Assessing the burden of healthcare-associated infections through prevalence studies: What is the best method?

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 674-684

  Zingg, Walter ^a   Huttner, Benedikt D ^a   Sax, Hugo ^a,b   Pittet, Didier ^a  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CHARLSON COMORBIDITY INDEX; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SURVEY; HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SURGICAL INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; CLASSIFICATION; COST OF ILLNESS; CROSS INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; SWITZERLAND; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COST OF ILLNESS; CROSS INFECTION; FEMALE; HOSPITALS, UNIVERSITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 84899829538     PISSN: 0899823X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/676424     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Haley RW, Culver DH, Morgan WM, White JW, Emori TG, Hooton TM. Increased recognition of infectious diseases in US hospitals through increased use of diagnostic tests, 1970-1976. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:168-181.
2. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182-205.
3. Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis1998;4:416-420.
4. Llata E, Gaynes RP, Fridkin S. Measuring the scope and magnitude of hospital-associated infection in the United States: the value of prevalence surveys. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1434-1440.
5. Haley RW, Hooton TM, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals, 1975-1976: estimated frequency by selected characteristics of patients. Am J Med 1981;70:947-959.
6. Horan TC, White JW, Jarvis WR, et al. Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1984. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1986;35:17SS- 29SS.
7. Centers for Disease Control. Outline for Surveillance and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Atlanta: Public Health Service, 1970.
8. Centers for Disease Control. Outline for Surveillance and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Atlanta: Public Health Service, 1972.
9. Centers for Disease Control. Outline for Surveillance and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Atlanta: Public Health Service, 1976.
10. Garner JS, Bennett JV, Scheckler WE, Maki DG, Brachman PS. Surveillance of nosocomial infections. In: Brachman PS, Eick-hoff TC, eds. International Conference on Nosocomial Infections. Chicago, 1971:277-281.
11. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128-140.
12. Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:309-332.
13. Horan TC, Gaynes RP. Surveillance of nosocomial infections. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004: 1659-1702.
14. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Am J Infect Control 1992;20:271-274.
15. Mayon-White RT, Ducel G, Kereselidze T, Tikomirov E. An international survey of the prevalence of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 1988;11(suppl A):43-48.
16. Zarb P, Coignard B, Griskeviciene J, et al. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) pilot point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use. Euro Surveill 2012;17.
17. Magill SS, Hellinger W, Cohen J, et al. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:283-291.
18. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: ECDC, 2013.
19. Pellizzer G, Mantoan P, Timillero L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial infections in hospitals of the Veneto region, north-eastern Italy. Infection 2008;36:112-119.
20. Durando P, Icardi G, Ansaldi F, et al. Surveillance of hospital-acquired infections in Liguria, Italy: results from a regional prevalence study in adult and paediatric acute-care hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2009;71:81-87.
21. Pittet D, Harbarth S, Ruef C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial infections in four university hospitals in Switzerland. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:37-42.
22. Sax H, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Herrault P, Pittet D. Variation in nosocomial infection prevalence according to patient care setting: a hospital-wide survey. J Hosp Infect 2001;48:27-32.
23. Sax H, Pittet D. Interhospital differences in nosocomial infection rates: importance of case-mix adjustment. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2437-2442.
24. Sax H. Nationwide surveillance of nosocomial infections in Switzerland-methods and results of the Swiss Nosocomial Infection Prevalence Studies (SNIP) in 1999 and 2002 [in German]. Ther Umsch 2004;61:197-203.
25. Muhlemann K, Franzini C, Aebi C, et al. Prevalence of nos-ocomial infections in Swiss children's hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:765-771.
26. Weinstein JW, Mazon D, Pantelick E, Reagan-Cirincione P, Dembry LM, Hierholzer WJ Jr. A decade of prevalence surveys in a tertiary-care center: trends in nosocomial infection rates, device utilization, and patient acuity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:543-548.
