Developments in computational fluid dynamics-based modeling for disinfection technologies over the last two decades: A review

Environmental Modelling and Software

Volumn 58, Issue , 2014, Pages 71-85

  Zhang, Jie ^a   Tejada Martínez, Andrés E ^a   Zhang, Qiong ^a  

^a University of South Florida   (United States)

Author keywords

Computational fluid dynamics; Disinfection; Modeling; Reactive flow; Water treatment

Indexed keywords

DISINFECTION; EFFICIENCY; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; MODELS; REACTION KINETICS; WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS; WATER TREATMENT;

DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY; HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY; INACTIVATION KINETICS; REACTIVE FLOW; SIMULATION APPROACH; TRACER TRANSPORT; TURBULENCE-CHEMISTRY INTERACTIONS; WATER DISINFECTIONS;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; DISINFECTION; LITERATURE REVIEW; NUMERICAL MODEL; REACTION KINETICS; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 84899888568     PISSN: 13648152     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.003     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Akan C., Tejada-Martinez A.E., Grosch C.E., Martinat G. Scalar transport in large eddy simulation of Langmuir turbulence in shallow water. Cont. Shelf Res. 2013, 55:1-16.
2. Amini R., Taghipour R., et al. Numerical assessment of hydrodynamic characteristics in chlorine contact tank. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2011, 67(7):885-898.
3. Angeloudis A., Stoesser T., Kim D., Falconer R.A. Modelling of flow, transport and disinfection kinetics in contact tanks. Proc. ICE Water Manag. 2014, 1-15. 10.1680/wama.13.00045.
4. Baldyga J., Bourne J.R. Simplification of micromixing calculations. Chem. Eng. J. 1989, 42:83.
5. Bartrand T.A. High Resolution Experimental Studies and Numerical Analysis of Fine Bubble Ozone Disinfection Contactors 2006, (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database. (UMI No. 3239812).
6. Bartrand T.A., Farouk B., Haas N.C. Countercurrent gas/liquid flow and mixing: implications for water disinfection. Int. J. Multiph. Flow. 2009, 35(2):171-184.
7. Beltrán F.J. Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of competitive ozone reactions in water. Ozone Sci. Eng. 1995, 17(2):163-181.
8. Bennett N.D., Croke B.F., Guariso G., Guillaume J.H., Hamilton S.H., Jakeman A.J., et al. Characterising performance of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw 2013, 40:1-20.
9. Berglund M., Fureby C., Sabel'nikov V., Tegner J. On the Influence of Finite Rate Chemistry in LES of Self-Ignition in Hot Confined Supersonic Airflow 2008, European Space Agency Special Report ESA SP-659.
10. Blatchley E.R. Numerical modelling of UV intensity: application to collimated-beam reactors and continuous-flow systems. Water Res. 1997, 31(9):2205-2218.
11. Blocken B., Persoon J. Pedestrian wind comfort around a large football stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation, validation and application of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 2009, 97(5-6):255-270.
12. Blocken B., Janssen W.D., van Hooff T. CFD simulation for pedestrian wind comfort and wind safety in urban areas: general decision framework and case study for the Eindhoven University campus. Environ. Modell. Softw. 2012, 30:15-34.
13. Bolaños E.Q., Ocampo J.T., Rodríguez L.C. Applicability of computational fluid dynamics to simulate ozonation processes. Ing. Desarro. 2008, 24:97-116.
14. Bolton J.R. Calculation of ultraviolet fluence rate distributions in an annular reactor: significance of refraction and reflection. Water Res. 2000, 34(13):3315-3324.
15. Bridgeman J., Jefferson B., Parsons S.A. The development and application of CFD models for water treatment flocculators. Adv. Eng. Softw. January 2010, 41(1):99-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2008.12.007, 0965-9978.
16. Canepa E. An overview about the study of downwash effects on dispersion of airborne pollutants. Environ. Modell. Softw 2004, 19(12):1077-1087.
17. Carlson K., Bellamy W., Ducoste J. Implementation of the Integrated Disinfection Design Framework 2001, American Water Works Association.
