Heartland TV: Prime time television and the struggle for U.S. identity

Heartland TV: Prime Time Television and the Struggle for U.S. Identity

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-262

  Johnson, Victoria E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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EID: 84900060627     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (308)

1. David Morley, Home Territories: Media, Mobility and Identity (London: Routledge, 2000), 246.
2. John Landgraf, FX President of Entertainment (quoted in Doug Halonen, "FCC Is Now 'Pvt. Ryan's' Battleground," Television Week [15 November 2004]: 22).
3. Les Moonves, Co-President and Co-CEO of Viacom and Chair of CBS, in interview by author, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 18 February 2002.
4. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 124.
5. Janice A. Radway, A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 389.
6. Bradley Johnson, "Money Mapped: The Coasts Boast Most," Television Week (11 April 2005): 14.
7. John Leland, "How the Disposable Sofa Conquered America," The New York Times Magazine (1 December 2002): 86-92.
8. Herman Gray, "Television, Black Americans, and the American Dream," in Television: The Critical View, 5th ed., ed. Horace Newcomb (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 178.
9. Work in this area has especially emphasized local audience activism in response to network programming, local affiliate tensions with networks, and local, independent stations' distinctive identity within network-affiliate dominant markets. See, particularly, Steven D. Classen, Watching Jim Crow: The Struggles Over Mississippi TV, 1955-1969 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004);.
10. James Day, The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995);.
11. Mark Williams, Remote Possibilities (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming);.
12. Mark Williams, ed., "U.S. Regional and Non-Network Television," Special Issue, Quarterly Review of Film and Video 16.3-4 (1999): 221-438.
13. John Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 9.
14. Stuart Hall, "Culture, Community, Nation," Cultural Studies (December 1993): 354.
15. Gray, Cultural Moves, 6.
16. Radway, A Feeling for Books, 259.
17. See Erika Doss, Benton, Pollack, and the Politics of Modernism: From Regionalism to Abstract Expressionism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Radway, A Feeling for Books; Spigel, "From Domestic Space to Outer Space"; Caldwell, Televisuality.
18. Radway, A Feeling for Books, 259.
19. See, particularly, "Radicalizing Middle America," in Laurie Ouellette, Viewers Like You? How Public TV Failed the People (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 23-67.
20. Michael Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland: Television Documentary and Cold War Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 11.
21. Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left (London: Verso, 1988), 142, 154, 163.
22. Thomas Frank, What's The Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), 15.
23. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 115, 116.
24. James R. Shortridge, The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
25. Shortridge, The Middle West, 9.
26. Gilbert B. Rodman, Elvis after Elvis: The Posthumous Career of a Living Legend (New York: Routledge, 1996), 20.
27. See, for example, Leland, "How the Disposable Sofa Conquered America," above, Fabio Cleto, ed., Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).
28. Andrew Ross, No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989).
29. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 72.
30. John Fiske, Media Matters: Everyday Culture and Political Change (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), 42, 44.
31. Ian F. Haney López, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 120. Also, we might consider here the way that, in visual culture, barnyards stand in as iconic in the popular imagination of the Midwest, but not necessarily of agricultural upstate New York, western Pennsylvania, or of the San Joaquin Valley in central California.
32. Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 10.
33. Lauren Berlant, "The Theory of Infantile Citizenship," Public Culture 5.3 (Spring 1993): 399.
34. My interpretation of presumed audience and reading practice points to understandings developed, particularly, by Robert C. Allen, ed., Channels of Discourse, Reassembled (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992);.
35. Aniko Bodroghkozy, Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001);.
36. Charlotte Brunsdon and David Morley, Everyday Television: Nationwide (London: British Film Institute, 1978);.
37. Steve Classen, Watching Jim Crow; Fiske, Television Culture; Herman Gray, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for 'Blackness' (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995);.
38. Wendy Kozol, Life's America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994);.
39. Horace Newcomb and Paul M. Hirsch, "Television as a Cultural Forum," in Television: The Critical View, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 503-515;.
40. Lynn Spigel, Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
41. Stuart Hall, The Hard Road, 154.
42. See Dan Marcus, Happy Days and Wonder Years: The Fifties and Sixties in Contemporary Cultural Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004) and Staiger, Blockbuster TV. On the uncanny possibilities or science fiction readings of Green Acres, see Spigel, "From Domestic Space to Outer Space.".
