메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 142-161

Regional Growth and National Development: Transition in Central and Eastern Europe and the Regional Kuznets Curve in the East and the West

Author keywords

Central and Eastern Europe; convergence; Regional growth; regional Kuznets curve

Indexed keywords


EID: 84899716431     PISSN: 17421772     EISSN: 17421780     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17421772.2014.891156     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (37)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 0041905708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multinational enterprises as a catalyst for local industrial development: the case of Poland
    • Altomonte, C. & Resmini, L. (2002) Multinational enterprises as a catalyst for local industrial development: the case of Poland, Italian Journal of Regional Science, 1, 29-58.
    • (2002) Italian Journal of Regional Science , vol.1 , pp. 29-58
    • Altomonte, C.1    Resmini, L.2
  • 2
    • 37249083029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New estimates of returns to scale and spatial spillovers for EU regional manufacturing
    • Angeriz, A., McCombie, J. & Roberts, M. (2008) New estimates of returns to scale and spatial spillovers for EU regional manufacturing, International Regional Science Review, 31, 62-87. doi:10.1177/0160017607306750
    • (2008) International Regional Science Review , vol.31 , pp. 62-87
    • Angeriz, A.1    McCombie, J.2    Roberts, M.3
  • 3
    • 47149094715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does evidence on regional economic convergence depend on the estimation strategy? Outcomes from analysis of a set of NUTS2 EU regions
    • Arbia, G., Le Gallo, J. & Piras, G. (2008) Does evidence on regional economic convergence depend on the estimation strategy? Outcomes from analysis of a set of NUTS2 EU regions, Spatial Economic Analysis, 3, 209-224. doi:10.1080/17421770801996664
    • (2008) Spatial Economic Analysis , vol.3 , pp. 209-224
    • Arbia, G.1    Le Gallo, J.2    Piras, G.3
  • 5
    • 28744442043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrepreneurship capital and regional growth
    • Audretsch, D. & Keilbach, M. (2005) Entrepreneurship capital and regional growth, Annals of Regional Science, 39, 457-469. doi:10.1007/s00168-005-0246-9
    • (2005) Annals of Regional Science , vol.39 , pp. 457-469
    • Audretsch, D.1    Keilbach, M.2
  • 6
    • 77955816948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic growth and regional disparities in the Slovak Republic
    • Banerjee, B. & Jarmuzek, M. (2010) Economic growth and regional disparities in the Slovak Republic, Comparative Economic Studies, 52, 379-403. doi:10.1057/ces.2010.13
    • (2010) Comparative Economic Studies , vol.52 , pp. 379-403
    • Banerjee, B.1    Jarmuzek, M.2
  • 7
    • 33749649898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FEDEA Working Paper No2006-01,: Foundation for the Study of Applied Economics, Spain
    • Barrios, S. & Strobl, E. (2006) The dynamics of regional inequalities, FEDEA Working Paper No2006-01, Foundation for the Study of Applied Economics, Spain.
    • (2006) The dynamics of regional inequalities
    • Barrios, S.1    Strobl, E.2
  • 8
    • 0003640350 scopus 로고
    • Convergence across states and regions
    • Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No1
    • Barro, R. J. & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1991) Convergence across states and regions, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No1.
    • (1991)
    • Barro, R.J.1    Sala-i-Martin, X.2
  • 9
    • 77950979739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural diversity and economic performance: evidence from European regions
    • Working Paper No. 63,: Fondazioni Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan
    • Bellini, E., Ottaviano, G., Pinelli, D. & Prarolo, G. (2009) Cultural diversity and economic performance: evidence from European regions, Working Paper No. 63, Fondazioni Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan.
    • (2009)
    • Bellini, E.1    Ottaviano, G.2    Pinelli, D.3    Prarolo, G.4
  • 10
    • 1642324084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for convergence clubs in income per capita: a predictive density approach
    • Canova, F. (2004) Testing for convergence clubs in income per capita: a predictive density approach, International Economic Review, 45, 49-77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00117.x
    • (2004) International Economic Review , vol.45 , pp. 49-77
    • Canova, F.1
  • 11
    • 84899714182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verdoorn-Kaldor's law: an empirical analysis with time series data in the United States
    • Castiglione, C. (2011) Verdoorn-Kaldor's law: an empirical analysis with time series data in the United States, Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 1, 135-151.