18. Chen C.M. Modeling Drinking Water Disinfection in Ozone Bubble-diffuser Contactors 1998, (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 9914465).
19. Chen J., Deng B., Kim C.N. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of UV disinfection in a closed-conduit reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2011, 66(21):4983-4990.
20. Ching W.K., Colussi A.J., Sun H.J., Nealson K.H., Hoffman M.R. Escherichia coli disinfection by electrohydraulic discharges. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:4139-4144.
21. Chiu K., Lyn D.A., Savoye P., Blatchley E.R. Integrated UV disinfection model based on particle tracking. J.Environ. Eng. 1999, 125(1):7-16.
22. Chu A.K.M., Kwok R.C.W., Yu K.N. Study of pollution dispersion in urban areas using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Environ. Modell. Softw. 2005, 20(3):273-277.
23. Cockx A., Do-Quang Z., Line A., Roustan M. Use of computational fluid dynamics for simulating hydrodynamics and mass transfer in industrial ozonation towers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54(21):5085-5090.
24. Colin O., Ducros F., Veynante D., Poinsot T. Athickened flame model for large eddy simulations of turbulent premixed combustion. Phys. Fluids 2000, 12:1282-1284.
25. Correa S.M. Turbulence-chemistry interactions in the intermediate regime of premixed combustion. Combust. Flame 1993, 93(1-2):41-60.
26. Craig K., De Traversay C., et al. Hydraulic study and optimisation of water treatment processes using numerical simulation. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2002, 2(5-6):135-142.
27. Crapulli F., Santoro D., Haas C.N., Notarnicola M., Liberti L. Modeling virus transport and inactivation in a fluoropolymer tube UV photoreactor using computational fluid dynamics. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 161(1-2):9-18.
28. Cremer M.A., McMurtry P.A. Model of turbulent mixing and reaction for H2-air combustion. AIAA J. Propuls. Power 1998, 14(3):309-317.
29. Crittenden J., Trussell R.R., Hand D.W., Howe K.J., Tchobanoglous G. Water Treatment: Principles and Design 2005, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey. second ed.
30. David R., Villermaux J. Micromixing effects on complex reactions in a CSTR. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1975, 30:1309.
31. Demirdzic I., Muzaferija S., Peric M. Advances in computation of heat transfer, fluid flow and solid-body deformation using finite-volume approaches. Advances in Numerical Heat Transfer 1997, vol. 1:59-96.
32. Do-Quang Z., Laine J.M. Advanced design of ozonation contactor for drinking water treatment: use of computational fluid dynamics modelling for reactor performance evaluation. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American water Works Association (AWWA) 1997, 531. vol. D., Atlanta.
33. Do-Quang Z., Cockx A., Laine J.M., Routstan M. Applying CFD modelling in order to enhance water treatment reactors efficiency: example of the ozonation process. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2001, 1(4):125-130.
34. Ducoste J., Liu D., Linden K. Alternative approaches to modeling fluence distribution and microbial inactivation in ultraviolet reactors: Lagrangian versus Eulerian. J.Environ. Eng. 2005, 131(10):1393-1403.
35. Dutta A., Tarbell J.M. Closure models for turbulent reacting flows. AIChE J. 1989, 35:2013-2027.
36. Elyasi S., Taghipour F. Simulation of UV photoreactor for water disinfection in Eulerian framework. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61(14):4741-4749.
37. Evans H., Bauer M., Goodman N., Hague J., Ta T. The role of ozone in improving drinking water quality in London and Oxford. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2003, 25(5):409-416.
38. Falconer R.A., Ismail A.I.B.M. Numerical modelling of tracer transport in a contact tank. Environ. Int. 1997, 23(6):763-773.
39. Fluent User's Guide Version 6.3 Fluent, Lebanon, N.H. 2006, Available at. http://aerojet.engr.ucdavis.edu/fluenthelp/index.htm.
40. Fogler H.S. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering 1999, Prentice Hall, New York. third ed.
41. Fox D.G. Judging air quality model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1981, 62(5):599-609.
42. Fox R.O. Micromixing effects in the Nicolis-Puhl reaction: numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of the IEM model. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1991, 46:1829-1847.
