MRSA infections: From classical treatment to suicide drugs

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 21, Issue 15, 2014, Pages 1809-1818

  Drebes, Julia ^a   Künz, Madeleine ^a   Pereira, Claudio A ^b   Betzel, Christian ^a   Wrenger, Carsten ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MÉDICAS ALFREDO LANARI   (Argentina)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

B vitamins; Co factor starvation; Drug discovery; MRSA; Multi drug resistance; Pro drug; Suicide drug

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PRODRUG; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ARTICLE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG TARGETING; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MORTALITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; VITAMIN METABOLISM; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG SCREENING; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

EID: 84899875257     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/0929867320666131119122520     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Kuehnert, M.J.; Hill, H.A.; Kupronis, B.A.; Tokars, J.I.; Solomon, S.L.; Jernigan, D.B. Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus hospitalizations, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2005, 11(6), 868-872.
2. Klevens, R.M.; Morrison, M.A.; Nadle, J.; Petit, S.; Gershman, K.; Ray, S.; Harrison, L.H.; Lynfield, R.; Dumyati, G.; Townes, J.M.; Craig, A.S.; Zell, E.R.; Fosheim, G.E.; McDougal, L.K.; Carey, R.B.; Fridkin, S.K. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA, 2007, 298(15), 1763-1771.
3. Jarvis, W.R. The epidemiology of colonization, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 1996, 47-52.
4. von Eiff, C.; Becker, K.; Machka, K.; Stammer, H.; Peters, G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344(1), 11-16.
5. Wertheim, H.F.; Melles, D.C.; Vos, M.C.; van Leeuwen, W.; van Belkum, A.; Verbrugh, H.A.; Nouwen, J.L. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2005, 5(12), 751-762.
6. Luzar, M. Exit-site infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a review. Peritoneal Dial. Int., 1991, 11(4), 333-340.
7. Begier, E.M.; Frenette, K.; Barrett, N.L.; Mshar, P.; Petit, S.; Boxrud, D.J.; Watkins-Colwell, K.; Wheeler, S.; Cebelinski, E.A.; Glennen, A. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 39(10), 1446-1453.
8. Diefenbeck, M.; Mückley, T.; Hofmann, G. Multiresistente Erreger im Krankenhaus. Trauma und Berufskrankheit, 2008, 10, 133-137.
9. Otto, M. Community-associated MRSA: What makes them special? Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 2013, 303(6-7), 324-330.
10. Lowy, F.D. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 111(9), 1265-1273.
11. Diep, B.A.; Otto, M. The role of virulence determinants in community-associated MRSA pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol., 2008, 16(8), 361-369.
12. Kobayashi, S.D.; DeLeo, F.R. An update on community-associated MRSA virulence. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2009, 9(5), 545-551.
13. Miller, L.G.; Perdreau-Remington, F.; Rieg, G.; Mehdi, S.; Perlroth, J.; Bayer, A.S.; Tang, A.W.; Phung, T.O.; Spellberg, B. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352(14), 1445-1453.
14. Francis, J.S.; Doherty, M.C.; Lopatin, U.; Johnston, C.P.; Sinha, G.; Ross, T.; Cai, M.; Hansel, N.N.; Perl, T.; Ticehurst, J.R.; Carroll, K.; Thomas, D.; Nuermberger, E.; Bartlett, J. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton- Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 40(1), 100-107.
15. Liu, C.; Graber, C.J.; Karr, M.; Diep, B.A.; Basuino, L.; Schwartz, B.S.; Enright, M.C.; O'Hanlon, S.J.; Thomas, J.C.; Perdreau- Remington, F.; Gordon, S.; Gunthorpe, H.; Jacobs, R.; Jensen, P.; Leoung, G.; Rumack, J.S.; Chambers, H.F. A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004-2005. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46(11), 1637-1646.
16. Lowy, F.D. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N. Engl. J. Med., 1998, 339(8), 520-532.
17. Wang, R.; Braughton, K.R.; Kretschmer, D.; Bach, T.H.L.; Queck, S.Y.; Li, M.; Kennedy, A.D.; Dorward, D.W.; Klebanoff, S.J.; Peschel, A.; Otto, M. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nat. Med., 2007, 13(12), 1510-1514.