43. An earlier version of this chapter's section on The Lawrence Welk Show appeared as Copyright 1997. From, Victoria E. Johnson, "Citizen Welk: Bubbles, Blue Hair, and Middle America," in The Revolution Wasn't Televised: Sixties Television and Social Conflict, eds. Lynn Spigel and Michael Curtin (New York: Routledge, 1997), 265-285. Sections reproduced appear here by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
44. Dee Davis and Tim Marema, "A Rural Perspective: The American Image of Rurality," Center for Rural Strategies, http://www.ruralstrategies.org/issues/ perspective1.html.
45. James R. Shortridge, "The Persistence of Regional Labels in the United States: Reflections from a Midwestern Perspective," The New Regionalism, ed. Charles Reagan Wilson (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998), 60.
46. Lynn Spigel, "From the Dark Ages to the Golden Age: Women's Memories and Television Reruns," Screen 36.1 (Spring 1995): 16-33.
47. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991), 145.
48. Andrew Ross, No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), 53.
49. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 149, 188.
50. James Carey, Communication as Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992), 155. Here Carey is summarizing scholar Harold Innis's theories of space-binding media versus place-bound interests.
51. David Morley, Home Territories: Media, Mobility and Identity (London: Routledge, 2000), 176.
52. James R. Shortridge, The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 16, 6-7.
53. Andrew Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, The Midwest and the Nation: Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 117-118.
54. See, for example, Irving Dilliard, "What Is the Middle West Thinking?" New Republic vol. 103 (23 December 1940): 863-864;.
55. R.M. Lovett, "The Future of the Middle West," New Republic vol. 101 (8 November 1939): 54-56;.
56. Arville Schalaben, "This Is America," The Nation (17 June 1939): 690-693. Shortridge also notes that, in this period, themes of "maturation," balance, evenness, and representative Americanness are associated with the Midwest in the literature of the period from 1880 until the United States' entry into World War I.
57. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 1.
58. Shortridge, The Middle West, 9-10, 55-56.
59. Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, "Mapping the Ethereal City: Chicago Television, the FCC, and the Politics of Place," Quarterly Review of Film and Video 16.3-4 (1999): 293.
60. For support of the idea that broadcast law and policy remain essentially unchanged from the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s see, for example, Anderson and Curtin, "Mapping the Ethereal City," 221-238;.
61. Patricia Aufderheide, Communications Policy and the Public Interest: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (New York: Guilford Press, 1999);.
62. James Baughman, Television's Guardians: The FCC and the Politics of Programming, 1958-1967 (Knoxville: University of Texas Press, 1985);.
63. William Boddy, Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993);.
64. Michele Hilmes, Hollywood and Broadcasting: From Radio to Cable (Chicago: University of Illi- nois Press, 1990);.
65. Thomas Streeter, Selling the Air: A Critique of the Policy of Commercial Broadcasting in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);.
66. Mark Williams, "Issue Introduction: U.S. Regional and Non-Network Television History," Quarterly Review of Film and Video 16.3 (1999): 221-228. Cable homes do not outnumber over-air broadcast reception until 1990, when, according to Nielsen Media Research, the percentage of cable homes first rises to 56.4 percent. The paradox of national TV becoming increasingly localized on either coast is addressed in Anderson and Curtin, "Mapping the Ethereal City," which closely analyzes "the demise of Chicago as a national center for broadcasting" and the resulting FCC hearings regarding network service to the region (conducted during the spring of 1962).
67. David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001), 296.
68. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 124.
69. "President and Other Officials Laud NBC at Dedication of New Studios," NBC Press Release (23 July 1937), SHSW. NBC Collection, Central Files, Television Files, Box 103.
70. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961), 516.
71. Streeter, Selling the Air, 8, 15.
72. See, especially, Michele Hilmes, Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002).
73. Mark Goodman and Mark Gring, "The Radio Act of 1927: Progressive Ideology, Epistemology, and Praxis," in Connections: A Broadcast History Reader, ed. Michele Hilmes (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2003), 19-39.
74. Hilmes, Only Connect, 18.
75. Reprinted in Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting, 46.
76. Reprinted in Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting, 41. Ohio and Michigan, the other states of the "twelve-state" census definition were assigned to Zone II, with the "far Western" states of the Founder's Period, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and also Kentucky and Virginia.