43. Fox R.O. On the relationship between Lagrangian micromixing models and computational fluid dynamics. Chem. Eng. Process. 1998, 37:521-535.
44. Fox R.O. Computational Models for Turbulent Reacting Flows 2003, Cambridge University Press, New York.
45. Fox R.O., Villermaux J. Micromixing effects in the ClO2-+ I- reaction: multiple-scale perturbation analysis and numerical simulation of the unsteady-state IEM model. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990, 45:2857-2876.
46. Fox R.O., Erjaee G., Zou Q. Bifurcation and stability analysis of micromixing effects in the chlorite-iodide reaction. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49:3465-3484.
47. Fureby C. Toward the use of large eddy simulation in engineering. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 2008, 44(6):381-396.
48. Georgiadis N.J., Rizzetta D.P., Fureby C. Large-eddy Simulation: Current Capabilities, Recommended Practices, and Future Research 2009, 47th Aerospace Science Meeting, Orlando, Florida, January 5-8, 2009.
49. Ghadiri M., Fakhri S., Shirazian S. Modeling and CFD simulation of water desalination using nanoporous membrane contactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52(9):3490-3498.
50. Ghawi A.H., Kriš J. Acomputational fluid dynamics model of flow and settling in sedimentation tanks. Book: Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics 2012.
51. Ghidossi R., Veyret D., Moulin P. Computational fluid dynamics applied to membranes: state of the art and opportunities. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 2006, 45(6):437-454.
52. Goula Athanasia M., Kostoglou Margaritis, Karapantsios Thodoris D., Zouboulis Anastasios I. ACFD methodology for the design of sedimentation tanks in potable water treatment: case study: the influence of a feed flow control baffle. Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 140(1-3):110-121.
53. Greene D.J. Numerical Simulation of Chlorine Disinfection Processes in Non-ideal Reactors 2002, (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & theses database. (UMI No. 3058887).
54. Greene D.J., Haas C.N., Farouk B. Numerical simulation of chlorine disinfection processes. Water Supply 2002, 2(3):167-173.
55. Greene D.J., Farouk B., Haas C.N. CFD design approach: for chlorine disinfection processes. J.Am. Water Works Assoc. 2004, 96(8):138-150. +114.
56. Greene D.J., Haas C.N., Farouk B. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the effects of reactor configuration on disinfection efficiency. Water Environ. Res. 2006, 78(9):909-919.
57. Gresch M., Brugger R., Meyer A., Gujer W. Compartmental models for continuous flow reactors derived from CFD simulations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43(7):2381-2387.
58. Gualtieri C. Numerical Simulation of Flow and Tracer Transport in a Disinfection Contact Tank 2006, 3rd Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
59. Gurol M.D., Singer P.C. Kinetics of ozone decomposition: a dynamic approach. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16(7):377-383.
60. Gyurek L.L. Ozone inactivation kinetics of Cryptosporidium in phosphate buffer. J.Environ. Eng. ASCE 1999, 125(10):913-924.
61. Gyurek L.L., Finch G. Modeling water treatment chemical disinfection kinetics. J.Environ. Eng. 1998, 124(9):783-793.
62. Haas C.N., Karra S.B. Kinetics of microbial inactivation by chlorine. 1. Review of results in demand-free systems. Water Res. 1984, 18(11):1443-1449.
63. Haas C.N., Karra S.B. Kinetics of microbial inactivation by chlorine. 2. Kinetics in the presence of chlorine demand. Water Res. 1984, 18(11):1451-1454.
64. Haas C.N., Joffe J., Anmangandla U., Hornberger J.C., Heath M.S., Glicker J. Development and Vali-dation of Rational Design Methods of Disinfection 1995, AWWA Res. Fdn., Denver.
65. Hannoun I.A., Boulos P.F., John L.E. Using hydraulic modeling to optimize contact time. J.AWWA 1998, 90(8):77-87.
66. Hannoun I.A., Bowman K., LaMoreaux D. Computational Fluid Dynamics: Optimizing Water Quality in Clearwells, Tanks, and Distribution Storage Reservoirs 2003, World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Philadelphia, PA, United states.
