Retinal prosthesis

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1412-1424

  Weiland, James D ^a   Humayun, Mark S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Blindness; medical device; neural prosthesis; retinal prosthesis

Indexed keywords

EXPERIMENTS; NEURAL PROSTHESES; OPHTHALMOLOGY; RESTORATION;

BLINDNESS; ELECTRICAL STIMULATIONS; MEDICAL DEVICES; OBJECT DETECTION; REGULATORY APPROVALS; RETINAL PROSTHESIS; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; VISION RESTORATIONS;

PROSTHETICS;

ALUMINUM OXIDE; DIAMOND; PLATINUM; SILICON CARBIDE; SILICONE;

ARTICLE; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; CHOROID; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COCHLEA PROSTHESIS; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRODE; ELECTRONICS; ELECTROSTIMULATION; ENCAPSULATION; EPIRETINAL IMPLANT; EXPERIMENTAL IMPLANT; EYE MOVEMENT; EYE POSITION; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HUMAN; INTEGRATED CIRCUIT; NERVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; OPHTHALMIC CAMERA; PACKAGING; PATIENT SAFETY; PROCESS DEVELOPMENT; RECEPTIVE FIELD; RETINA; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA GANGLION CELL; RETINAL IMPLANT; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; SUBRETINAL IMPLANT; SUPRACHOROID TRANSCLERAL RETINAL PROSTHESIS; SURGICAL APPROACH; TELEMETRY; VIDEORECORDING; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL INFORMATION; WIRELESS COMMUNICATION; ANIMAL; BLINDNESS; NEUROPROSTHESIS; PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; VISUAL PROSTHESIS;

ANIMALS; BLINDNESS; HUMANS; NEURAL PROSTHESES; PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; RETINA; VISUAL PROSTHESIS;