18. Cheung, G.Y.; Wang, R.; Khan, B.A.; Sturdevant, D.E.; Otto, M. Role of the accessory gene regulator agr in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Infect. Immun., 2011, 79(5), 1927-1935.
19. Daum, R.S.; Ito, T.; Hiramatsu, K.; Hussain, F.; Mongkolrattanothai, K.; Jamklang, M.; Boyle-Vavra, S. A novel methicillin-resistance cassette in community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds. J. Infect. Dis., 2002, 186(9), 1344-1347.
20. Hiramatsu, K.; Cui, L.; Kuroda, M.; Ito, T. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol., 2001, 9(10), 486-493.
21. Lee, S.M.; Ender, M.; Adhikari, R.; Smith, J.M.; Berger-Bächi, B.; Cook, G.M. Fitness cost of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by way of continuous culture. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51(4), 1497-1499.
22. World Health Organization/ Europe. Regionalbüro für Europa, 2011, pp 1-11, http://www.euro.who.int/-data/assets/pdf-file/ 0010/147736/wd14G-AntibioticResistance-111382bhn.pdf (Accessed: March 19, 2012).
23. Barber, M.; Rozwadowska-Dowzenko, M. Infection by penicillinresistant staphylococci. Lancet, 1948, 2(6530), 641-644.
24. Abraham, E.P.; Chain, E. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature, 1940, 146(3713), 837.
25. Kirby, W.M.; Rosenfeld, L.S.; Brodie, J. Oxacillin: laboratory and clinical evaluation. JAMA, 1962, 181(9), 739-744.
26. Seligman, S.J. Penicillinase-negative variants of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nature, 1966, 209(5027), 994.
27. Weigel, L.M.; Clewell, D.B.; Gill, S.R.; Clark, N.C.; McDougal, L.K.; Flannagan, S.E.; Kolonay, J.F.; Shetty, J.; Killgore, G.E.; Tenover, F.C. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycinresistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science, 2003, 302(5650), 1569-1571.
28. Reynolds, R. Antimicrobial resistance in the UK and Ireland. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2009, 64 Suppl 1, i19-i23.
29. Johnson, A.P.; Davies, J.; Guy, R.; Abernethy, J.; Sheridan, E.; Pearson, A.; Duckworth, G. Mandatory surveillance of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in England: the first 10 years. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2012, 67(4), 802-809.
30. Stone, S.; Slade, R.; Fuller, C.; Charlett, A.; Cookson, B.; Teare, L.; Jeanes, A.; Cooper, B.; Roberts, J.; Duckworth, G.; Hayward, A.; McAteer, J.; Michie, S. Early communication: does a national campaign to improve hand hygiene in the NHS work? Initial English and Welsh experience from the NOSEC study (National Observational Study to Evaluate the CleanYourHandsCampaign). J. Hosp. Infect., 2007, 66(3), 293-296.
31. Enoch, D.A.; Cargill, J.S.; Sismey, A.; Karas, J.A. MRSA surveillance in a UK district hospital: measuring clinical isolates with MRSA is more useful than measuring MRSA bacteraemias. J. Hosp. Infect., 2011, 79(4), 287-291.
32. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 2006-2011, http://www.rivm.nl/earss/ (Accessed: April 22, 2013)
33. Grundmann, H.; Aires-de-Sousa, M.; Boyce, J.; Tiemersma, E. Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet, 2006, 368(9538), 874-885.
34. Borg, M.A.; Cookson, B.D.; Zarb, P.; Scicluna, E.A. Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance and Control in the Mediterranean region: report of the ARMed Consensus Conference. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries., 2009, 3(9), 654-659.
35. Hsu, L.Y.; Tan, T.Y.; Jureen, R.; Koh, T.H.; Krishnan, P.; Tzer-Pin Lin, R.; Wen-Sin Tee, N.; Tambyah, P.A. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Singapore hospitals. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2007, 13(12), 1944-1947.
36. Mehta, A.; Rosenthal, V.D.; Mehta, Y.; Chakravarthy, M.; Todi, S.K.; Sen, N.; Sahu, S.; Gopinath, R.; Rodrigues, C.; Kapoor, P.; Jawali, V.; Chakraborty, P.; Raj, J.P.; Bindhani, D.; Ravindra, N.; Hegde, A.; Pawar, M.; Venkatachalam, N.; Chatterjee, S.; Trehan, N.; Singhal, T.; Damani, N. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units of seven Indian cities. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). J. Hosp. Infect., 2007, 67(2), 168-174.