67. Heeb T.G., Brodkey R.S. Turbulent mixing with multiple second-order chemical reactions. AIChE J. 1990, 36:1457-1470.
68. Hill C.G. An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design 1977, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
69. Hofman J., Wind D., Wols B., Uijttewaal W. The use of CFD modeling to determine the influence of residence time distribution on the disinfection of drinking water in ozone contactors. Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference, Grenoble 2007.
70. Hofman J., Shao L., Wols B., Uijttewaal W., IJpelaar G., Beerendonk E., van Dijk H. Design of UV reactors by CFD: model development and experimental validation. Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference, Grenoble 2007.
71. Hoyer O. Advanced technologies in the new 30 MGD surface water treatment plant for the City and Region of Bonn, Germany. Proceedings From the American Water Works Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana 2002.
72. Huang T., Brouckaert C.J., Docrat M., Pryor M. Acomputational fluid dynamics and experimental study of an ozone contactor. Water Sci. Technol. 2002, 46(9):87-93.
73. Huang T., Brouckaert C.J., Pryor M., Buckley C.A. Application of computational fluid dynamics modeling to an ozone contactor. Water SA 2004, 30(1):51-56.
74. Jakeman A.J., Letcher R.A., Norton J.P. Ten iterative steps in development and evaluation of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw. 2006, 21(5):602-614.
75. Janex M.L., Savoye P., Do-Quang Z., Blatchley E., Laîné J.M. Impact of water quality and reactor hydrodynamics on wastewater disinfection by UV, use of CFD modeling for performance optimization. Proceedings of the 1998 19th Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Quality. Part 5 (of 10), June, 1998 1998, Elsevier Ltd, Vancouver, Can.
76. Josset S., Taranto J., Keller N., Keller V., Lett M. Photocatalytic treatment of bioaerosols: impact of the reactor design. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(7):2605-2611.
77. Juranek D.D. Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 21(1):57-61.
78. Kamimura M., Furukawa S., Hirotsuji J. Development of a simulator for ozone/UV reactor based on CFD analysis. Water Sci. Technol. 2002, 46(11-12):13-19.
79. Kerstein A.R. Linear eddy model of turbulent scalar transport and mixing. Combust. Sci. Tech. 1988, 60:391.
80. Kerstein A.R. Linear eddy model of turbulent transport. Part 3. Mixing and differential molecular diffusion in jets. J.Fluid Mech. 1990, 216:411.
81. Kerstein A.R. Linear eddy model of turbulent transport. Part 7. Finite-rate chemistry and multi-stream mixing. J.Fluid Mech. 1992, 240:489.
82. Khan L.A., Wicklein E.A., Texeira E.C. Validation of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of a contact tank. J.Hydraulic Eng. ASCE 2006, 132(7):741-746.
83. Kim J.H. AComputer-based Design of New Ozone Contactor-treating Paldang Dam Reservoir Water 2005, Report.
84. Kim J.H., Tomiak R.B., Rennecker J.L., Marinas B.J., Miltner R.J., Owens J.H. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium in a pilot-scale ozone bubble-diffuser contactor. Part II: model verification and application. J.Environ. Eng. 2002, 128(6):522-532.
85. Kim J.H., Elovitz M.S., Gunten U.V., Shukairy H.M., Marinas B.J. Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate in a flow-through ozone contactor treating natural water. Water Res. 2007, 41:467-475.
86. Kim D., Kim J.H., Stoesser T. LES and RANS Modeling of Flow in an Ozone Contactor - Mean and Instantaneous Turbulent Flow Characteristics 2009, 33rd IAHR Congress, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
87. Kim D., Kim D.I., Kim J.H., Stoesser T. Large eddy simulation of flow and tracer transport in multichamber ozone contactors. J.Environ. Eng. 2010, 136:22-31.
88. Kim D., Stoesser T., Kim J.H. Modeling aspects of flow and solute transport simulations in water disinfection tanks. Appl. Math. Model. 2013, 37(16-17):8039-8050.
89. Kim D., Stoesser T., Kim J.H. The effect of baffle spacing on hydrodynamics and solute transport in serpentine contact tanks. J.Hydraulic Res. 2013, 51(5):558-568.
90. Kolhapure N.H., Fox R.O. CFD analysis of micromixing effects on polymerization in tubular low density polyethylene reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54:3233-3242.