    • (2011) Advances in Management and Applied Economics , vol.1 , pp. 135-151
    • Castiglione, C.1
  • 12
    • 33846539862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of cumulative causation process on regional divergence in Lithuania during 1995-2003
    • Cibulskiene, D. & Butkus, M. (2007) The influence of cumulative causation process on regional divergence in Lithuania during 1995-2003, Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, 27, 59-87. doi:10.1007/s10037-006-0011-2
    • (2007) Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft , vol.27 , pp. 59-87
    • Cibulskiene, D.1    Butkus, M.2
  • 13
    • 15044345842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying and interpreting regional convergence clusters across Europe
    • Corrado, L., Martin, R. & Weeks, M. (2005) Identifying and interpreting regional convergence clusters across Europe, The Economic Journal, 115, C133-C160. doi:10.1111/j.0013-0133.2005.00984.x
    • (2005) The Economic Journal , vol.115 , pp. 133-160
    • Corrado, L.1    Martin, R.2    Weeks, M.3
  • 14
    • 39649109873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The European regional growth process revisited
    • Dall'Erba, S., Percoco, M. & Piras, G. (2008) The European regional growth process revisited, Spatial Economic Analysis, 3, 7-25. doi:10.1080/17421770701733399
    • (2008) Spatial Economic Analysis , vol.3 , pp. 7-25
    • Dall'Erba, S.1    Percoco, M.2    Piras, G.3
  • 16
    • 79959794042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional infrastructure and convergence: growth implications in a spatial framework
    • Del Bo, C., Florio, M. & Manzi, G. (2010) Regional infrastructure and convergence: growth implications in a spatial framework, Transition Studies Review, 17, 475-493. doi:10.1007/s11300-010-0160-4
    • (2010) Transition Studies Review , vol.17 , pp. 475-493
    • Del Bo, C.1    Florio, M.2    Manzi, G.3
  • 17
    • 66049127070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micro-foundations of urban increasing returns: Theory
    • In: Henderson J. V., Thisse J.-F., editors Amsterdam,: North Holland
    • Duranton, G. & Puga, D. (2004) Micro-foundations of urban increasing returns: theory, in: J. V. Henderson & J.-F. Thisse (eds) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 2063-2117, Amsterdam, North Holland.
    • (2004) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics , vol.4 , pp. 2063-2117
    • Duranton, G.1    Puga, D.2
  • 18
    • 30144445640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The European regional convergence process, 1980-1995: do spatial regimes and spatial dependence matter
    • Ertur, C., Le Gallo, J. & Baumont, C. (2006) The European regional convergence process, 1980-1995: do spatial regimes and spatial dependence matter?, International Regional Science Review, 29, 3-34. doi:10.1177/0160017605279453
    • (2006) International Regional Science Review , vol.29 , pp. 3-34
    • Ertur, C.1    Le Gallo, J.2    Baumont, C.3
  • 19
    • 34250773995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional polarisation and national development in the European Union
    • Ezcurra, R. & Pascual, P. (2007) Regional polarisation and national development in the European Union, Urban Studies, 44, 99-122. doi:10.1080/00420980601023877
    • (2007) Urban Studies , vol.44 , pp. 99-122
    • Ezcurra, R.1    Pascual, P.2
  • 20
    • 34748911799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of regional disparities in Central and Eastern Europe during transition
    • Ezcurra, R., Pascual, P. & Rapún, M. (2007) The dynamics of regional disparities in Central and Eastern Europe during transition, European Planning Studies, 15, 1397-1421. doi:10.1080/09654310701550850
    • (2007) European Planning Studies , vol.15 , pp. 1397-1421
    • Ezcurra, R.1    Pascual, P.2    Rapún, M.3
  • 21
    • 33749630755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional disparities and national development revisited: the case of Western Europe
    • Ezcurra, R. & Rapun, M. (2006) Regional disparities and national development revisited: the case of Western Europe, European Urban and Regional Studies, 13, 355-369. doi:10.1177/0969776406068590
    • (2006) European Urban and Regional Studies , vol.13 , pp. 355-369
    • Ezcurra, R.1    Rapun, M.2
  • 22
    • 33749376842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical growth models with spatial effects