77. Susan J. Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination from Amos 'n' Andy to Wolfman Jack and Howard Stern (New York: Times Books, 1999), 39.
78. Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting, 60.
79. From text of "Allocation of Radio Facilities," 74th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report No. 1588, http://www.fcc.gov.
80. The Communications Act of 1934, as reprinted, unabridged, at http: // www.law.cornell.edu/topics/media.html.
81. Federal Communications Commission, Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees (New York: Arno Press, 1974), 38.
82. Though, ostensibly, phonograph recordings could include a broad range of presumptively " high" cultural program material such as recitations of poetry, opera, or symphonic performances.
83. Frank J. Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973), 160.
84. Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting (1973), 202.
85. Kahn, Documents of American Broadcasting (1984), 191.
86. Andrew Ross, No Respect, 59.
87. Janice Radway, A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
88. William Zinsser, " Out Where the Tall Antennas Grow," Harpers Magazine (April 1956): 37.
89. Jubilee, U.S.A. co-producer, Si Siman, on his meetings with national sponsors, quoted in Reta Spears-Stewart, Remembering The Ozark Jubilee (Springfield, MO: Stewart, Dillbeck & White Productions, 1993), 8.
90. Gary A. Steiner, The People Look at Television: A Study of Audience Attitudes (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), 235.
91. Erika Doss, Benton, Pollock, and the Politics of Modernism: From Regionalism to Abstract Expressionism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 137, and, quoting Thomas Hart Benton, 111-112.
92. Michael C. Steiner, " Regionalism in the Great Depression," Geographical Review 73 (1983): 432.
93. Andrew Cayton and Peter S. Onuf, The Midwest and the Nation: Rethinking the History of an American Region (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), xv.
94. Warren Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 29, 31.
95. William Boddy, Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 101, 235.
96. James R. Shortridge, The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 67.
97. Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 4.
98. Doss, Benton, Pollock, And the Politics of Modernism, 4.
99. Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art, 3-4.
100. See, especially, James Baughman, Television's Guardians: The FCC and the Politics of Programming, 1958-1967 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985);.
101. Boddy, Fifties Television; Michael Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland: Television Documentary and Cold War Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995);.
102. Laurie Ouellette, Viewers Like You? How Public TV Failed the People (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
103. William S. White, " The 'Midwest Mind' in Congress," The New York Times Magazine (1 March 1953): 10;.
104. " Grant," Variety Television Reviews (6 July 1955);.
105. Hugh Sidey, " At the Heart of the Land Ocean," Life 66 (13 June 1969): 4.
106. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 122.
107. Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, " Mapping the Ethereal City: Chicago Television, the FCC, and the Politics of Place," Quarterly Review of Film and Video 16.3-4 (1999): 296.
108. Peter Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise and Fall of Elvis Presley (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1994), 286.
109. Christopher Anderson, Hollywood TV: The Studio System in the Fifties (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 12, emphasis mine.
110. Ouellette, Viewers Like You?, 37.
111. Anderson, Hollywood TV, 169.
112. John Thornton Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 34, 56.
113. Charlotte Brunsdon and David Morley, Everyday Television: Nationwide (London: British Film Institute, 1978), 82.
114. Quoted by Reta Spears-Stewart in her Remembering the Ozark Jubilee, 7.
115. " Hillbilly TV Show Hits the Big Time," Business Week (10 March 1956): 31.
116. " They Love Mountain Music," Time (7 May 1956): 60.
117. " She'd Druther Ketch Frogs," TV Guide (22 December 1956): 20-21, and " They Love Mountain Music," 60.
118. William K. Schweinher, Lawrence Welk: An American Institution (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1980), 53.
119. Mark Williams, " Televising Postwar Los Angeles: 'Remote' Possibilites in a 'City at Night,' " Velvet Light Trap 33 (Spring 1994): 27.
120. Schweinher quoting producer Don Fedderson, Lawrence Welk, 16.
121. Lawrence Welk, " Television Places Unique Burden on Bands," Downbeat (18 April 1956): 71.
122. David Marc, Comic Visions: Television Comedy and American Culture (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 43.
123. Schweinher, Lawrence Welk, 151.
124. " Champagne with Welk," Newsweek (21 May 1956): 75.
