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1
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84899685155
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The present article concerns what might be described as "motor" MNs-that is, MNs that are responsive during the observation and performance of actions
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The present article concerns what might be described as "motor" MNs-that is, MNs that are responsive during the observation and performance of actions.
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2
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84899667515
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There may be neurons with analogous properties involved in empathetic emotional and somatosensory responses
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There may be neurons with analogous properties involved in empathetic emotional and somatosensory responses.
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3
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84899696173
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This interesting possibility is beyond the scope of the present article
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This interesting possibility is beyond the scope of the present article
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4
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84899668661
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But for discussion of how an associative framework may be applied to the origins of empathic mirroring, see Heyes and Bird
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But for discussion of how an associative framework may be applied to the origins of empathic mirroring, see Heyes and Bird.
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5
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84899675316
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Infant research suggesting that tongue-protrusion "imitation" improves over trials, in the absence of visual feedback, has been taken as evidence against the view that this "imitation" effect is really a nonspecific exploratory response (Soussignan et al 2011
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Infant research suggesting that tongue-protrusion "imitation" improves over trials, in the absence of visual feedback, has been taken as evidence against the view that this "imitation" effect is really a nonspecific exploratory response (Soussignan et al. 2011.
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6
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84899700679
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However, a recent experiment showing that even adults cannot improve their imitative performance in the absence of visual feedback suggests that the trends observed in the infant data may not have been signs of improvement
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However, a recent experiment showing that even adults cannot improve their imitative performance in the absence of visual feedback suggests that the trends observed in the infant data may not have been signs of improvement .
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7
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84899686262
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Central alpha suppression is often seen alongside attenuation of beta band (∼15-30 Hz) oscillations, and beta effects are thought to reflect motor processing
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Central alpha suppression is often seen alongside attenuation of beta band (∼15-30 Hz) oscillations, and beta effects are thought to reflect motor processing.
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8
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84899695725
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The sum of the two effects is defined as "mu suppression" (Hari & Salmelin 1997
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The sum of the two effects is defined as "mu suppression" (Hari & Salmelin 1997)
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9
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84899697135
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but this term is often used more liberally in the MN literature, to refer to effects observed solely in the alpha band
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but this term is often used more liberally in the MN literature, to refer to effects observed solely in the alpha band.
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10
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84899678113
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Monkey studies reporting this information suggest that MN responses start around 250 msec after observed movement onset (di Pellegrino et al. 1992
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Monkey studies reporting this information suggest that MN responses start around 250 msec after observed movement onset (di Pellegrino et al. 1992;
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11
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84899690271
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In humans, EEG and MEG data indicate that complex visual stimuli, including actions, reach PMC and motor areas in around 300 msec (Nishitani & Hari 2000; 2002; Proverbio et al. 2009; Sitnikova et al. 2003);
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In humans, EEG and MEG data indicate that complex visual stimuli, including actions, reach PMC and motor areas in around 300 msec (Nishitani & Hari 2000; 2002; Proverbio et al. 2009; Sitnikova et al. 2003);
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12
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84899668413
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while muscle-specific patterns of MEP facilitation are present from 200 msec after observed action onset (Cavallo et al. 2013)
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while muscle-specific patterns of MEP facilitation are present from 200 msec after observed action onset (Cavallo et al. 2013).
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13
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84899677620
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The need to control for "action perception" is suggested byRizzolatti and Sinigaglia's definition of "action understanding
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The need to control for "action perception" is suggested byRizzolatti and Sinigaglia's definition of "action understanding
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14
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84899697391
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Understanding "'from the inside' as amotor possibility, rather than 'fromthe outside' as a mere visual description" (Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia 2010, p. 265
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Understanding "'from the inside' as amotor possibility, rather than 'fromthe outside' as a mere visual description" (Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia 2010, p. 265).
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15
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84899684005
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However, the potential circularity of defining perception as "merely visual" underlines the need for system-level theory
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However, the potential circularity of defining perception as "merely visual" underlines the need for system-level theory.
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