91. Labeur R.J., Wells G.N. AGalerkin interface stabilisation method for the advection-diffusion and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Comp. Method. Appl. M. 2007, 196(49-52):4985-5000.
92. Launder B.E. Heat and mass transport. Turbulence 1978, (Chap. 6), Springer, Berlin. P. Bradshaw (Ed.).
93. Launer M., Lyko S., Fahlenkamp H., Jagemann P., Ehrhard P. Application of CFD modelling at a full-scale ozonation plant for the removal of micropollutants from secondary effluent. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 68(6):1336-1344.
94. Lee S., Shin E., Kim S.H., Park H. Dead zone analysis for estimating hydraulic efficiency in rectangular disinfection chlorine contactors. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2011, 28(1):25-33.
95. Leitl B.M., Kastner-Klein P., Rau M., Meroney R.N. Concentration and flow distributions in the vicinity of U-shaped buildings: wind-tunnel and computational data. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 1997, 67-68:745-755.
96. Lev O., Regli S. Evaluation of ozone disinfection systems-characteristic concentration-C. J.Environ. Eng. ASCE 1992, 118(4):477-494.
97. Levenspiel O. Chemical Reaction Engineering 1998, John Wiley & Sons, New York. third ed.
98. Li H., Gyurek L.L. Effect of temperature of ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium in oxidant demand-free phosphate buffer. J.Environ. Eng. 2001, 5:456-467.
99. Li J., Zhang J., Miao J., Ma J., Dong W. Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to ozone contactor optimization. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2006, 6(4):9-16.
100. Li C., Deng B., Kim C.N. Anumerical prediction on the reduction of microorganisms with UV disinfection. J.Mech. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24(7):1465-1473.
101. Liu D., Ducoste J.J., Jin S., Linden K. Evaluation of alternative fluence rate distribution models. J.Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 2004, 53(6):391-408.
102. Liu D., Wu C., Linden K., Ducoste J. Numerical simulation of UV disinfection reactors: evaluation of alternative turbulence models. Appl. Math. Model 2007, 31(9):1753-1769.
103. Lotierzo M., Feliers C., Faure N., Le Grand L., Saby S., Cervantes P. Synergistic Effects of Sequential Treatment by UV Irradiation and Chemical Disinfectant for Drinking Water Disinfection 2003, Paper Presented at the International Ultraviolet Light Association Conference in Vienna, Austria, July.
104. Lyn D.A., Chiu K., Blatchley E.R. Numerical modeling of flow and disinfection in UV disinfection channels. J.Environ. Eng. 1999, 125(1):17-26.
105. Mandel P., Marie M., Lemoine C., Roche P., Wolbert D. How bromate and ozone concentrations can be modeled at full-scale based on lab-scale experiments - a case study. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2012, 34(4):280-292.
106. Mehta R.V., Tarbell J.M. Four environment models of mixing and chemical reaction. AIChE J. 1983, 29:320.
107. Meroney R.N., Leitl B.M., Rafailidis S., Schatzmann M. Wind-tunnel and numerical modeling of flow and dispersion about several building shapes. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 1999, 81:333-345.
108. Mizuno T., Park N.S., Tsuno H., Hidaka T. Evaluating effective volume and hydrodynamic behavior in a full-scale ozone contactor with computational fluid dynamics simulation. Water Supply 2005, 4(5-6):277-288.
109. Muroyama K., Norieda T., Morioka A., Tsuji T. Hydrodynamics and computer simulation of an ozone oxidation reactor for treating drinking water. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54:5285-5292.
110. Nguyen-Tien K., Patwari A.N., Schumpe A., Deckwer W.-D. Gas-liquid mass transfer in fluidized particle beds. AICHE J. 1985, 31(2):194-201.
111. Okino M., Mavrovouniotis M. Simplification of chemical reaction systems by time-scale analysis. Chem. Eng. Commun. 1999, 176(1):115-131.
112. Olsen N.R.B. SSIIM User's Manual 2005, Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, Available at:. http://www.ntnu.no/%7Enilsol/ssiimwin/manual3.pdf.