37. Herrmann, M.; Abdullah, S.; Alabi, A.; Alonso, P.; Friedrich, A.W.; Fuhr, G.; Germann, A.; Kern, W.V.; Kremsner, P.G.; Mandomando, I.; Mellmann, A.; Pluschke, G.; Rieg, S.; Ruffing, U.; Schaumburg, F.; Tanner, M.; Peters, G.; von Briesen, H.; von Eiff, C.; von Müller, L.; Grobusch, M. Staphylococcal disease in Africa: another neglected 'tropical'disease. Future Microbiol., 2013, 8(1), 17-26.
38. Kloos, W.; Schleifer, K.H. Staphylococcus. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, 1986.
39. Costerton, J.W.; Lewandowski, Z.; Caldwell, D.E.; Korber, D.R.; Lappin-Scott, H.M. Microbial biofilms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 1995, 49, 711-745.
40. Costerton, J.W.; Stewart, P.S.; Greenberg, E.P. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science, 1999, 284(5418), 1318-1322.
41. Rogers, K.L.; Fey, P.D.; Rupp, M.E. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am., 2009, 23(1), 73-98.
42. Mah, T.F.; O'Toole, G.A. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol., 2001, 9(1), 34-39.
43. Hajduk, P.J.; Huth, J.R.; Tse, C. Predicting protein druggability. Drug Discov. Today, 2005, 10(23-24), 1675-1682.
44. Jones, R.N. Microbiological features of vancomycin in the 21st century: minimum inhibitory concentration creep, bactericidal/static activity, and applied breakpoints to predict clinical outcomes or detect resistant strains. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2006, 42 Suppl 1, S13-S24.
45. Reynolds, P. Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1989, 8(11), 943-950.
46. Chang, S.; Sievert, D.M.; Hageman, J.C.; Boulton, M.L.; Tenover, F.C.; Downes, F.P.; Shah, S.; Rudrik, J.T.; Pupp, G.R.; Brown, W.J. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348(14), 1342-1347.
47. Robert Koch Institut. In Epidemiologisches Bulletin, 2011, Vol. 26.
48. Lopez, S.; Hackbarth, C.; Romano, G.; Trias, J.; Jabes, D.; Goldstein, B.P. In vitro antistaphylococcal activity of dalbavancin, a novel glycopeptide. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2005, 55(suppl 2), ii21-ii24.
49. Candiani, G.; Abbondi, M.; Borgonovi, M.; Romanò, G.; Parenti, F. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of BI 397, a new semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1999, 44(2), 179-192.
50. Malabarba, A.; Nicas, T.; Ciabatti, R. Glycopeptide resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria: a current challenge for novel semi-synthetic glycopeptide derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 1997, 32(6), 459-478.
51. Malabarba, A.; Ciabatti, R.; Scotti, R.; Goldstein, B.P.; Ferrari, P.; Kurz, M.; Andreini, B.P.; Denaro, M. New semisynthetic glycopeptides MDL 63,246 and MDL 63,042, and other amide derivatives of antibiotic A-40,926 active against highly glycopeptide-resistant VanA enterococci. J. Antibiot., 1995, 48(8), 869.
52. Guskey, M.T.; Tsuji, B.T. A comparative review of the lipoglycopeptides: oritavancin, dalbavancin, and telavancin. Pharmacotherapy, 2010, 30(1), 80-94.
53. Zhanel, G.G.; Schweizer, F.; Karlowsky, J.A. Oritavancin: Mechanism of Action. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2012, 54(suppl 3), S214- S219.
54. Karaoui, L.R.; Rania, E.-L.; Chahine, E.B. Oritavancin: An investigational lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 2013, 70(1), 23-33.
55. Pace, J.L.; Krause, K.; Johnston, D.; Debabov, D.; Wu, T.; Farrington, L.; Lane, C.; Higgins, D.L.; Christensen, B.; Judice, J.K.; Kaniga, K. In vitro activity of TD-6424 against Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2003, 47(11), 3602-3604.