27. Vaque J, Rossello J, Trilla A, et al; Nosocomial Infections Prevalence Study in Spain. Nosocomial infections in Spain: results of five nationwide serial prevalence surveys (EPINE Project, 1990 to 1994). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:293-297.
28. Frankart L, Copin P, Alexiou A, Henry N, Sauvan V, Pittet D. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a university hospital: distribution, predisposing factors and diagnostic indices [in French]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1998;128:1973-1983.
29. McCabe WR, Jackson GG. Gram-negative bacteremia. I. Etiology and ecology. Arch Intern Med 1962;110:847-853.
30. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis 1987;40:373-383.
31. Freeman J, Hutchison GB. Prevalence, incidence and duration. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:707-723.
32. Rhame FS, Sudderth WD. Incidence and prevalence as used in the analysis of the occurrence of nosocomial infections. Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:1-11.
33. Gastmeier P, Brauer H, Sohr D, et al. Converting incidence and prevalence data of nosocomial infections: results from eight hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:31-34.
34. Eriksen HM, Iversen BG, Aavitsland P. Prevalence of noso-comial infections and use of antibiotics in long-term care facilities in Norway, 2002 and 2003. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:316- 320.
35. Eikelenboom-Boskamp A, Cox-Claessens JH, Boom-Poels PG, Drabbe MI, Koopmans RT, Voss A. Three-year prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in Dutch nursing homes. J Hosp Infect 2011;78:59-62.
36. Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, et al. International Noso-comial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009. Am J Infect Control 2012;40:396-407.
37. Dudeck MA, Horan TC, Peterson KD, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2010, device-associated module. Am J Infect Control 2011;39:798-816.
38. Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Schwab F, et al. Ten years of KISS: the most important requirements for success. J Hosp Infect 2008; 70(suppl 1):11-16.
39. Zingg W, Sax H, Inan C, et al. Hospital-wide surveillance of catheter-related bloodstream infection: from the expected to the unexpected. J Hosp Infect 2009;73:41-46.
40. Hopmans TE, Blok HE, Troelstra A, Bonten MJ. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections during successive surveillance surveys conducted at a university hospital in the Netherlands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:459-465.
41. Sartor C, Sambuc R, Bimar MC, Gulian C, De Micco P. Prevalence surveys of nosocomial infections using a random sampling method in Marseille hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1995;29:209-216.
42. Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Rath A, et al. Repeated prevalence investigations on nosocomial infections for continuous surveillance. J Hosp Infect 2000;45:47-53.
43. Ebnother C, Tanner B, Schmid F, La Rocca V, Heinzer I, Bre-genzer T. Impact of an infection control program on the prevalence of nosocomial infections at a tertiary care center in Switzerland. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:38-43.
44. Kallel H, Bahoul M, Ksibi H, et al. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infection in a Tunisian hospital. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59:343-347.
45. Atif ML, Bezzaoucha A, Mesbah S, Djellato S, Boubechou N, Bellouni R. Evolution of nosocomial infection prevalence in an Algeria university hospital (2001 to 2005) [in French]. Med Mal Infect 2006;36:423-428.
46. Jroundi I, Khoudri I, Azzouzi A, et al. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infection in a Moroccan university hospital. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:412-416.
47. Razine R, Azzouzi A, Barkat A, et al. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in the university medical center of Rabat, Morocco. Int Arch Med 2012;5:26.
48. El Rhazi K, Elfakir S, Berraho M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial infections in Hassan II University Hospital, Fes, Morocco [in French]. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13:56-63.
49. Ogwang M, Paramatti D, Molteni T, et al. Prevalence of hospital-associated infections can be decreased effectively in developing countries. J Hosp Infect 2013;84:138-142.
50. Jepsen OB, Jensen LP, Zimakoff J, et al. Prevalence of infections and use of antibiotics among hospitalized patients in Mauritius: a nationwide survey for the planning of a national infection control programme. J Hosp Infect 1993;25:271-278.