EID: 84899697031     PISSN: 00189294     EISSN: 15582531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2014.2314733     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. J. E. Dowling, The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain. Cambridge, MA, USA: Bellknap Press, 1987.
2. D. T. Hartong, E. L. Berson, and T. P. Dryja, "Retinitis pigmentosa," Lancet, vol. 368, pp. 1795-1809, Nov. 2006.
3. L. M. Gehrs, J. R. Jackson, E. N. Brown, R. Allikmets, and G. S. Hageman, "Complement, age-related macular degeneration and a vision of the future," Arch. Ophthalmol, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 349-358, Mar. 2010.
4. G. S. Brindley and W. S. Lewin, "The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex," J. Physiol, vol. 196, pp. 479-493, May 1968.
5. A. M. Potts and J. Inoue, "The electrically evoked response (EER) of the visual system. II. Effect of adaptation and retinitis pigmentosa," Invest. Ophthalmol, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 605-612, Jun. 1969.
6. M. S. Humayun, E. De JuanJr., J. D. Weiland, G. Dagnelie, S. Katona, R. J. Greenberg, and S. Suzuki, "Pattern electrical stimulation of the human retina," Vision Res., vol. 39, no. 15, pp. 2569-2576, Jul. 1999.
7. J. F. Rizzo III, J. Wyatt, J. Loewenstein, S. Kelly, and D. Shire, "Perceptual efficacy of electrical stimulation of human retina with a microelectrode array during short-term surgical trials," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci., vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 5362-5369, Dec. 2003.
8. M. S. Humayun, J. D. Weiland, G. Y. Fujii, R. J. Greenberg, R. Williamson, J. Little, B. V. Mech, V. Cimmarusti, G. Van Boemel, G. Dagnelie, and E. De Juan Jr., "Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis," Vision Res., vol. 43, no. 24, pp. 2573-2581, Nov. 2003.
9. D. Y. Yanai, J. D. Weiland, M. Mahadevappa, R. J. Greenberg, I. Fine, G Y. Fujii, and M. S. Humayun, "Visual performance using a retinal prosthesis in three subjects with retinitis pigmentosa," Am. J. Ophthalmol, vol. 143, no. 5, pp. 820-827, May 2007.
10. R. Hornig, T. Zehnder, M. Velikay-Parel, T. Laube, M. Feucht, and G. Richard, "The IMI Retinal Implant System," in Artificial Sight: Basic Research, Biomedical Engineering, and Clinical Advances, M. S. Humayun, J. D. Weiland, G. Chader, and E. X. Greenbaum, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2007.
11. G. Roessler, T. Laube, C. Brockmann, T. Kirschkamp, B. Mazinani, M. Goertz, C. Koch, I. Krisch, B. Sellhaus, H. K. Trieu, J. Weis, N. Bornfeld, H. Röthgen, A. Messner, W. Mokwa, and P. Walter, "Implantation and explantation of a wireless epiretinal retina implant device: Observations during the EPIRET3 prospective clinical trial," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci., vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 3003-3008, Jun. 2009.
12. M. S. Humayun, J. D. Dorn, L. Da Cruz, G Dagnelie, J. A. Sahel, P. E. Stanga, A. V. Cideciyan, J. L. Duncan, D. Eliott, E. Filley, A. C. Ho, A. Santos, A. B. Safran, A. Arditi, L. V. Del Priore, and R. J. Greenberg, "Interim results from the international trial of second sight's visual prosthesis," Ophthalmology, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 779-788, Apr. 2012.
13. D. D. Zhou, J. D. Dorn, and R. J. Greenberg, "The Argus® II retinal prosthesis system: An overview," in Proc. IEEE Int. Multimedia Expo Workshops (ICMEW), Conf., San Jose, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 1-6.
14. L. Da Cruz, B. F Coley, J. D. Dorn, F. Merlini, E. Filley, P. Christopher, F K. Chen, F Wuyyuru, J. A. Sahel, P. E. Stanga, M. S. Humayun, R. J. Greenberg, and G Dagnelie, "The Argus II epiretinal prosthesis system allows letter and word reading and long-term function in patients with profound vision loss," Brit. J. Ophthalmol, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 632-636, May 2013.
15. A. Y Chow, V. Y Chow, K. H. Packo, J. S. Pollack, G A. Peyman, and R. Schuchard, "The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa," Arch. Ophthalmol, vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 460-469, Apr. 2004.
16. D. Palanker, A. Vankov, P. Huie, and S. Baccus, "Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis," J. Neural Eng., vol. 2, pp. 105-120, 2005.
17. M. T. Pardue, M. J. Phillips, H. Yin, A. Fernandes, Y Cheng, A. Y Chow, and S. L. Ball, "Possible sources of neuroprotection following subretinal silicon chip implantation in RCS rats," J. Neural Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. S39-S47, Jan. 2005.
18. E. Zrenner, K. U. Bartz-Schmidt, H. Benav, D. Besch, A. Bruckmann, V. P. Gabel, F. Gekeler, U. Greppmaier, A. Harscher, S. Kibbel, J. Koch, A. Kusnyerik, T. Peters, K. Stingl, H. Sachs, A. Stett, P. Szurman, B. Wilhelm, and R. Wilke, "Subretinal electronic chips allow blind pa tients to read letters and combine them to words," Proc. Biol. Sci., vol. 278, no. 1711, pp. 1489-1497, May 2011.