56. Hamad, B. The antibiotics market. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2010, 9(9), 675-676.
57. European Medicines Agency. 2011, Epar summary for the public, Vibativ, telavancin. EMA/425452/2011, http://www.ema.europa. eu/docs/en-GB/document- library/EPAR-Summary-for-the-public/human/001240/WC500115429.pdf (Accessed August 22, 2012)
58. Fowler, V.G., Jr.; Boucher, H.W.; Corey, G.R.; Abrutyn, E.; Karchmer, A.W.; Rupp, M.E.; Levine, D.P.; Chambers, H.F.; Tally, F.P.; Vigliani, G.A.; Cabell, C.H.; Link, A.S.; DeMeyer, I.; Filler, S.G.; Zervos, M.; Cook, P.; Parsonnet, J.; Bernstein, J.M.; Price, C.S.; Forrest, G.N.; Fatkenheuer, G.; Gareca, M.; Rehm, S.J.; Brodt, H.R.; Tice, A.; Cosgrove, S.E. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355(7), 653-665.
59. Arbeit, R.D.; Maki, D.; Tally, F.P.; Campanaro, E.; Eisenstein, B.I. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38(12), 1673-1681.
60. Enoch, D.A.; Bygott, J.M.; Daly, M.L.; Karas, J.A. Daptomycin. J. Infect., 2007, 55(3), 205-213.
61. Ge, Y.; Biek, D.; Talbot, G.H.; Sahm, D.F. In vitro profiling of ceftaroline against a collection of recent bacterial clinical isolates from across the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2008, 52(9), 3398-3407.
62. Giuliano, C.; Kale-Pradhan, P.B.; Johnson, L.B. Early response of ceftaroline fosamil in the treatment of soft-tissue infections. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 2012, 5(5), 509-512.
63. Sader, H.S.; Flamm, R.K.; Jones, R.N. Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftaroline-Avibactam Tested against Clinical Isolates Collected from US Medical Centers in 2010-2011. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2013, 57(4), 1982-1988.
64. Apodaca, A.A.; Rakita, R.M. Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348(1), 86-87.
65. Stevens, D.L.; Herr, D.; Lampiris, H.; Hunt, J.L.; Batts, D.H.; Hafkin, B. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2002, 34(11), 1481-1490.
66. Yan, K.; Madden, L.; Choudhry, A.E.; Voigt, C.S.; Copeland, R.A.; Gontarek, R.R. Biochemical characterization of the interactions of the novel pleuromutilin derivative retapamulin with bacterial ribosomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2006, 50(11), 3875-3881.
67. Moellering, R.C., Jr. Current treatment options for communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46(7), 1032-1037.
68. Markowitz, N.; Quinn, E.L.; Saravolatz, L.D. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann. Intern. Med., 1992, 117(5), 390-398.
69. Proctor, R.A. Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46(4), 584-593.
70. Riedel, D.J.; Weekes, E.; Forrest, G.N. Addition of rifampin to standard therapy for treatment of native valve infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2008, 52(7), 2463-2467.
71. Shepard, T.; Fantel, A.; Mirkes, P.; Greenaway, J.; Faustman- Watts, E.; Campbell, M.; Juchau, M. Teratology testing: I. Development and status of short-term prescreens. II. Biotransformation of teratogens as studied in whole embryo culture. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 1983, 135, 147.
72. Stevens, D.L.; Ma, Y.; Salmi, D.B.; McIndoo, E.; Wallace, R.J.; Bryant, A.E. Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulenceassociated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis., 2007, 195(2), 202-211.
73. Hayon, J.; Figliolini, C.; Combes, A.; Trouillet, J.L.; Kassis, N.; Dombret, M.C.; Gibert, C.; Chastre, J. Role of serial routine microbiologic culture results in the initial management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 165(1), 41-46.
74. Álvarez-Lerma, F.; Alvarez, B.; Luque, P.; Ruiz, F.; Dominguez- Roldan, J.M.; Quintana, E.; Sanz-Rodriguez, C. Empiric broadspectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study. Crit. Care, 2006, 10(3), R78.