51. Danchaivijitr S, Judaeng T, Sripalakij S, Naksawas K, Plipat T. Prevalence of nosocomial infection in Thailand 2006. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:1524-1529.
52. Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat TL, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:100-104.
53. Danchaivijitr S, Chokloikaew S. A national prevalence study on nosocomial infections 1988. J Med Assoc Thai 1989;72(suppl 2):1-6.
54. Danchaivijitr S, Tangtrakool T, Chokloikaew S. The Second Thai National Prevalence Study on Nosocomial Infections 1992. J Med Assoc Thai 1995;78(suppl 2):S67-S72.
55. Danchaivijitr S, Tangtrakool T, Waitayapiches S, Chokloikaew S. Efficacy of hospital infection control in Thailand 1988-1992. J Hosp Infect 1996;32:147-153.
56. Thu TA, Hung NV, Quang NN, et al. A point-prevalence study on healthcare-associated infections in Vietnam: public health implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:1039-1041.
57. Stoesser N, Emary K, Soklin S, et al. The value of intermittent point-prevalence surveys of healthcare-associated infections for evaluating infection control interventions at Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013;107:248-253.
58. Ider BE, Clements A, Adams J, Whitby M, Muugolog T. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic use in two tertiary Mongolian hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2010;75:214-219.
59. Askarian M, Yadollahi M, Assadian O. Point prevalence and risk factors of hospital acquired infections in a cluster of university-affiliated hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:169-176.
60. Lahsaeizadeh S, Jafari H, Askarian M. Healthcare-associated infection in Shiraz, Iran 2004-2005. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:283-287.
61. Xie DS, Xiong W, Xiang LL, et al. Point prevalence surveys of healthcare-associated infection in 13 hospitals in Hubei Province, China, 2007-2008. J Hosp Infect 2010;76:150-155.
62. Azzam R, Dramaix M. A one-day prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Lebanon. J Hosp Infect 2001;49:74-78.
63. Duerink DO, Roeshadi D, Wahjono H, et al. Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in Indonesian hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:219-229.
64. Abussaud MJ. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a Saudi Arabian teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 1991;17:235-238.
65. McLaws ML, Gold J, King K, Irwig LM, Berry G. The prevalence of nosocomial and community-acquired infections in Australian hospitals. Med J Aust 1988;149:582-590.
66. Graves N, Nicholls TM, Wong CG, Morris AJ. The prevalence and estimates of the cumulative incidence of hospital-acquired infections among patients admitted to Auckland District Health Board Hospitals in New Zealand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:56-61.
67. Nicholls TM, Morris AJ. Nosocomial infection in Auckland Healthcare hospitals. N Z Med J 1997;110:314-316.
68. Moro ML, Stazi MA, Marasca G, Greco D, Zampieri A. National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Italy, 1983. J Hosp Infect 1986;8:72-85.
69. Bernander S, Hambraeus A, Myrback KE, Nystrom B, Sundelof B. Prevalence of hospital-associated infections in five Swedish hospitals in November 1975. Scan J Infect Dis 1978;10:66-70.
70. Jepsen OB, Mortensen N. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and infection control in Denmark. J Hosp Infect 1980;1:237-244.
71. Lanini S, Jarvis WR, Nicastri E, et al. Healthcare-associated infection in Italy: annual point-prevalence surveys, 2002-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:659-665.
72. Signorelli C, D'Alessandro D, Collina D, Fara GM. Prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in a paediatric hospital. J Hosp Infect 1991;18:139-143.
73. Pavia M, Bianco A, Viggiani NM, Angelillo IF. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in Italy. J Hosp Infect 2000;44:135-139.
74. Di Pietrantonj C, Ferrara L, Lomolino G. Multicenter study of the prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:85-87.
75. Meers PD, Ayliffe GAJ, Emmerson AM, et al. Report on the National Survey of Infection in Hospitals, 1980. J Hosp Infect 1981;2:1-53.