125. Quoted in Schweinher, Lawrence Welk, 163.
126. Bernice McGeehan, " Champagne and Grace Notes," The Saturday Evening Post (March 1980): 52.
127. Lawrence Welk, " The American Spirit-as Lawrence Welk Sees It," U.S. News and World Report (24 January 1977): 69.
128. " Some Champagne for the Folks," Life (6 May 1957): 127.
129. Schweinher, Lawrence Welk,56, 73.
130. Quoted in Schweinher, Lawrence Welk, 178.
131. Jay Joslyn, " Now They're Screaming for Welk," Milwaukee Sentinel (31 August 1970): TV 7.
132. George Lipsitz, " The Meaning of Memory: Family, Class, and Ethnicity in Early Network Television Programs," Camera Obscura 16 (January 1988): 80-81.
133. Elting Morrison, " Wunnerful, Wunnerful: A Wooden Baton and an Iron Rod," The New York Times Book Review (17 October 1971): 39.
134. Pete Rahn, " Red, White and Blue 'Special': Welk's 'Thank You America,'" St. Louis Globe-Democrat (20 November 1970): 13C.
135. A sentiment clearly expressed in television documentary coverage of the period, including, for example, CBS Reports: The New Left (1968).
136. Lawrence Welk, My America, Your America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976), 133, 135.
137. Quoted in Schweinher, Lawrence Welk, 170-171.
138. Joslyn, " Now They're Screaming for Welk," 1.
139. Lawrence Welk with Bernice McGeehan, My America, Your America, 109.
140. Quoted by Rahn, " Red, White and Blue 'Special.'" 74. Welk, My America, Your America, 133.
141. Michael Miller, " Polkas, Waltzes, and Champagne Music," North Dakota Horizons (Winter, 1994), 28.
142. Cited in James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (New York: Routledge, 1992), 179.
143. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., " The Amazing Success Story of 'Spiro Who?' " The New York Times (26 July 1970).
144. President George Herbert Walker Bush, quoted in Joe Queenan, " The Pork Barrel Polka: Does the President Now Risk Losing the Lawrence Welk Vote?" The Washington Post (2 February 1992): C5.
145. People Weekly (19 November 1990): 68.
146. and Steven Stark, " A Wunnerful, Wunnerful Idea," The Washington Post (23 June 1991): B5.
147. Frank Morgan, " Report from the Heartland," Newsweek (11 September 1972): 27.
148. Webster Groves Revisited aired on CBS on April 8, 1966.
149. Michael Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland: Television Documentary and Cold War Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 3.
150. James Baughman, Television's Guardians: The FCC and the Politics of Programming, 1958-1967 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985), 114.
151. Laurie Ouellette, Viewers Like You? How Public TV Failed the People (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 30.
152. Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland, 2.
153. Gary A. Steiner, The People Look at Television: A Study of Audience Attitudes (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), 233, emphases mine.
154. Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland, 260, 14.
155. John F. Kennedy, " We Must Climb to the Hilltop," Life (22 August 1960): 72.
156. Newton Minow, " The Vast Wasteland," Equal Time: The Private Broadcaster and the Public Interest, ed. Laurence Laurent (New York: Atheneum, 1964), 55.
157. SHSW. " Analysis of Letters Received in Response to Chairman Minow's Address to the National Association of Broadcasters, May 9, 1961." Newton Minow Collection.
158. " An Open Letter to Chairman Minow," Sponsor (2 April 1962): 65.
159. and SHSW. " Editorial: Minow-Another Bigot at the Spigot?" Peoria Journal Star (17 May 1961). Newton Minow Collection, Box 29, Speech of May 9, 1961, responses.
160. SHSW. Letter from Mrs. Paul Appel, East Lansing, Michigan (5 June 1961). Newton Minow Collection.
161. SHSW. Letter from Mrs. J.M. Stillwell, Jr., Upper Marlboro, Maryland (17 May 1961). Newton Minow Collection.
162. Baughman, Television's Guardians,114.
163. Jack Gould, " TV: Integration Problem," The New York Times (28 May 1960): 45.
164. Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland, 181.
165. Anna McCarthy, " 'Stanley Milgram, Allen Funt, and Me,' Postwar Social Science and the 'First Wave' of Reality TV," in Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, eds. Susan Murray and Laurie Ouellette (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 23.