19. R. Wilke, V. P. Gabel, H. Sachs, K. U. Bartz Schmidt, F. Gekeler, D. Besch, P. Szurman, A. Stett, B. Wilhelm, T. Peters, A. Harscher, U. Greppmaier, S. Kibbel, H. Benav, A. Bruckmann, K. Stingl, A. Kusnyerik, and E. Zrenner, "Spatial resolution and perception of patterns mediated by a subretinal 16-electrode array in patients blinded by hereditary retinal dystrophies," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 5995-6003, Aug. 2011.
20. K. Stingl, K. U. Bartz Schmidt, D. Besch, A. Braun, A. Bruckmann, F. Gekeler, U. Greppmaier, S. Hipp, G. Hörtdörfer, C. Kernstock, A. Kusnyerik, A. Schatz, K. T. Stingl, T. Peters, B. Wilhelm, and E. Zrenner, "Artificial vision with wirelessly powered subretinal electronic implant alpha-IMS," Proc. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci., vol. 280, no. 1757, pp. 1-8, Apr. 2013.
21. K. Stingl, K. U. Bartz Schmidt, D. Besch, A. Braun, A. Bruckmann, F. Gekeler, U. Greppmaier, S. Hipp, G. Hörtdörfer, C. Kernstock, A. Kusnyerik, A. Schatz, K. T. Stingl, T. Peters, B. Wilhelm, and E. Zrenner, "Details on the patient cohort and the subretinal implant alpha IMS (retina implant AG, Reutlingen) in the first module of a multicentre clinical trial and video material of patient reports," Proc. Royal Soc. B, vol. 280, no. 1757, pp. 1-8, Apr. 2013.
22. T. Fujikado, T. Morimoto, H. Kanda, S. Kusaka, K. Nakauchi, M. Ozawa, K. Matsushita, H. Sakaguchi, Y. Ikuno, M. Kamei, and Y. Tano, "Clinical trial of chronic implantation of suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation system for retinal prosthesis," Sensors Mater., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 181-187, Apr. 2012.
23. K. Cha, K. Horch, and R. A. Normann, "Simulation of a phosphene-based visual field: Visual acuity in a pixelized vision system," Annals Biomed. Eng., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 439-449, Apr. 1992.
24. J. S. Hayes, J. D. Weiland, M. S. Humayun, and G. Dagnelie, "Visually guided performance of simple tasks using simulated prosthetic vision," Artif. Organs, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1016-1026, Nov. 2003.
25. R. W. Thompson, M. S. Humayun, and G. Dagnelie, "Facial recognition using simulated prosthetic pixelized vision," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 5035-5042, Nov. 2003.
26. J. A. Sahel, S. Mohand-Said, P. E. Stanga, A. Caspi, and R. J. Greenberg, "Acuboost: Enhancing the maximum acuity of the Argus II retinal prosthesis system," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, vol. 54, 2013.
27. A. Caspi, J. D. Dorn, K. H. McClure, M. S. Humayun, R. J. Greenberg, and M. J. McMahon, "Feasibility study of a retinal prosthesis: Spatial vision with a 16-electrode implant," Arch. Ophthalmol., vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 398-401, Apr. 2009.
28. A. Vanhoestenberghe and N. Donaldson, "Corrosion of silicon integrated circuits and lifetime predictions in implantable electronic devices," J. Neural Eng., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-13, Mar. 2013.
29. G. Jiang and D. D. Zhou, "Technology advances and challenges in hermetic packaging for implantable medical devices," in Implantable Neural Prostheses 2. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2010, pp. 27-61.
30. G. J. Suaning, P. Lavoie, J. Forrester, T. Armitage, and N. H. Lovell, "Microelectronic retinal prosthesis: III. A new method for fabrication of high-density hermetic feedthroughs," in Proc. 28th Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Conf., 2006, pp. 1638-1641.
31. M. Schuettler, J. S. Ordonez, T. S. Santisteban, A. Schatz, J. Wilde, and T. Stieglitz, "Fabrication and test of a hermetic miniature implant package with 360 electrical feedthroughs," in Proc. 32nd Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Conf., 2010, pp. 1585-1588.
32. E. C. Gill, J. Antalek, F. M. Kimock, P. J. Nasiatka, B. P. McIntosh, A. R. Tanguay Jr., and J. D. Weiland, "High-density feedthrough technology for hermetic biomedical micropackaging," in MRS Proceedings. vol. 1572, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013.
33. J. D. Weiland, F. M. Kimock, J. E. Yehoda, E. C. Gill, B. P. McIntosh, P. J. Nasiatka, and A. R. Tanguay Jr., "Chip-scale packaging for bioelec-tronic implants," in Proc. IEEE Neural Eng. Conf., San Diego, CA, USA, Nov. 2013, pp. 931-936.
34. X. Xiao, J. Wang, C. Liu, J. A. Carlisle, B. V. Mech, R. J. Greenberg, D. Guven, R. Freda, M. S. Humayun, J. D. Weiland, and O. Auciello, "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ultrananocrystalline diamond for coating of implantable retinal microchips," J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part B., vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 273-281, Feb. 2006.
35. S. F. Cogan, D. J. Edell, A. A. Guzelian, Y. Ping Liu, and R. Edell, "Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide as an im-plantable dielectric coating," J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part A, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 856-867, Mar. 2003.