76. Mertens R, Kegels G, Stroobant A, et al. The national prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in Belgium, 1984. J Hosp Infect 1987;9:219-229.
77. Gordts B, Vrijens F, Hulstaert F, Devriese S, Van de Sande S. The 2007 Belgian national prevalence survey for hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 2010;75:163-167.
78. Aavitsland P, Stormark M, Lystad A. Hospital-acquired infections in Norway: a national prevalence survey in 1991. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24:477-483.
79. Scheel O, Stormark M. National prevalence survey on hospital infections in Norway. J Hosp Infect 1999;41:331-335.
80. Lyytikainen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Mottonen T, Ruutu P. Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, 2005. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:288- 294.
81. Astagneau P, Fleury L, Leroy S, et al. Cost of antimicrobial treatment for nosocomial infections based on a French prevalence survey. J Hosp Infect 1999;42:303-312.
82. The French Prevalence Survey Study Group. Prevalence of nos-ocomial infections in France: results of the nationwide survey in 1996. J Hosp Infect 2000;46:186-193.
83. Floret N, Bailly P, Bertrand X, et al. Results from a four-year study on the prevalence of nosocomial infections in Franche-Comte: attempt to rank the risk of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 2006;63:393-398.
84. Lietard C, Lejeune B, Metzger MH, Thiolet JM, Coignard B. National point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections: results for people aged 65 and older, France, 2006. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:763-765.
85. Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al; EPIC International Advisory Committee. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA 1995; 274:639-644.
86. Humphreys H, Newcombe RG, Enstone J, et al. Four country healthcare associated infection prevalence survey 2006: risk factor analysis. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:249-257.
87. Fitzpatrick F, McIlvenny G, Oza A, et al. Hospital infection society prevalence survey of Healthcare Associated Infection 2006: comparison of results between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:265-273.
88. Emmerson AM, Enstone JE, Griffin M, Kelsey MC, Smyth ET. The Second National Prevalence Survey of infection in hospitals: overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 1996;32:175-190.
89. Smyth ET, McIlvenny G, Enstone JE, et al. Four country healthcare associated infection prevalence survey 2006: overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:230-248.
90. Reilly J, Cairns S, Fleming S, et al. Results from the second Scottish national prevalence survey: the changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated infection in Scotland. J Hosp Infect 2012;82:170-174.
91. Reilly JSS, Allardice G, Noone A, Robertson C, Walker A, Coubrough S. NHS Scotland National HAI Prevalence Survey: Health Protection Scotland: Final Report. Glasgow, 2007.
92. Vaque J, Rossello J, Arribas JL; EPINE Working Group. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Spain: EPINE study 1990- 1997. J Hosp Infect 1999;43(suppl):S105-S111.
93. Ruden H, Gastmeier P, Daschner FD, Schumacher M. Noso-comial and community-acquired infections in Germany: summary of the results of the First National Prevalence Study (NIDEP). Infection 1997;25:199-202.
94. Gastmeier P, Kampf G, Wischnewski N, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in representative German hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1998;38:37-49.
95. Kampf G, Wischnewski N, Schulgen G, Schumacher M, Dasch-ner F. Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections in German hospitals. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:495-502.
96. van der Kooi TI, Mannien J, Wille JC, van Benthem BH. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in the Netherlands, 2007-2008: results of the first four national studies. J Hosp Infect 2010;75: 168-172.
97. Valinteliene R, Jurkuvenas V, Jepsen OB. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infection in a Lithuanian hospital. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34:321-329.
98. Dumpis U, Balode A, Vigante D, et al. Prevalence of noso-comial infections in two Latvian hospitals. Euro Surveill 2003; 8:73-78.
99. Raka L, Zoutman D, Mulliqi G, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in high-risk units in the university clinical center of Kosova. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:421-423.