166. Curtin, Redeeming the Wasteland, 9.
167. SHSW. Letter from Kermit McMeans, Jr., Newark, Delaware (5 February 1964). David Brinkley Collection.
168. SHSW. Letter from Victor W. Take, Kirkwood, Missouri (2 February 1964). David Brinkley Collection.
169. " Bill," " Review: Our Man on the Mississippi," Variety Television Reviews (5 February 1964).
170. SHSW. Letter from Ted McElhiney, Bettendorf, Iowa (3 February 1964). David Brinkley Collection.
171. " Sociologist Declares Students Work Hard for the Wrong Reasons," The Los Angeles Times (25 February 1966): 16.
172. " Pressures on Webster Groves Students Cause Cheating," St. Louis Globe-Democrat (24 February 1966): 5A.
173. Rick DuBrow, " Follow-Up by CBS Called Effective," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (12 April 1966): 3D.
174. Pit, " Sixteen in Webster Groves," Variety Television Reviews (2 March 1966).
175. DuBrow, " Follow-Up by CBS Called Effective," 3D.
176. Quoting Mrs. Richard K. Morse and Mr. Edward E. Kice, Jr., respectively, in " TV Program on Teen-Agers Stirs Anger and Soul Searching," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (26 February 1966): 3A.
177. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 268.
178. Harry C. Boyte, " Beyond Politics as Usual," in The New Populism: The Politics of Empowerment, eds. Harry C. Boyte and Frank Riessman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), quoting George Will, 4.
179. Jonathan Reider, " The Rise and Fall of the 'Silent Majority,' " in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980, eds. Steven Fraser and Gary Gertle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 262.
180. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 309.
181. Agnew is here responding to the network coverage of President Nixon's speech on " Vietnamization" and the rebuttals following the address. Agnew's speech was written by Pat Buchanan, and his address was delivered to the Midwest Regional Republican Committee Meeting on November 13, 1969.
182. See, John R. Coyne, The Impudent Snobs: Agnew vs. the Intellectual Establishment (New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1972), 267.
183. James Gerstenzang, " Quayle Attacks 'Cultural Elite' on Moral Values," The Los Angeles Times (10 June 1992): A1.
184. Laurie Ouellette, Viewers Like You?, 176, emphasis mine.
185. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 266.
186. Tracy Johnson, " Why 30 Million Are Mad about Mary," New York Times Magazine (7 April 1974): 98.
187. David Halberstam, " The Coming of Carter," Newsweek (19 July 1976): 11.
188. James R. Shortridge, The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 6, 9.
189. James R. Shortridge, " The Persistence of Regional Labels in the United States: Reflections from a Midwestern Perspective," The New Regionalism, ed. Charles Reagan Wilson (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 1998), 58.
190. Shortridge, The Middle West, 67.
191. Editors of Time, " Man and Woman of the Year: The Middle Americans," Time (5 January 1970): 10.
192. Henry Luce, " A Letter from the Publisher," Time (5 January 1970): 3.
193. " Man and Woman of the Year," 10.
194. Frank Morgan, " Report from the Heartland," Newsweek (11 September 1972): 24, 27.
195. Editors of Time, " The Good Life in Minnesota," Time (13 August 1973): 24.
196. "The Heartland: America Rediscovered, Part 4," Better Homes and Gardens (July 1976): 113.
197. Judah Stampfer, "Midwest Taste & Eastern Critics," The Nation (9 November 1974): 473.
198. "The Heartland: America Rediscovered," 115, 116.
199. Thomas D. Anderson, "The Liberal Midwest," The Nation (13 December 1975): 625-626.
200. Jack Gould, "Here's to Relevance-But Will It Sell?" The New York Times (1 March 1970): 109.
201. As told to interviewer Morrie Gelman, Archive of American Television Interview with Grant Tinker, part five of ten. Accessed at http://video.google.com/ videosearch?q=Archive+of+American+television+interview+grant+tinker&he=en.
202. Todd Gitlin, Watching Television (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 207.
203. For excellent histories of this period, see also Sydney W. Head, Christopher Sterling and Lemuel B. Schofield, Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994).