    • Fingleton, B. & López-Bazo, E. (2006) Empirical growth models with spatial effects, Papers in Regional Science, 85, 177-198. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00074.x
    • (2006) Papers in Regional Science , vol.85 , pp. 177-198
    • Fingleton, B.1    López-Bazo, E.2
  • 23
    • 0031859796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing returns and economic growth: some evidence for manufacturing from the European Union regions
    • Fingleton, B. & McCombie, J. S. L. (1998) Increasing returns and economic growth: some evidence for manufacturing from the European Union regions, Oxford Economic Papers, 50, 89-105. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a028638
    • (1998) Oxford Economic Papers , vol.50 , pp. 89-105
    • Fingleton, B.1    McCombie, J.S.L.2
  • 24
    • 33750348572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pan-European regional income growth and club convergence: insights from a spatial econometric perspective
    • Fischer, M. & Stirböck, C. (2006) Pan-European regional income growth and club convergence: insights from a spatial econometric perspective, Annals of Regional Science, 40, 693-721. doi:10.1007/s00168-005-0042-6
    • (2006) Annals of Regional Science , vol.40 , pp. 693-721
    • Fischer, M.1    Stirböck, C.2
  • 25
    • 84899706612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessing the relationship between inequality and development
    • CPB Discussion Paper No107, Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
    • Francois, J. & Rojas-Romagosa, H. (2008) Reassessing the relationship between inequality and development, CPB Discussion Paper No107, Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    • (2008)
    • Francois, J.1    Rojas-Romagosa, H.2
  • 26
    • 84899763679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth in regions
    • NBER Working Paper No18937, National Bureau of Economic Research
    • Gennaioli, N., La Porta, R., Lopez de Silanes, F. & Shleifer, A. (2013) Growth in regions, NBER Working Paper No18937, National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • (2013)
    • Gennaioli, N.1    La Porta, R.2    Lopez de Silanes, F.3    Shleifer, A.4
  • 27
    • 49949110486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional disparities in the European Union: convergence and agglomeration
    • Geppert, K. & Stephan, A. (2008) Regional disparities in the European Union: convergence and agglomeration, Papers in Regional Science, 87, 193-217. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00161.x
    • (2008) Papers in Regional Science , vol.87 , pp. 193-217
    • Geppert, K.1    Stephan, A.2
  • 28
    • 0039021604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verdoorn's law and increasing returns to scale: country estimates based on the cointegration approach
    • Harris, R. I. D. & Liu, A. (1999) Verdoorn's law and increasing returns to scale: country estimates based on the cointegration approach, Applied Economics Letters, 6, 29-33. doi:10.1080/135048599353834
    • (1999) Applied Economics Letters , vol.6 , pp. 29-33
    • Harris, R.I.D.1    Liu, A.2
  • 30
    • 34748826527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional convergence in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from a decade of transition
    • In: Hausen C., Resinek M., Schürmann N., Stierle M., editors Berlin,: Springer
    • Herz, B. & Vogel, L. (2003) Regional convergence in Central and Eastern Europe: evidence from a decade of transition, in: C. Hausen, M. Resinek, N. Schürmann & M. Stierle (eds) Determinants of Growth and Business Cycles: Theory, Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications, pp. 155-179, Berlin, Springer.
    • (2003) Determinants of Growth and Business Cycles: Theory, Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications , pp. 155-179
    • Herz, B.1    Vogel, L.2
  • 31
    • 84899730326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration, regional specialization and growth differentials in EU accession countries: Evidence from Hungary
    • In: Hausen C., editors Berlin,: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung
    • Iara, A. & Traistaru, I. (2003) Integration, regional specialization and growth differentials in EU accession countries: evidence from Hungary, in: C. Hausen (ed) Determinants of Growth and Business Cycles: Theory, Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications, pp. 181-202, Berlin, Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung.