36. A. Sharma, L. Rieth, P. Tathireddy, R. Harrison, H. Oppermann, M. Klein, M. Töpper, E. Jung, R. Normann, G. Clark, and F. Solzbacher, "Evaluation of the packaging and encapsulation reliability in fully integrated, fully wireless 100 channel utah slant electrode array (USEA): Implications for long term functionality," Sens. Acts. A: Phys., vol. 188, pp. 167-172, 2012.
37. M. Zhou, M. R. Yuce, and W. Liu, "A non-coherent DPSK data receiver with interference cancellation for dual-band transcutaneous telemetries," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 2003-2012, Sep. 2008.
38. G. Wang, W. Liu, M. Sivaprakasam, M. Zhou, J. D. Weiland, and M. S. Humayun, "A dual band power and data telemetry for retinal prosthesis," in Proc. IEEE 28th Eng. Med. Biol. Conf., 2006, pp. 4392-4395.
39. K. Chen, Y. Lo, Z. Yang, J. Weiland, M. S. Humayun, and W. Liu, "A system verification platform for high-density epiretinal prostheses," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 326-337, Jun. 2013.
40. M. Gross, R. Buss, K. Kohler, J. Schaub, and D. Jager, "Optical signal and energy transmission for a retina implant," in Proc. IEEE 21st Eng. Med. Biol. Conf., 1999.
41. K. Chen, Z. Yang, L. Hoang, J. Weiland, M. Humayun, and W. Liu, "An integrated 256-channel epiretinal prosthesis," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1946-1956, Sep. 2010.
42. 2, digitally programmable nerve stimulation pad cell with highvoltage capability for a retinal implant," in Proc. Dig. Techn. Papers Solid-State Circuits Conf., 2006, pp. 89-98.
43. D. B. Shire, W. Ellersick, S. K. Kelly, P. Doyle, A. Priplata, W. Drohan, O. Mendoza, M. Gingerich, B. McKee, J. L. Wyatt, and J. F. Rizzo III, "ASIC design and data communications for the Boston retinal prosthesis," in Proc. IEEE 34th Eng. Med. Biol. Conf., 2012, pp. 292-295.
44. N. B. Dommel, Y. T. Wong, T. Lehmann, C. W. Dodds, N. H. Lovell, and G. J. Suaning, "A CMOS retinal neurostimulator capable of focussed, simultaneous stimulation," J. Neural Eng., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 245-252, Mar. 2009.
45. 2/pixel 512-channel self-calibrating epiretinal prosthesis in 65nm CMOS," Proc. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Digest Tech., Papers (ISSCC), 2013, pp. 296-297.
46. L. R. Hochberg, M. D. Serruya, G. M. Friehs, J. A. Mukand, M. Saleh, A. H. Caplan, A. Branner, D. Chen, R. D. Penn, and J. P. Donoghue, "Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia," Nature, vol. 442, pp. 164-171, 2006.
47. J. Csicsvari, D. A. Henze, B. Jamieson, K. D. Harris, A. Sirota, P. Barthó, K. D. Wise, and G. Buzsáki, "Massively parallel recording of unit and local field potentials with silicon-based electrodes," J. Neurophys., vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 1314-1323, Feb. 2003.
48. T. Stieglitz, M. Schuettler, and J. U. Meyer, "Micromachined, polyimide-based devices for flexible neural interfaces," Biomed. Microdevices, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 283-294, Apr. 2000.
49. J. D. Weiland, D. J. Anderson, and M. S. Humayun, "In vitro electrical properties for iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1574-1579, Dec. 1999.
50. T. L. Rose and L. S. Robblee, "Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes. VIII. Electrochemically safe charge injection limits with 0.2 ms pulses," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1118-1120, Nov. 1990.
51. M. Schuettler, S. Stiess, B. V. King, and G. J. Suaning, "Fabrication of implantable microelectrode arrays by laser cutting of silicone rubber and platinum foil," J. Neural Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. S121-S128, Jan. 2005.
52. H. Ameri, T. Ratanapakorn, S. Ufer, H. Eckhardt, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland, "Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis," J. Neural Eng., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 122-128, Mar. 2009.
53. Y. Zhang, S. L. Rauen, M. Koss, A. Calle, B. Diniz, S. Swenson, F. S. Markland, S. Ufer, H. Eckhardt, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland, "Wide-field retinal prosthesis with three dimensional, contoured, sili-cone/polyimide substrates," in Proc. IEEE Neural Eng. Conf., San Diego, CA, USA, Nov. 2013.
54. R. Eckmiller, D. Neumann, and O. Baruth, "Tunable retina encoders for retina implants: Why and how," J. Neural Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 45-52, Jan. 2005.
55. N. Parikh, L. Itti, M. Humayun, and J. Weiland, "Performance of visually guided tasks using simulated prosthetic vision and saliency-based cues," J. Neural Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 113-121, Feb. 2013.
56. C. McCarthy, D. Feng, and N. Barnes, "Augmenting intensity to enhance scene structure in prosthetic vision," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia Expo Workshop, San Jose, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 1-6.
57. V. Pradeep, G. Medioni, and J. D. Weiland, "Visual loop closing using multi-resolution SIFT grids in metric topological SLAM," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comp. Vision Pattern Recog., Miami, FL, USA, Jun. 2009, pp. 1438-1445.
