2002, www.newswire.com.
48. Abraham, Henry J. The Judicial Process, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
49. Baker, Leonard. Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography. New York: Harper and Row, 1984.
50. Bent, Silas. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: A Biography. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1932.
51. Best, Bradley J. Law Clerks, Support Personnel, and the Decline of Consensual Norms on the United States Supreme Court, 1935-1995. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2002.
52. Bickel, Alexander. The Judiciary and Responsible Government: 1910-1921. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
53. Danelski, David J., and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds. The Autobiographical Notes of Charles Evans Hughes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.
54. Douglas, William O. The Court Years, 1939-1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas. New York: Random House, 1980.
55. Epstein, Lee, and Jack Knight. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1997.
56. Fine, Sidney. Frank Murphy: The Washington Years. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984.
57. Frank, John P. The Marble Palace. New York: Knopf, 1958.
58. Friedman, Lawrence. A History of American Law. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.
59. Glendon, Mary Ann. A Nation under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
60. Hutchinson, Dennis J. The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White: A Portrait of Justice Byron R. White. New York: Free Press, 1998.
61. Hutchinson, Dennis J., and David J. Garrow, eds. The Forgotten Memoir of John Knox: A Year in the Life of a Supreme Court Clerk in FDR's Washington. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
62. Kronman, Anthony T. The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals in the Legal Profession. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
63. Lazarus, Edward. Closed Chambers: The First Eyewitness Account of the Epic Struggles inside the Supreme Court. New York: Times Books, 1998.
64. Lusky, Louis. Our Nine Tribunes: The Supreme Court in Modern America. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993.
65. Maltzman, Forrest, James F. Spriggs, II, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. Crafting Law on the Supreme Court: The Collegial Game. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
66. Mason, Alpheus T. Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law. New York: Viking Press, 1956.
67. Murdoch, Joyce, and Deb Price. Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
68. Nelson, Richard R., and Sidney G. Winter. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.
69. Oakley, John B., and Robert S. Thompson. Law Clerks and the Judicial Process: Perceptions and Functions of Law Clerks in American Courts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
70. O'Brien, David M. Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics, 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1990.
71. Pearson, Drew, and Robert S. Allen. The Nine Old Men. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1936.
72. Peppers, Todd C. "Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise of the Supreme Court Law Clerk." Diss., Emory University, 2003.
73. Perry, H. W. Deciding to Decide: Agenda Setting in the United States Supreme Court. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
74. Posner, Richard A. The Federal Courts: Challenge and Reform. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
75. Posner, Richard A. The Federal Courts: Crisis and Reform. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.
76. Posner, Richard A. Overcoming Law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
77. Provine, Doris Marie. Case Selection in the United States Supreme Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
78. Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court: How It Was, How It Is. New York: Morrow, 1987.
79. Savage, David. Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Supreme Court. New York: Wiley, 1992.
80. Schwartz, Bernard. Decision: How the Supreme Court Decides Cases. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
81. Schwartz, Bernard Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court. New York: NYU Press, 1984.
82. Schwartz, Bernard, and Stephan Lesher. Inside the Warren Court: 1953-1969. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983.
83. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
84. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
85. Stern, Robert H., Eugene Gressman, and Stephen M. Shapir. Supreme Court Practice, 6th ed. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1986.
86. Stevens, Robert. Law School: Legal Education from the 1850s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.
87. Strauss, Debra M. Behind the Bench: The Guide to Judicial Clerkships. Chicago: BarBri Group, 2002.
88. Urofsky, Melvin I. A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States. New York: Knopf, 1988.
89. Urofsky, Melvin I, ed. The Douglas Letters. Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler, 1987.
90. White, G. Edward. Alger Hiss's Looking-Glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
91. Witt, Elder. Guide to the U.. Supreme Court, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1990.
92. Woodward, Bob, and Scott Armstrong. The Brethren. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980.
93. Yarbrough, Tinsley E. John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
94. Acheson, Dean. "Recollections of Service with the Federal Supreme Court." Alabama Lawyer 18 (1957): 355-66.
95. Agostini, Robert M., and Brian P. Corrigan. "Do As We Say or Do As We Do? How the Supreme Court Law Clerk Controversy Reveals a Lack of Accountability at the High Court." Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal 18 (Spring 2001): 625-58.