113. Peplinski D.K., Ducoste J.J. Lessons for Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling to Disinfection Clearwells 2001, World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001, American Society of Civil Engineers, Orlando, FL, United States.
114. Peplinski D.K., Ducoste J.J. Modeling of disinfection contactor hydraulics under uncertainty. J.Environ. Eng. ASCE 2002, 128(11):1056-1067.
115. Peters N. Laminar diffusion flamelet models in non-premixed turbulent combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1984, 10:319-339.
116. Peters N. Turbulent Combustion. Cambridge Monographs on Mechanics 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
117. Phares D.E., Rokjer D.M., Crossley I.A., Franko J.J. Modeling and validating the effective hydraulic detention time for a 10 mgd ozone contactor at the lake Washington surface water treatment plant, Melbourne, Florida. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2009, 31(3):262-276.
118. Pitsch H., Desjardins O., Balarac G., Ihme M. Large eddy simulation of turbulent reacting flow. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 2008, 44(6):466-478.
119. Plummer J., Long S., Wong K., Mahar E. Inactivation of E.coli and MS2 Coliphage with Ultrasound and Chlorine 2002, Paper Presented at the 2002 Annual American Water Works Association Conference, New Orleans, June 16-20.
120. Pope S.B. Turbulent Flows 2000, Cambridge University Press.
121. Ranade V.V. Interaction of macro and micromixing in agitated reactors. Advances in Transport Processes 1993, vol. 9. Elsevier, New York.
122. Ranade V.V. Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering 2002, Academic Press, San Diego, California.
123. Ranade V.V., Bourne J.R. Fluid mechanics and blending in agitated tanks. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1991, 46:1883-1893.
124. Rauen W.B., Lin B., Falconer R.A., Teixeira E.C. CFD and experimental model studies for water disinfection tanks with low Reynolds number flows. Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 137(3):550-560.
125. Rauen W.B., Angeloudis A., Falconer R.A. Appraisal of chlorine contact tank modelling practices. Water Res. 2012, 46:5834-5847.
126. Ritchie B.W., Togby A.H. Athree environment micromixing model for chemical reactors with arbitrary separate feed streams. Chem. Eng. J. 1979, 17:173.
127. Shenoy U.V., Toor H.L. Unifying indicator and instantaneous reaction methods of measuring micromixing. AIChE J. 1990, 36:227-232.
128. Smagorinsky J. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Mon. Weather Rev. 1963, 93:99-164.
129. Solazzo E., Cai X., Vardoulakis S. Improved parameterisation for the numerical modelling of air pollution within an urban street canyon. Environ. Modell. Softw. 2009, 24(3):381-388.
130. Solomon C., Casey P., Mackne C., Lake A. Chlorine Disinfection. The National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Technical Overview 1998.
131. Sotelo J.L., Beltrán F.J., Benítez F.J., Beltrán-Heredia J. Ozone decomposition in water: kinetic study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1987, 26:39-43.
132. Sozzi D.A., Taghipour F. UV reactor performance modeling by Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(5):1609-1615.
133. Spalart P.R., Jou W.-H., Stretlets M., Allmaras S.R. Comments on the Feasibility of LES for Wings and on the Hybrid RANS/LES Approach, Advances in DNS/LES 1997, Proceedings of the First AFOSR International Conference on DNS/LES.
134. Stamou A.I. Verification and application of a mathematical model for the assessment of the effect of guiding walls on the hydraulic efficiency of chlorination tanks. J.Hydroinf. 2002, 4(4):245-254.
135. Stamou A.I. Improving the hydraulic efficiency of water process tanks using CFD models. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 2008, 47(8):1179-1189.
136. Stathopoulos T., Baskaran A. Boundary treatment for the computation of 3D turbulent conditions around buildings. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 1990, 35:177-200.
137. Strelets M. Detached Eddy Simulation of Massively Separated Flows 2001, AIAA 2001-0879.
138. Stropky D., Pouqatch K., Nowak P., Salcudean M., Pagorla P., Gartshore I., Yuan J.W. RTD (residence time distribution) predictions in large mechanically aerated lagoons. Water Sci. Technol. 2007, 55(11):29-36.