204. Michele Hilmes, Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002), 218-254.
205. Aniko Bodroghkozy, Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 65.
206. Gitlin, Watching Television, 216.
207. Kirsten Marthe Lentz, "Quality Versus Relevance: Feminism, Race, and the Politics of the Sign in 1970s Television," Camera Obscura 43, 15.1 (2000): 68.
208. See also, on "whiteness' " association with the "intellect" and "sexual modesty," Richard Dyer, "White," Screen 29.4 (Autumn 1988): 44-65.
209. Lentz, "Quality Versus Relevance," 67.
210. Lance Morrow, "Goodbye to Our Mary," Time (14 March 1977): 37.
211. Karl E. Meyer, "A Farewell Bouquet for Mary Tyler Moore," Saturday Review (19 March 1977): 49.
212. Rowland Barber, "We Are All Pussycats Here," TV Guide (8-14 February 1975). Accessed at http://www.mtmshow.com/tvg1975art.shtml.
213. Johnson, "Why 30 Million Are Mad about Mary," 31, 98.
214. Quoting Don Rickles in Dwight Whitney, "Still Button-Down, But No Longer Buttoned Up," TV Guide (20 January 1973): 22.
215. Karen Stabiner, "For Bob Newhart, Affection Is Still the Essence of Successful Comedy," The New York Times (26 December 1982): H25.
216. Ernest Pascucci, "Intimate (Tele)visions," in Architecture of the Everyday, eds. Steven Harris and Deborah Berke (Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997), 39.
217. John Thornton Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 18.
218. As told to interviewer Karen Hermann, Archive of American Television Interview with Jay Sandrich, part one of ten. Accessed at http://video.google.com/ videosearch?q=Archive+of+American+television+interview+jay+sandrich&he=en.
219. M. MacPherson, "MTM and Her All-Star Team," Newsweek (29 March 1973): 60.
220. "Have I Found a Guy for You," The Mary Tyler Moore Show (CBS, November 18, 1972).
221. As told to Joseph N. Bell, "My Friend, Valerie Harper," Good Housekeeping (February 1974): 141.
222. Serafina Bathrick, "The Mary Tyler Moore Show: Women at Home and at Work," in MTM: 'Quality Television,' eds. Jane Feuer, Paul Kerr and Tise Vahimagi (London: BFI Publishing, 1984), 112. Bathrick notes that Mary "remains a Midwestern middle-class woman who lives alone on the middle floor of her apartment house" between Rhoda upstairs and Phyllis downstairs.
223. Laura Koss, "International Appeal," Hotel & Motel Management (1 November 1993): 59.
224. Eric Ringham, "Minneapple Rolls Over the Red Carpet," Star Tribune (12 April 1982): 1A.
225. Jeffrey Zaslow, "Tam-Tossing TV Girl Makes a City Debate Limitations of Statue," Wall Street Journal (19 June 2001): A1.
226. Jerry Haines, "Hip in the Heartland," St. Petersburg Times (1 July 2001): E1.
227. Bourdieu, Distinction 479.
228. Paul Rudnick, "Will Ellen Still Wear Pants?" Newsweek (14 April 1997): 70.
229. Andrew Ross, No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), 61.
230. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 124.
231. Ron Becker, Gay TV and Straight America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2006), 80-81.
232. Danae Clark, "Commodity Lesbianism," Camera Obscura 25/26 (1991): 194. John Caldwell also argues that this strategy historically has been critical to television's operation, noting the medium's "serious investment in American racial and class politics." "Historically, television did not simply define and leave the aesthetic threat out there on the margins. It also actively worked to turn the aura" of "dangerous forms of race and sexuality" "into practical behaviors and commodities that 'you too could own.' ".
233. See, John Thornton Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 68, 70.
234. Joe Mandese, "Beyond the Top 25 Markets," Television Week (29 January 2004): 10.
235. Michael Novak, "You Can Go Home Again," Forbes (3 September 1990): 86.
236. Ralph Keyes, "The Flyover People," Newsweek (3 August 1998): 14.
237. Susan Chandler, "Lately, Target Just Can't Miss," News & Observer (Raleigh) (31 August 2001): D1, 6.
238. Herman S. Gray, Cultural Moves: African Americans and the Politics of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 92.
239. Anna McCarthy, " 'Must See' Queer TV: History and Serial Form in Ellen," in Quality Popular Television, eds. Mark Jancovich and James Lyons (London: BFI Press, 2003), 88.