96. Alsup, William H. "A Policy Assessment of the National Court of Appeals." Hastings Law Journal 25 (1974): 1313.
97. Avery, Christopher, Christine Jolls, Richard Posner, and Alvin E. Roth. "The Market for Federal Judicial Law Clerks." University of Chicago Law Review 68 (Summer 2001): 793-902.
98. Baier, Paul R. "The Law Clerks: Profile of an Institution." Vanderbilt Law Review 26 (1973): 1125-73.
99. Berle, Jr., A. A. "Legal Profession and Legal Education." In The Legal Profession: Responsibility and Regulation, Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., and Deborah L. Rhode, eds. (Westbury, NY: Foundation Press, 1933).
100. Blumstein, James F. "The Supreme Court's Jurisdiction: Reform Proposals, Discretionary Review, and Writ Dismissals." Vanderbilt Law Review 26 (1973): 895.
101. Brennan, William J. "Chief Justice Warren." Harvard Law Review 88 (1974): 1.
102. Brennan, William J. "The National Court of Appeals: Another Dissent." University of Chicago Law Review 40 (1973): 473-77.
103. Brenner, Saul. "The Memos of Supreme Court Law Clerk William Rehnquist: Conservative Tracts, or Mirrors of His Justice's Mind?" Judicature 76 (August/September 1992): 77-81.
104. Brown, Mark R. "Gender Discrimination in the Supreme Court's Clerkship Selection Process." Oregon Law Review 75 (1996): 359-88.
105. "Chief Justice Vinson and His Law Clerks." Northwestern Law Review 49 (1954): 26-35.
106. Coenen, Dan T. "Book Review-Deciding to Decide: Agenda Setting in the United States Supreme Court." Constitutional Commentary 10 (1993): 180-93.
107. Crump, David. "Law Clerks: Their Roles and Relationships with Their Judges." Judicature 69 (1986): 236-40. Ditslear, Corey, and Lawrence Baum.
108. "Selection of Law Clerks and Polarization in the U.S. Supreme Court." Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 869-85.
109. Donahue, Sean. "Behind the Pillars of Justice: Remarks on Law Clerks." The Long Term View 3 (1995): 77-84.
110. Edwards, Harry T. "A Judge's View on Justice, Bureaucracy, and Legal Method." Michigan Law Review 80 (1981): 248-69.
111. Garrow, David J. "Book Review-'The Lowest Form of Animal Life'? Supreme Court Clerks and Supreme Court History," Cornell Law Review 84 (March 1999): 855-94.
112. Garrow, David J. "The Supreme Court and The Brethren." Constitutional Commentary 18 (Summer 2001): 55-82.
113. Gillman, Howard. "The New Institutionalism, Part I." Law and Courts (Winter 1996-97): 6-11.
114. Greenya, John. "Super Clerks," Washington Lawyer 6 (May-June 1992): 40.
115. Gressman, Eugene. "The National Court of Appeals: A Dissent." American Bar Association Journal 59 (1973): 253.
116. Hellman, Arthur D. "Central Staff in Appellate Courts: The Experience of the Ninth Circuit." California Law Review 68 (1980): 937-1003.
117. Kenney, Sally J. "Beyond Principals and Agents: Seeing Courts as Organizations by Comparing Referendaires at the European Court of Justice and Law Clerks at the U.S. Supreme Court." Comparative Political Studies 33 (2000): 593-625.
118. Kenney, Sally J. "Puppeteers or Agents? What Lazarus's Closed Chambers Adds to Our Understanding of Law Clerks at the U.S. Supreme Court." Law and Social Inquiry (Winter 2000): 185-226.
119. Kozinski, Alex. "Conduct Unbecoming." Yale Law Journal 108 (1999): 835.
120. Kozinski, Alex. "Making the Case for Law Clerks." The Long Term View 3 (1995): 55-59.
121. Kurland, Philip B. "Book Review." University of Chicago Law Review 22 (1954): 297.
122. Lusky, Louis. "Footnote Redux: A Carolene Products Reminiscence." Columbia Law Review 82 (1982): 1093.
123. Mahoney, J. Daniel. "The Second Circuit Review-1986-1987 Term: Foreword: Law Clerks: For Better or for Worse?" Brooklyn Law Review 54 (1988): 321-45.
124. McCree, Jr., Wade H. "Bureaucratic Justice: An Early Warning." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 129 (April 1981): 777-79.