75. Boucher, H.W.; Talbot, G.H.; Bradley, J.S.; Edwards, J.E.; Gilbert, D.; Rice, L.B.; Scheld, M.; Spellberg, B.; Bartlett, J. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2009, 48(1), 1-12.
76. Taubes, G. The bacteria fight back. Science, 2008, 321(5887), 356-361.
77. Karlberg, J.P. Trends in disease focus of drug development. Nat.Rev. Drug Discovery, 2008, 7(8), 639-640.
78. Wu, K.M. A new classification of prodrugs: regulatory perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 2009, 2(3), 77-81.
79. Dover, L.G.; Coxon, G.D. Current status and research strategies in tuberculosis drug development. J. Med. Chem., 54(18), 6157-6165.
80. de Carvalho, L.P.; Lin, G.; Jiang, X.; Nathan, C. Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52(19), 5789-5792.
81. Yacoby, I.; Bar, H.; Benhar, I. Targeted drug-carrying bacteriophages as antibacterial nanomedicines. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51(6), 2156-2163.
82. Tanji, Y.; Shimada, T.; Yoichi, M.; Miyanaga, K.; Hori, K.; Unno, H. Toward rational control of Escherichia coli O157: H7 by a phage cocktail. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2004, 64(2), 270-274.
83. Gu, J.; Liu, X.; Li, Y.; Han, W.; Lei, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Gao, Y.; Song, J.; Lu, R.; Sun, C.; Feng, X. A method for generation phage cocktail with great therapeutic potential. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3), e31698.
84. Galperin, M.Y.; Koonin, E.V. Searching for drug targets in microbial genomes. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 1999, 10(6), 571-578.
85. Galperin, M.Y.; Tatusov, R.L.; Koonin, E.V. Comparing microbial genomes: how the gene set determines the lifestyle. ASM Press: Washington, 1999.
86. Gerdes, S.Y.; Scholle, M.D.; D'Souza, M.; Bernal, A.; Baev, M.V.; Farrell, M.; Kurnasov, O.V.; Daugherty, M.D.; Mseeh, F.; Polanuyer, B.M.; Campbell, J.W.; Anantha, S.; Shatalin, K.Y.; Chowdhury, S.A.; Fonstein, M.Y.; Osterman, A.L. From genetic footprinting to antimicrobial drug targets: examples in cofactor biosynthetic pathways, J. Bacteriol., 2002, 184(16), 4555-4572.
87. Müller, I.B.; Bergmann, B.; Groves, M.R.; Couto, I.; Amaral, L.; Begley, T.P.; Walter, R.D.; Wrenger, C. The vitamin B1 metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus is controlled at enzymatic and transcriptional levels. PLoS One, 2009, 4(11), e7656.
88. Drebes, J.; Perbandt, M.; Wrenger, C.; Betzel, C. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of ThiM from Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F. Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun., 2011, 67(Pt 4), 479-481.
89. Begum, A.; Drebes, J.; Perbandt, M.; Wrenger, C.; Betzel, C. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the thiaminase type II from Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F. Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun., 2010, 67(1), 51-53.
90. Bastos, M.C.F.; Coutinho, B.G.; Coelho, M.L.V. Lysostaphin: a Staphylococcal bacteriolysin with potential clinical applications. Pharmaceuticals, 2010, 3(4), 1139-1161.
91. Wu, J.A.; Kusuma, C.; Mond, J.J.; Kokai-Kun, J.F. Lysostaphin disrupts Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms on artificial surfaces. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2003, 47(11), 3407-3414.
92. Dajcs, J.J.; Hume, E.B.H.; Moreau, J.M.; Caballero, A.R.; Cannon, B.M.; O'Callaghan, R.J. Lysostaphin treatment of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in the rabbit. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 2000, 41(6), 1432-1437.
93. Chhabra, S.; Dolezal, O.; Collins, B.M.; Newman, J.; Simpson, J.S.; Macreadie, I.G.; Fernley, R.; Peat, T.S.; Swarbrick, J.D. Structure of S. aureus HPPK and the discovery of a new substrate site inhibitor. PLoS One, 7(1), e29444.
94. Müller, I.B.; Wu, F.; Bergmann, B.; Knöckel, J.; Walter, R.D.; Gehring, H.; Wrenger, C. Poisoning pyridoxal 5-phosphatedependent enzymes: a new strategy to target the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One, 2009, 4(2), e4406.