58. V. Pradeep, G. Medioni, and J. D. Weiland, "A wearable system for the visually impaired," in Proc. IEEE 32nd Eng. Med. Biol. Conf., 2010, pp. 6233-6236.
59. P. J. Nasiatka, N. R. B. Stiles, B. P. McIntosh, M. C. Hauer, J. D. Weiland, M. S. Humayun, and A. R. TanguayJr., "An intraocular camera for retinal prostheses: Restoring sight to the blind," in Optical Processes in Microparticles and Nanostuctures, Advanced Series in Applied Physics, A. Serpenguzel and A. Poon, Eds. Singapore: World Scientific, vol. 6, 2011, ch. 20, pp. 385-429.
60. A. Horsager, R. J. Greenberg, and I. Fine, "Spatiotemporal interactions in retinal prosthesis subjects," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 1223-1233, Feb. 2010.
61. D. Nanduri, I. Fine, A. Horsager, G. M. Boynton, M. S. Humayun, R. J. Greenberg, and J. D. Weiland, "Frequency and amplitude modulation have different effects on the percepts elicited by retinal stimulation," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 205-214, Jan. 2012.
62. A. P. Fornos, J. Sommerhalder, L. Da Cruz, J. A. Sahel, S. Mohand-Said, F. Hafezi, and M. Pelizzone, "Temporal properties of visual perception on electrical stimulation of the retina," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 2720-2731, Jun. 2012.
63. J. Xie, G. J. Wang, L. Yow, M. S. Humayun, J. D. Weiland, C. J. Cela, H. Jadvar, G. Lazzi, E. Dhrami-Gavazi, and S. H. Tsang, "Preservation of retinotopic map in retinal degeneration," Exp. Eye Res., vol. 98, pp. 88-96, Mar. 2012.
64. J. D. Weiland, B. Faraji, R. J. Greenberg, M. S. Humayun, and F. Shellock, "Assessment of MRI issues for the Argus II retinal prosthesis," Magn. Reson. Imaging, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 382-389, Apr. 2012.
65. Y. H. Luo, I. Davagnanam, and L. Dacruz, "MRI brain scansintwo patients with the Argus II retinal prosthesis," Ophthalmology, vol. 120, no. 8, p. 1711, Aug. 2013.
66. D. K. Freeman, J. F. Rizzo III, and S. I. Fried, "Encoding visual information in retinal ganglion cells with prosthetic stimulation," J. Neural Eng., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 56-68, Mar. 2011.
67. R. J. Jensen and J. F. RizzoIII, "Activation of retinal ganglion cells in wild-type and rd1 mice through electrical stimulation of the retinal neural network," Vis. Res, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 1562-1568, Jun. 2008.
68. L. L. Chan, E. J. Lee, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland, "Both electrical stimulation thresholds and SMI-32 immunoreactive retinal ganglion cell density correlate with age in s334ter line 3 rat retina," J. Neurophys., vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 2687-2697, Jun. 2011.
69. C. Sekirnjak, C. Hulse, L. H. Jepson, P. Hottowy, A. Sher, W. Dabrowski, A. M. Litke, and E. J. Chichilnisky, "Loss of responses to visual but not electrical stimulation in ganglion cells of rats with severe photoreceptor degeneration," J. Neurophys., vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 3260-3269, Jun. 2009.
70. R. J. Greenberg, T. J. Velte, M. S. Humayun, G. N. Scarlatis, and E. De Juan Jr., "A computational model of electrical stimulation of the retinal ganglion cell," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 505-514, May 1999.
71. R. J. Jensen, O. R. Ziv, and J. F Rizzo III, "Thresholds for activation of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with relatively large, extracellular microelec-trodes," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1486-1496, Apr. 2005.
72. D. K. Freeman, D. K. Eddington, J. F. Rizzo III, and S. I. Fried, "Selective activation of neuronal targets with sinusoidal electric stimulation," J. Neurophys, vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 2778-2791, May 2010.
73. A. C. Weitz, M. R. Behrend, N. S. Lee, R. L. Klein, V. A. Chiodo, W. W. Hauswirth, M. S. Humayun, J. D. Weiland, and R. H. Chow, "Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators," J. Neurophys, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 1979-1988, Jul. 2013.
74. D. K. Freeman, J. S. Jeng, S. K. Kelly, E. Hartveit, and S. I. Fried, "Calcium channel dynamics limit synaptic release in response to prosthetic stimulation with sinusoidal waveforms," J. Neural Eng., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 322-334, Apr. 2011.
75. R. J. Jensen and J. F. Rizzo III, "Responses of ganglion cells to repetitive electrical stimulation of the retina," J. Neural Eng., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 78-88, Jan. 2007.
76. C. Sekirnjak, P. Hottowy, A. Sher, W. Dabrowski, A. M. Litke, and E. J. Chichilnisky, "Electrical stimulation of mammalian retinal ganglion cells with multielectrode arrays," J. Neurophys., vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 3311-3327, Jun. 2010.
77. A. K. Ahuja, M. R. Behrend, M. Kuroda, M. S. Humayun, and J. D. Weiland, "An in vitro model of a retinal prosthesis," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1744-1753, Jun. 2008.