125. McLeese, II, Roy W. "Disagreement in D.C.: The Relationship between the Supreme Court and the D.C. Circuit and Its Implications for a National Court of Appeals." New York University Law Review 59 (1984): 1048.
126. Nesson, Charles. "Mr. Justice Harlan." Harvard Law Review 85 (1971): 390.
127. Newland, Chester A. "Personal Assistants to Supreme Court Justices: The Law Clerks." Oregon Law Review 40 (1961): 299-317.
128. Oakley, John. "Defining the Limits of Delegation." The Long Term View 3 (1995): 85-93.
129. Oakley, John B., and Robert S. Thompson. "Law Clerks in Judges' Eyes: Tradition and Innovation in the Use of Legal Staff by American Judges." California Law Review 67 (1979): 1286-1317.
130. O'Brien, David M. "The Rehnquist Court's Shrinking Plenary Docket." Judicature 81 (Sept.-Oct. 1997): 58-65.
131. Orren, Karen, and Stephen Skowronek, "Beyond the Iconography of Order: Notes for a 'New' Institutionalism." In The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations, Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
132. Owens, John B. "The Clerk, the Thief, His Life as a Baker: Ashton Embry and the Supreme Court Leak Scandal of 1919." Northwestern University Law Review 95 (2000): 271-308.
133. Palmer, Jan, and Saul Brenner. "The Law Clerks' Recommendations and the Conference Vote on-the-Merits." Justice System Journal 18 (1995): 187-97.
134. Palmer, Jan, and Saul Brenner. "The Time Taken to Write Opinions as a Determinant of Opinion Assignments." Judicature 72 (1988): 179-84.
135. Poe, Douglas A., John R. Schmidt, and Wayne W. Whalen. "A National Court of Appeals: A Dissenting View." Northwestern University Law Review 67 (1973): 842-56.
136. Powell, Lewis F. "What the Justices Are Saying...," American Bar Association Journal 62 (1976): 1454.
137. Rehnquist, William H. "The Supreme Court's Conference." In Judges on Judging: Views from the Bench, David M. O'Brien, ed. (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1997), 90.
138. Sheldon, Charles H. "The Evolution of Law Clerking with the Washington Supreme Court: From 'Elbow Clerks' to 'Puisne Judges.'" Gonzaga Law Review 24 (1988/89): 45-84.
139. Sheldon, Charles H. "Law Clerking with a State Supreme Court: Views from the Perspective of the Personal Assistants to the Judges." Justice System Journal 6 (1981): 346-71.
140. Skowronek, Stephen. "Order and Change." Polity 28 (1995): 91-96.
141. Slotnick, Elliot. "The Equality Principle and Majority Opinion Assignment on the United States Supreme Court." Polity 12 (1979): 318-32.
142. Smith, Rogers. "Political Jurisprudence, the 'New Institutionalism,' and the Future of Public Law." American Political Science Review 82 (1988): 89-108.
143. Sossin, Lorne. "The Sounds of Silence: Law Clerks, Policy Making, and the Supreme Court of Canada." University of British Columbia Law Journal 30 (1996): 279-308.
144. Stern, Robert H. "Denial of Certiorari Despite a Conflict." Harvard Law Review 66 (1953): 465.
145. Stevens, John Paul. "Some Thoughts on Judicial Restraint." Judicature 66 (1982): 177-83.
146. Sturley, Michael F. "Cert Pool." In The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Kermit L. Hall, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
147. Ulmer, Sidney S. "The Supreme Court's Certiorari Decisions: Conflict as a Predictive Variable." American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 901-11.
148. Vining, Joseph. "Justice, Bureaucracy, and Legal Method." Michigan Law Review 80 (1981): 248-69.
149. Wald, Patricia M. "Selecting Law Clerks." Michigan Law Review 89 (1990-91): 152-63.
150. Wasby, Stephen L. "Clerking for an Appellate Judge: A Close Look." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 2003.
151. Weiden, David L. "Law Clerks." In Legal Systems of the World, Herbert Kritzer, ed. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2002).
152. Weiden, David L. "The New Institutionalism and the Supreme Court Law Clerk: Notes for a Theory." Paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting, 1998.