139. Ta C.T., Hague J. Atwo-phase computational fluid dynamics model for ozone tank design and troubleshooting in water treatment. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2004, 26(4):403-411.
140. Tafilaku M.L.A. Chlorine Contact Optimization Utilizing Cfd Modeling 2010, 2010 Annual Conference Technical Papers - NC AWWA-WEA.
141. Taghipour F., Sozzi A. Modeling and design of ultraviolet reactors for disinfection by-product precursor removal. Desalination 2005, 176(1-3):71-80.
142. Talvy S., Debaste F., Martinelli L., Chauveheid E., Haut B. Development of a tool, using CFD, for the assessment of the disinfection process by ozonation in industrial scale drinking water treatment plants. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2011, 66(14):3185-3194.
143. Tang G., Adu-Sarkodie K., Kim D., Kim J.H., Teefy S., Shukairy H.M., Marinas B.J. Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate formation in a full-scale ozone contactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(23):9343-9350.
144. Teixeira E.C., do Nascimento Siqueira R. Performance assessment of hydraulic efficiency indexes. J. Environ. Eng 2008, 134(10):851-859.
145. Tejada-Martinez A.E., Akan C., Grosch C.E. Mass Transfer at the Surface in LES of Wind-driven Shallow Water Flow with Langmuir circulation, Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces 2011, 177-192. Kyoto University Press. S. Komori, W. McGillis, R. Kurose (Eds.).
146. Tejada-Martinez A.E., Grosch C.E., Sinha N., Akan C., Martinat G. Disruption of bottom log-layer in LES of full-depth Langmuir circulation. J.Fluid Mech. 2012, 699:79-93.
147. Thyn J., Ha J.J., Strasak P., Zitny R. RTD prediction, modeling and measurement of gas flow in reactor. Nukleonika 1998, 43(1):95-114.
148. Tominaga Y., Murakami S., Mochida A. CFD prediction of gaseous diffusion around a cubic model using a dynamic mixed SGS model based on composite grid technique. J.Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 1997, 67-68:827-841.
149. Tsai K., Fox R.O. Modeling multiple reactive scalar mixing with the generalized IEM model. Phys. Fluids 1995, 7:2820-2830.
150. USEPA Design Manual - Municipal Wastewater Disinfection 1986, EPA/625/1-86/021, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
151. USEPA Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Guidance Manual, Appendix A 2003, Rep. No. EPA 816-R-03-004, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
152. Verbyla M.E., Oakley S.M., Lizima L.A., Zhang J., Iriarte M., Tejada-Martinez A.E., Mihelcic J.R. Taenia eggs in waste stabilization pond systems with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 68(12):2698-2703.
153. Villermaux J., Falk L. Ageneralized mixing model for initial contacting of reactive fluids. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49:5127-5140.
154. von Gunten U., Hoigné J. Bromate formation during ozonation of bromide containing waters: interaction of ozone and hydroxyl radical reactions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28:1234-1242.
155. Wang H., Falconer R.A. Numerical modelling of flow in chlorine disinfection tanks. J.Hydraul. Eng. ASCE 1998, 124(9):918-931.
156. Wang H., Falconer R.A. Simulating disinfection processes in chlorine contact tanks using various turbulence models and high-order accurate difference schemes. Water Res. 1998, 32(5):1529-1543.
157. Wang H., Shao X., Falconer R.A. Flow and transport simulation models for prediction of chlorine contact tank flow-through curves. Water Environ. Res. Sep/Oct 2003, 75(5):455-471.
158. Wilcox D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD 1994, DCW Industries, Inc, California.
159. Wilson J.M., Venayagamoorthy S.K. Evaluation of hydraulic efficiency of disinfection systems based on residence time distribution curves. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:9377-9382.
160. Wols B.A., Hofman J.A.M.H., Uijttewaal W.S.J., Rietveld L.C., Stelling G.S., van Dijk J.C. Aparticle tracking technique to estimate disinfection efficacy in drinking water treatment plants. 6th International Conference on CFD in the Oil and Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim 2008.
161. Wols B.A., Uijttewaal W.S., Rietvelda L.C., Stellinga G.S., van Dijka J.C., Hofman J.A.M.H. Residence time distributions in ozone contactors. Ozone Sci. Eng. J. Int. Ozone Assoc. 2008, 30(1):49-57.