    • (2003) Determinants of Growth and Business Cycles: Theory, Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications , pp. 181-202
    • Iara, A.1    Traistaru, I.2
  • 32
    • 34447467804 scopus 로고
    • The case of regional policies
    • Kaldor, N. (1970) The case of regional policies, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 17, 337-348. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9485.1970.tb00712.x
    • (1970) Scottish Journal of Political Economy , vol.17 , pp. 337-348
    • Kaldor, N.1
  • 34
    • 77955099867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Industrial growth, economic integration and structural change: evidence from the EU new member-states regions
    • Kallioras, D. & Petrakos, G. (2010) Industrial growth, economic integration and structural change: evidence from the EU new member-states regions, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 667-680. doi:10.1007/s00168-009-0296-5
    • (2010) The Annals of Regional Science , vol.45 , pp. 667-680
    • Kallioras, D.1    Petrakos, G.2
  • 35
    • 0026340197 scopus 로고
    • Increasing returns and economic geography
    • Krugman, P. (1991) Increasing returns and economic geography, Journal of Political Economy, 99, 484-499. doi:10.1086/261763
    • (1991) Journal of Political Economy , vol.99 , pp. 484-499
    • Krugman, P.1
  • 36
    • 12144291132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional externalities and growth: evidence from European regions
    • López-Bazo, E., Vayá, E. & Artís, M. (2004) Regional externalities and growth: evidence from European regions, Journal of Regional Science, 44, 43-73. doi:10.1111/j.1085-9489.2004.00327.x
    • (2004) Journal of Regional Science , vol.44 , pp. 43-73
    • López-Bazo, E.1    Vayá, E.2    Artís, M.3
  • 37
    • 0032751733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the Kaldor-Verdoorn laws applicable in the newly industrializing countries
    • Mamgain, V. (1999) Are the Kaldor-Verdoorn laws applicable in the newly industrializing countries? Review of Development Economics, 3, 295-309. doi:10.1111/1467-9361.00069
    • (1999) Review of Development Economics , vol.3 , pp. 295-309
    • Mamgain, V.1
  • 38
    • 0001033451 scopus 로고
    • The Verdoorn law controversy: some new empirical evidence using US state data
    • McCombie, J. & De Ridder, J. (1984) The Verdoorn law controversy: some new empirical evidence using US state data, Oxford Economic Papers, 36, 268-284.
    • (1984) Oxford Economic Papers , vol.36 , pp. 268-284
    • McCombie, J.1    De Ridder, J.2
  • 39
    • 85016699875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional growth in Central and Eastern Europe: Convergence, divergence and non-linear dynamics, ch.4
    • In: Crescenzi R., Percoco M., editors Berlin, Heidelberg,: Springer-Verlag
    • Monastiriotis, V. (2013) Regional growth in Central and Eastern Europe: convergence, divergence and non-linear dynamics, ch.4, in: R. Crescenzi & M. Percoco (eds) Geography, Institutions and Regional Economic Performance, pp. 77-93, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2013) Geography, Institutions and Regional Economic Performance , pp. 77-93
    • Monastiriotis, V.1
  • 40
    • 77955118876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years of economic transition in the Balkans: transition failures and development challenges
    • Monastiriotis, V. & Petrakos, G. (2010) Twenty years of economic transition in the Balkans: transition failures and development challenges, Southeastern Europe, 34, 149-169. doi:10.1163/187633310X507493
    • (2010) Southeastern Europe , vol.34 , pp. 149-169
    • Monastiriotis, V.1    Petrakos, G.2
  • 41
    • 67650488811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EU enlargement and convergence: does market access matter
    • Niebuhr, A. & Schlitte, F. (2009) EU enlargement and convergence: does market access matter? Eastern European Economics, 47, 28-56. doi:10.2753/EEE0012-8775470302
    • (2009) Eastern European Economics , vol.47 , pp. 28-56
    • Niebuhr, A.1    Schlitte, F.2
  • 42
    • 0032428436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agglomeration in the global economy: a survey of the 'New Economic Geography
    • Ottaviano, G. I. P. & Puga, D. (1998) Agglomeration in the global economy: a survey of the 'New Economic Geography', The World Economy, 21, 707-731. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00160
    • (1998) The World Economy , vol.21 , pp. 707-731
    • Ottaviano, G.I.P.1    Puga, D.2
  • 44
    • 0030500605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regional dimension of transition in Eastern and Central European Countries: an assessment
    • Petrakos, G. (1996) The regional dimension of transition in Eastern and Central European Countries: an assessment, Eastern European Economics, 34, 5-38.
    • (1996) Eastern European Economics , vol.34 , pp. 5-38
    • Petrakos, G.1
  • 45
    • 0347849892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial aspects of development in Southeastern Europe
    • Petrakos, G. & Economou, D. (2002) The spatial aspects of development in Southeastern Europe, Spatium, 8, 1-13. doi:10.2298/SPAT0208001P
    • (2002) Spatium , vol.8 , pp. 1-13
    • Petrakos, G.1    Economou, D.2
  • 46
    • 80053986251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional convergence and growth in Europe: understanding patterns and determinants
    • Petrakos, G., Kallioras, D. & Anagnostou, A. (2011) Regional convergence and growth in Europe: understanding patterns and determinants, European Urban and Regional Studies, 18, 375-391. doi:10.1177/0969776411407809
    • (2011) European Urban and Regional Studies , vol.18 , pp. 375-391
    • Petrakos, G.1    Kallioras, D.2    Anagnostou, A.3
  • 47
    • 80053333498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional inequalities in the EU new member-states: Evolution and challenges
    • In: Bradley J., Petrakos G., Traistaru I., editors New York, NY,: Springer
    • Petrakos, G., Psycharis, Y. & Kallioras, D. (2005a) Regional inequalities in the EU new member-states: evolution and challenges, in: J. Bradley, G. Petrakos & I. Traistaru (eds) The Economics and Policy of Cohesion in an Enlarged European Union, pp. 45-64, New York, NY, Springer.