95. Kurosu, M.; Crick, D.C. MenA is a promising drug target for developing novel lead molecules to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med. Chem., 2009, 5(2), 197-207.
96. Nudler, E.; Mironov, A.S. The riboswitch control of bacterial metabolism, Trends Biochem. Sci., 2004, 29(1), 11-17.
97. Khedkar, S.A.; Malde, A.K.; Coutinho, E.C. CoMFA study of distamycin analogs binding to the minor-groove of DNA: a unified model for broad-spectrum activity. J. Mol. Model., 2007, 13(10), 1099-1108.
98. Albert, A. Chemical aspects of selective toxicity. Nature, 1958, 182(4633), 421.
99. Freissmuth, M.; Böhm, S. Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: von den molekularen Grundlagen zur Pharmakotherapie. Springer, 2012.
100. Tascini, C.; Flammini, S.; Leonildi, A.; Ciullo, I.; Tagliaferri, E.; Menichetti, F. Comparison of teicoplanin and vancomycin in vitro activity on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Chemother., 2012, 24(4), 187-190.
101. Kropec, A.; Daschner, F. Penetration into tissues of various drugs active against Gram-positive bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1991, 27(suppl B), 9-15.
102. Brodt, H.-R. Antibiotika-Therapie: Klinik und Praxis der antiinfektiösen Behandlung. Schattauer GmbH, 2012.
103. Gross, U. Kurzlehrbuch Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektiologie: Nach neuer AO mit den Fächern: Mikrobiologie, Virologie, Hygiene sowie Infektiologie und Immunologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2009.
104. Arhin, F.F.; Draghi, D.C.; Pillar, C.M.; Parr, T.R.; Moeck, G.; Sahm, D.F. Comparative in vitro activity profile of oritavancin against recent gram-positive clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53(11), 4762-4771.
105. Saravolatz, L.D.; Pawlak, J.; Johnson, L.B. Comparative activity of telavancin against isolates of community-associated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2007, 60(2), 406-409.
106. Nicolau, D.P.; Sun, H.K.; Seltzer, E.; Buckwalter, M.; Dowell, J.A. Pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin in plasma and skin blister fluid. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2007, 60(3), 681-684.
107. Marre, R.; Mertens, T.; Trautmann, M.; Zimmerli, W. Klinische Infektiologie: Infektionskrankheiten erkennen und behandeln. Urban & Fischer (Elsevier), 2007.
108. Jones, R.N.; Mendes, R.E.; Sader, H.S. Ceftaroline activity against pathogens associated with complicated skin and skin structure infections: results from an international surveillance study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2010, 65(suppl 4), iv17-iv31.
109. Hijioka, S.; Nakata, R.; Yoshinami, Y.; Sugita, K.; Nishimura, T. [Survey of susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobial agents in Hokusetsu General Hospital]. Jpn. J. Antibiot., 2002, 55(6), 764.
110. Laue, H.; Valensise, T.; Seguin, A.; Hawser, S.; Lociuro, S.; Islam, K. Effect of human plasma on the antimicrobial activity of iclaprim In vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2007, 60(6), 1388-1390.
111. Rittenhouse, S.; Biswas, S.; Broskey, J.; McCloskey, L.; Moore, T.; Vasey, S.; West, J.; Zalacain, M.; Zonis, R.; Payne, D. Selection of retapamulin, a novel pleuromutilin for topical use, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2006, 50(11), 3882-3885.
112. Adam, D.; Doerr, H.W.; Link, H.; Lode, H. Die Infektiologie. Springer Verlag, 2004.
113. Pelitli, T.; Cesur, S.; Kinikli, S.; Irmak, H.; Demiröz, A.; Karakoc, E. Evaluation of vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolide and tigecycline susceptibilities of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains by E-test]. Mikrobiyoloji Bul., 2011, 45(4), 758.
114. Reeves, D.; Holt, H.; Phillips, I.; King, A.; Miles, R.; Paton, R.; Wise, R.; Andrews, J. Activity of clindamycin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis from four UK centres. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1991, 27(4), 469-474.
115. Arditi, M.; Yogev, R. In vitro interaction between rifampin and clindamycin against pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1989, 33(2), 245-247.