153. Wichern, Nadine J. "A Court of Clerks, Not of Men: Serving Justice in the Media Age." DePaul Law Review 49 (Winter 1999): 621-71.
154. Williams, C. Dickerman. "The 1924 Term: Recollections of Chief Justice Taft's Law Clerk." Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook (1989). www.supremecourthistory.org.
155. Williston, Samuel. "Horace Gray." In Great American Lawyers, W. Lewis, ed. (Philadelphia: J. C. Winston, 1907-1909; South Hackensack, NJ: Rothman Reprints, 1971), 158-59.
156. Worthen, Kevin J. "Shirt-Tales: Clerking for Byron White." Brigham Young University Law Review (1994): 349-61.
157. Brennan, William J. Dean's Day Address, New York University Law School, 1979.
158. Gressman, Eugene. "Celebration of the Life of Robert L. Stern." Remarks presented at Sheraton North Shore Hilton, Northbrook, Illinois, June 10, 2000.
159. Rehnquist, William H. "Are the Old Times Dead?" Mac Swinford Lecture, University of Kentucky, September 23, 1983.
160. Scalia, Antonin. Remarks to the Institute for Constitutional Studies, Supreme Court Historical Society, June 27, 2002.
161. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).
162. Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371 (1971).
163. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
164. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
165. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
166. Callins v. Collins, 510 U.S. 1141 (1994).
167. Carbon Fuel Co. v. United Mine Workers, 444 U.S. 212 (1979).
168. Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973).
169. Church of the Lukumi Babalu v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993).
170. Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504 (1992).
171. Danovitz v. United States, 281 U.S. 389 (1930).
172. DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974).
173. District of Columbia v. Greater Washington Board of Trade, 506 U.S. 125 (1992).
174. Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973).
175. Dutton v. Evans, 400 U.S. 74 (1970).
176. Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).
177. Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206 (1960).
178. Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990).
179. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
180. Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980).
181. Gannett v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368 (1979).
182. Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985).
183. Gelbard v. United States, 408 U.S. 41 (1972).
184. Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972).
185. Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946).
186. Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1972).
187. Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828 (1976).
188. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
189. In Re Griffiths, 413 U.S. 717 (1973).
190. In Re Groban, 352 U.S. 330 (1957).
191. INDOPCO, Inc. v. CIR, 503 U.S. 79 (1992).
192. INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210 (1984).
193. J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127 (1994).
194. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
195. Kraft General Foods v. Iowa Dept. of Revenue, 505 U.S. 71 (1992).
196. Lafayette v. Louisiana Power and Light Co., 435 U.S. 389 (1978).
197. Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
198. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
199. Lloyd Co. v. Tanner, 407 U.S. 551 (1972).
200. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992).
201. Mabee v. White Plains Pub. Co., 327 U.S. 178 (1946).
202. Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740 (1961).
203. Martin v. Struthers, 319 U.S. 141 (1943).
204. McClesky v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987).
205. McGinnis v. Royster, 410 U.S. 263 (1973).
206. McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420 (1961).
207. Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961).
208. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).
209. New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992).
210. Nilva v. United States, 352 U.S. 385 (1957).
211. O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975).
212. Opper v. United States, 348 U.S. 84 (1954).
213. Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164 (1989).
214. P.J. Carlin Construction Co. et al. v. Heaney et al., 299 U.S. 41 (1936).
215. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
216. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
217. R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992).
218. Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
219. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
220. Renegotiation Board v. Bannercraft Co., 415 U.S. 1 (1974).
221. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
222. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
223. Rosario v. Rockefeller, 410 U.S. 752 (1973).
224. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973).
225. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979).
226. Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333 (1992).
227. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
228. Shields v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, 350 U.S. 318 (1956).
229. South Carolina v. Baker, 485 U.S. 505 (1988).
230. Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969).
231. United States v. Basye, 410 U.S. 441 (1973).
232. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873 (1975).
233. United States v. Caldwell, 408 U.S. 665 (1972).
234. United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938).
235. United States v. Fordice, 505 U.S. 717 (1992).
236. United States v. Fuller, 409 U.S. 488 (1973).
237. United States v. Kras, 409 U.S. 43 (1973).
238. United States v. Southern Pacific Co., 251 U.S. 1 (1919).
239. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989).
240. Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483 (1955).
241. Wright v. Council City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451 (1972).
242. Young v. American Mini Theatres, 427 U.S. 50 (1976).