240. Alexander Doty, Making Things Perfectly Queer: Interpreting Mass Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 61, 103, 122-123.
241. Kathleen Rowe, The Unruly Woman: Gender and the Genres of Laughter (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 219;.
242. Pamela Robertson, "What Makes the Feminist Camp?" in Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject, ed. Fabio Cleto (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 271.
243. Judy Rose, "Ordinary People, Extraordinary Love," Detroit Free Press (23 December 1988): 1B.
244. Joy Horowitz, "June Cleaver Without Pearls," The New York Times (16 October 1988): 2, 1.
245. Caryn James, "Roseanne and the Risks of Upward Mobility," The New York Times (18 May 1997): Arts 37;.
246. Jeff Borden, "Funny, Not Pretty," The Charlotte Observer (16 October 1988): 1F.
247. Rick Marin and Sue Miller, "Ellen Steps Out," Newsweek (14 April 1997): 67.
248. Marin and Miller, "Ellen Steps Out," 67.
249. Matt Roush, " 'Roseanne' Boldly Refusing to Kiss Up," USA Today (1 March 1994): 3D.
250. Mary McNamara, "What Ever Happened to Hip?" Los Angeles Times (22 February 2000): E1.
251. Dana Canedy, "As the Main Character in 'Ellen' Comes Out, Some Companies See an Opportunity, Others Steer Clear," The New York Times (30 April 1997): D8.
252. Steyn, "Everybody Out!" 50.
253. Elayne Rapping, "In Praise of Roseanne," The Progressive (July 1994): 36.
254. David Zurawik, " 'Ellen' a Nice, Smart Sitcom," The Baltimore Sun (24 September 2001):.
255. Mark Dawidziak, " 'Ellen Show' Lacking Only in Funny Lines," The Plain Dealer (24 September 2001): E1.
256. Gilbert, " 'Ellen' Was Gay," B7.
257. Diane Werts, "Dot-Com Dropout Drops Back In," Newsday (24 September 2001): B27.
258. "Yeah, She's Gay, But So What?" Electronic Media (13 August 2001): 22.
259. "CBS Gives 'Ellen' Full Season Order," Electronic Media (19 November 2001): 21.
260. Dwight A. McBride, "Ellen's Coming Out," in Why I Hate Abercrombie & Fitch: Essays on Race and Sexuality (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 151. DeGeneres herself attempted to simultaneously analogize and hierarchize sexual and racial oppression in this sense when, in her Time magazine cover-story interview she said (regarding the controversy surrounding her coming out): "But, let's get beyond this, and let me get back to what I do. Maybe I'll find something even bigger to do later on. Maybe I'll become black." Quoted in Bruce Handy, "He Called Me 'Degenerate'? Interview with Ellen DeGeneres," Time (14 April 1997): 86.
261. Becker, Gay TV and Straight America, 5.
262. Samantha King, Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 38, 30. See also Laurie Ouellette, quoting Toby Miller, in her Viewers Like You? How Public TV Failed the People (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 38.
263. Chasin, Selling Out, 142-143.
264. Becker, Gay TV and Straight America, 1.
265. Jon Kraszewski, "Country Hicks and Urban Cliques: Mediating Race, Reality and Liberalism on MTV's The Real World," in Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, eds. Susan Murray and Laurie Ouellette (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 182-183.
266. Barbie Zelizer, Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 151, 152.
267. Edward T. Linenthal, The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 21.
268. Mary Ann Doane, "Information, Crisis, Catastrophe," in Logics of Televi-sion: Essays in Cultural Criticism, ed. Patricia Mellencamp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 222.
269. Charlotte Brunsdon and David Morley, Everyday Television: 'Nationwide' (London: British Film Institute, 1978), 82.
270. James Carey and John Quirk, "The Mythos of the Electronic Revolution," American Scholar 39 (1970): 420.
271. "President Clinton's Remarks at Memorial Service," The New York Times (24 April 1995): A2.
272. Serge Schmemann, "New Images of Terror: Extremists in the Heartland," The New York Times (24 April 1995): A12.
273. Nancy Gibbs, "The Blood of Innocents," Time (1 May 1995): 57.
274. Barry Tramel, "Oklahomans See World in One Day," Daily Oklahoman (20 April 1995): 29. Please see, also, for all Oklahoman citations, the newspaper's memorial site and archive of the bombing and its impact on the community and its citizens. http://newsok.com/bombing.