162. Wols B.A., Hofman J.A.M.H., Uijttewaal W.S.J., Rietveld L.C., van Dijk J.C. Evaluation of different disinfection calculation methods using CFD. Environ. Model. Softw. 2010, 25:573-582.
163. Wols B.A., Shao L., Uijttewaal W.S.J., Hofmana J.A.M.H., Rietveld L.C., van Dijk J.C. Evaluation of experimental techniques to validate numerical computations of the hydraulics inside a UV bench-scale reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2010, 65(15):4491-4502.
164. Wols B.A., Uijttewaal W.S.J., Hofmana J.A.M.H., Rietveld L.C., van Dijk J.C. The weaknesses of a k-epsilon model compared to a large-eddy simulation for the prediction of UV dose distributions and disinfection. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 162(2):528-536.
165. Wols B.A., Hofman J.A.M.H., Beerendonk E.F., Uijttewaal W.S.J., van Dijk J.C. Asystematic approach for the design of UV reactors using computational fluid dynamics. AIChE J. 2011, 57(1):193-207.
166. Wols B.A., Hofman-Caris C.H.M., Harmsen D.J.H., Beerendonk E.F., van Dijk, Chan J.C., Blatchley E.R. Comparison of CFD, biodosimetry and Lagrangian actinometry to assess UV reactor performance. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2012, 34(2):81-91.
167. Wright N.G., Hargreaves D.M. The use of CFD in the evaluation of UV treatment systems. J.Hydroinf. 2001, 3:59-70.
168. Yang Y., Shao Y. Numerical simulations of flow and pollution dispersion in urban atmospheric boundary layers. Environ. Modell. Softw. 2008, 23(7):906-921.
169. Younis B.A., Yang T.H. Computational modeling of ultraviolet disinfection. Water Sci. Technol. 2010, 62(8):1872-1878.
170. Yu B., Deng B., Kim C.N. Performance evaluation of P-1 model in a photocatalytic reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2008, 63(22):5552-5558.
171. Yuan D., Lin B., Falconer R.A., Tao J. Development of an integrated model for assessing the impact of diffuse and point source pollution on coastal waters. Environ. Model. Softw. 2007, 22(6):871-879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.010, 1364-8152.
172. Zhang J.P. An Integrated Design Approach for Improving Drinking Water Ozone Disinfection Treatment Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics 2006, (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. NR36453).
173. Zhang J.P., Huck M., Anderson B.W., Stubley D.G. Acomputational fluid dynamics based integrated disinfection design approach for improvement of full-scale ozone contactor performance. Ozone Sci. Eng. J. Int. Ozone Assoc. 2007, 29(6):451-460.
174. Zhang J.P., Huck M., Anderson B.W., Stubley D.G. Application of a multiphase CFD modelling approach to improve ozone residual monitoring and tracer testing strategies for full-scale drinking water ozone disinfection processes. J.Water Supply: Res. Technol. AQUA 2008, 57(2):79-92.
175. Zhang J., Tejada-Martínez A.E., Zhang Q. RANS simulation of the flow and tracer transport in a multi-chambered ozone contactor. J.Environ. Eng. 2013, 139(3):450-454.
176. Zhang J., Tejada-Martínez A.E., Zhang Q. Hydraulic efficiency in RANS of the flow in multi-chambered ozone contactors. J.Hydraul. Eng. 2013, 139(11):1150-1157.
177. Zhang J., Tejada-Martinez A.E., Zhang Q., Lei H. Evaluating hydraulic and disinfection efficiencies of a full-scale ozone contactor using a RANS-based modeling framework. Water Res. 2014, 52:155-167.
178. Zhang J., Tejada-Martínez A.E., Zhang Q. Evaluation of LES and RANS for determining hydraulic performance of water disinfection systems. J.Fluids Eng. 2014, (in press).
179. Zhao X., Alpert S.M., Ducoste J.J. Assessing the impact of upstream hydraulics on the dose distribution of ultraviolet reactors using fluorescence microspheres and computational fluid dynamics. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2009, 26(5):947-959.