    • (2005) The Economics and Policy of Cohesion in an Enlarged European Union , pp. 45-64
    • Petrakos, G.1    Psycharis, Y.2    Kallioras, D.3
  • 48
    • 27344439203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth, integration, and regional disparities in the European Union
    • Petrakos, G., Rodríguez-Pose, A. & Rovolis, A. (2005b) Growth, integration, and regional disparities in the European Union, Environment and Planning A, 37, 1837-1855. doi:10.1068/a37348
    • (2005) Environment and Planning A , vol.37 , pp. 1837-1855
    • Petrakos, G.1    Rodríguez-Pose, A.2    Rovolis, A.3
  • 49
    • 0033392793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise and fall of regional inequalities
    • Puga, D. (1999) The rise and fall of regional inequalities, European Economic Review, 43, 303-334. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00061-0
    • (1999) European Economic Review , vol.43 , pp. 303-334
    • Puga, D.1
  • 50
    • 0041340856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic integration, industry location and frontiers economies in transition countries
    • Resmini, L. (2003) Economic integration, industry location and frontiers economies in transition countries, Economic Systems, 27, 204-221. doi:10.1016/S0939-3625(03)00040-2
    • (2003) Economic Systems , vol.27 , pp. 204-221
    • Resmini, L.1
  • 51
    • 34548656570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional patterns of industry location in transition countries: does economic integration with the EU matter
    • Resmini, L. (2007) Regional patterns of industry location in transition countries: does economic integration with the EU matter? Regional Studies, 41, 747-764. doi:10.1080/00343400701281741
    • (2007) Regional Studies , vol.41 , pp. 747-764
    • Resmini, L.1
  • 52
    • 17444390038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional convergence, inequality, and space
    • Rey, S. & Janikas, M. (2005) Regional convergence, inequality, and space, Journal of Economic Geography, 5, 155-176. doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh044
    • (2005) Journal of Economic Geography , vol.5 , pp. 155-176
    • Rey, S.1    Janikas, M.2
  • 54
    • 84885934473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional convergence in Central and Eastern European countries: a multidimensional approach
    • Smetkowski, M. & Wójcik, P. (2012) Regional convergence in Central and Eastern European countries: a multidimensional approach, European Planning Studies, 20, 923-939. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.673560
    • (2012) European Planning Studies , vol.20 , pp. 923-939
    • Smetkowski, M.1    Wójcik, P.2
  • 56
    • 33846291109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes regions in Eastern Europe catching up?
    • ZEI Discussion Paper No. B12, Bonn Center for European Integration Studies
    • Tondl, G. & Vuksic, G. (2003) What makes regions in Eastern Europe catching up? The role of foreign investment, human resources, and geography, ZEI Discussion Paper No. B12, Bonn Center for European Integration Studies.
    • (2003) The role of foreign investment, human resources, and geography
    • Tondl, G.1    Vuksic, G.2
  • 57
    • 51649104321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic integration and structural change: The case of bulgarian regions
    • In: Krieger-Boden C., Morgenroth E., Petrakos G., editors London,: Routledge
    • Totev, S. (2008) Economic integration and structural change: the case of bulgarian regions, in: C. Krieger-Boden, E. Morgenroth & G. Petrakos (eds) The Impact of European Integration on Regional Structural Change and Cohesion, pp. 248-265, London, Routledge.
    • (2008) The Impact of European Integration on Regional Structural Change and Cohesion , pp. 248-265
    • Totev, S.1
  • 59
    • 0002049454 scopus 로고
    • Regional inequality and the process of national development a description of the patterns
    • Williamson, J. (1965) Regional inequality and the process of national development a description of the patterns, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13, 3-45. doi:10.1086/450136
    • (1965) Economic Development and Cultural Change , vol.13 , pp. 3-45
    • Williamson, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.