275. Kathleen Treanor, "An Appeal from the Heart," Daily Oklahoman (16 October 1998): editorial.
276. Kenneth Foote, Shadowed Ground: America's Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), 166.
277. Zelizer, Covering the Body, 5.
278. "A Strike at the Very Heart of America," U.S. News and World Report (1 May 1995): 53.
279. John Thornton Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 4.
280. Lauren Berlant, "The Face of America and the State of Emergency," in Disciplinarity and Dissent, eds. Cary Nelson and Dilip Gaonkar (New York: Routledge, 1996), 399.
281. Penny Owen, "Coloradans Take Role in Murrah Bombing Trial Seriously," Daily Oklahoman (24 March 1997): 8.
282. Jacqueline Mitchard, "TV Heads for the Heartland," TV Guide (8-14 April 1995): 28, 30.
283. On the work of the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism and its findings, see Gail Gibson, "War on Homegrown Terrorism Proceeding with Quiet Urgency," The Baltimore Sun (17 April 2005): 1A.
284. Kevin Helliker, "In These Tense Times, the Heartland Is Comforting," The Wall Street Journal (2 January 2002): A2.
285. Stephanie Simon, "Fargo Hip? You Betcha," The Los Angeles Times (10 March 2004): A16.
286. Joel Kotkin, "American Dream Finds a New Home," The Los Angeles Times (18 January 2004): M1, M6.
287. Berlant, "The Face of America and the State of Emergency," 398.
288. See, respectively, Paul Krugman, "Those Farm Subsidy Blues: Blame It on the Red States," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (9 May 2002): 19A;.
289. Ann Patchett, "The Country of Country," New York Times Magazine (11 May 2003): 15;.
290. Ronald Brownstein, "A Red-Blue Stalemate?" The American Prospect (18 November 2002): 37.
291. Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 4.
292. David Morley, Home Territories: Media, Mobility, and Identity (London: Routledge, 2000), 109. According to the Pew Internet & American Life Project data from the end of 2005, only "24% of adult rural Americans used broadband at home, vs. 39% of those in urban and suburban areas," both figures of which indicate a gradual and relatively uneven dispersal of new media platforms beyond television and cell phone technology (where tri-modal phones are still available). See Paul Davidson, "Plan Would Widen Rural Areas' Access to High-Speed Service," USA Today (14 March 2006): 2B.
293. Joe Mandese, "Beyond the Top 25 Markets," Television Week (29 January 2004): 10.
294. Elizabeth Jensen, "ABC Shoots Not at Hip but at Heartland," The Los Angeles Times (8 December 2003): E1.
295. Patricia Aufderheide, Communications Policy and the Public Interest: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (New York: Guilford Press, 1999), 6.
296. Morley, Home Territories, 14-15.
297. Diane Mermigas, "PAX-Net Faces Its Doubters," Electronic Media (August 1998): 16.
298. Michael Schneider, "Paxon Learns Politically Correct Lesson," Electronic Media (27 July 1998): 31.
299. Wayne Friedman, "Broadcast Networks Losing Upscale Viewers," Television Week (8 December 2003): 16.
300. Tom Shales, "Uncovering the True 'American Idol,' " Television Week (26 May 2003): 27.
301. Mandese, "Beyond the Top 25 Markets," 10.
302. Jensen, "ABC Shoots Not at Hip but at Heartland," E16.
303. Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan, " 'Reality' Turns Its Back on Big Cities," The Los Angeles Times (19 March 2003): E12.
304. Dee Davis and Tim Marema, "A Rural Perspective," Center for Rural Strategies Reports, accessed at http://www.ruralstrategies.org/issues/perspective1.html.
305. Herman Gray, "Television, Black Americans, and the American Dream," in Television: The Critical View, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 177 and 186, quoting Bill Nichols on ideology.
306. As seen in the data and visual provided in the map, "2004 Presidential Election: Purple America," and for the 2006 midterm elections, as realized by Robert J. Vanderbei at Princeton University. Accessed at http://www.princeton .edu/~rvdb/JAVA/election2004/.
307. Erika Doss, Benton, Pollack, and the Politics of Modernism: From Regionalism to Abstract Expressionism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
308. Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).