100. Markovic-Denic L, Jankovic S, Bojanic J, Maksimovic N. The prevalence study of hospital-acquired infections at different surgical departments in Banjaluka [in Serbian]. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2006;134:229-233.
101. Faria S, Sodano L, Gjata A, et al. The first prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in the University Hospital Centre 'Mother Teresa' of Tirana, Albania. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:244- 250.
102. Gikas A, Pediaditis J, Papadakis JA, et al. Prevalence study of hospital-acquired infections in 14 Greek hospitals: planning from the local to the national surveillance level. J Hosp Infect 2002;50:269-275.
103. Esen S, Leblebicioglu H. Prevalence of nosocomial infections at intensive care units in Turkey: a multicentre 1-day point prevalence study. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:144-148.
104. Metintas S, Akgun Y, Durmaz G, Kalyoncu C. Prevalence and characteristics of nosocomial infections in a Turkish university hospital. Am J Infect Control 2004;32:409-413.
105. Sramova H, Bartonova A, Bolek S, Krecmerova M, Subertova V. National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Czechoslovakia. J Hosp Infect 1988;11:328-334.
106. Klavs I, Bufon Luznik T, Skerl M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in Slovenia: results of the first national survey, 2001. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:149-157.
107. Campins M, Vaque J, Rossello J, et al. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: a prevalence study in Spanish hospitals. EPINE Working Group. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:58-63.
108. Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Martini L, Larosa M, Gesu GP, Ippolito G. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in 15 Italian hospitals: first point prevalence study for the INF-NOS project. Infection 2003;31(suppl 2):10-15.
109. Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:141-148.
110. Zotti CM, Messori Ioli G, Charrier L, et al. Hospital-acquired infections in Italy: a region wide prevalence study. J Hosp Infect 2004;56:142-149.
111. Stevens GP, Jacobson JA, Burke JP. Changing patterns of hospital infections and antibiotic use: prevalence surveys in a community hospital. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:587-592.
112. Avila-Figueroa C, Cashat-Cruz M, Aranda-Patron E, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in children: survey of 21 hospitals in Mexico [in Spanish]. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41(suppl 1):S18-S25.
113. Gravel D, Taylor G, Ofner M, et al. Point prevalence survey for healthcare-associated infections within Canadian adult acute-care hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2007;66:243-248.
114. Rezende EM, Couto BR, Starling CE, Modena CM. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in general hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:872-876.
115. Guanche Garcell H, Nunez Labrador L, Baxter Campana M, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in University Hospital of Habana [in Spanish]. An Med Interna 2006;23:269-271.
116. Izquierdo-Cubas F, Zambrano A, Frometa I, et al. National prevalence of nosocomial infections: Cuba 2004. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:234-240.
117. Durlach R, McIlvenny G, Newcombe RG, et al. Prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections in Argentina; comparison with England, Wales, Northern Ireland and South Africa. J Hosp Infect 2012;80:217-223.
118. Suetens C, Ammon A, Weist K, Sodano L, Monnet DL. Review of methods of national prevalence surveys of healthcare as-sociated infections in 17 European countries. In: European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID). May 16-19, 2009; Helsinki. Abstract P624.
119. Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, Bennett JV. The SENIC Project: study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project); summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:472-485.
120. World Health Organization (WHO). Surveillance, Control and Prevention of Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial) Infections: Report of an Advisory Group. Geneva: WHO, 1981.
121. Nosocomial Infection Control Group of Thailand. Definitions of nosocomial infections. J Med Assoc Thai 1988;71:58-63.
122. EPINE Working Group. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in Spain. J Hosp Infect 1992;20:1-13.
123. Department of Health and Human Services. Outline for Surveillance and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Appendix 11. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, US Public Health Service, 1988.
124. Emori TG, Culver DH, Horan TC, et al. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS): description of surveillance methods. Am J Infect Control 1991;19:19-35.
125. Quenon JL, Gottot S, Duneton P, et al. Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales en France. Bull Epidemiol Hebdo 1993;39:179-180.