Diseases of the heart and vessels

Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 695-743

  Young, Lesley E ^a   van Loon, Gunther ^b  

^a Specialist Cardiology Services   (United Kingdom)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899659047     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4771-8.00032-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (199)

1. Kriz NG, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ Prevalence and clinical importance of heart murmurs in racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216(9):1441-1445.
2. Patteson MW, Cripps PJ A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses. Equine Vet J 1993, 25(5):409-415.
3. Young LE, Wood JL Effect of age and training on murmurs of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation in young Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2000, 32(3):195-199.
4. Young LE, Wood JLN Effect of age and training on Thoroughbred valvular competence. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum 2001, 347-348.
5. Martin BB, Reef VB, Parente EJ, et al. Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216(4):554-558.
6. Naylor JM, Yadernuk LM, Pharr JW, et al. An assessment of the ability of diplomates, practitioners, and students to describe and interpret recordings of heart murmurs and arrhythmia. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15(6):507-515.
7. Patterson DF, Detweiler DK, Glendenning SA Heart sounds and murmurs of the normal horse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965, 127(1):242-305.
8. Welker FH, Muir WW An investigation of the second heart sound in the normal horse. Equine Vet J 1990, 22(6):403-407.
9. Scheffer CW, Robben JH, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM Continuous monitoring of ECG in horses at rest and during exercise. Vet Rec 1995, 137(15):371-374.
10. Hall MC, Steel JD, Stewart GA Cardiac monitoring during exercise tests in the horse. 2. Heart rate responses to exercise. Aust Vet J 1976, 52(1):1-5.
11. Holmes JR Equine electrocardiography - Some practical hints on technique. Equine Vet J 1984, 16(5):477-479.
12. Physick-Sheard PW, Hendren CM Heart score: Physiological basis and confounding variables 1998, Burlington Press Ltd, Cambridge.
13. Patteson MW Equine cardiology 1996, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
14. Hamlin RL, Klepinger WL, Gilpin KW, et al. Autonomic control of heart rate in the horse. Am J Physiol 1972, 222(4):976-978.
15. Raekallio M Long term ECG recording with Holter monitoring in clinically healthy horses. Acta Vet Scand 1992, 33(1):71-75.
16. Reef VB, Clark ES, Oliver JA, et al. Implantation of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter in a horse with complete heart block and syncope. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 189(4):449-452.
17. Reef VB, Levitan CW, Spencer PA Factors affecting prognosis and conversion in equine atrial fibrillation. J Vet Intern Med 1988, 2(1):1-6.
18. Deem DA, Fregin GF Atrial fibrillation in horses: a review of 106 clinical cases, with consideration of prevalence, clinical signs, and prognosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180(3):261-265.
19. Bonagura JD Equine heart disease. An overview. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985, 1(2):267-274.
20. Reimer JM, Reef VB, Sweeney RW Ventricular arrhythmias in horses: 21 cases (1984-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 201(8):1237-1243.
21. Cornick JL, Seahorn TL Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197(8):1054-1059.
22. Fregin GF, Deem DA Epistaxis in horses with atrial fibrillation. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 1980, 26(Nov):431-433.
23. Holmes JR, Henigan M, Williams RB, et al. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in racehorses. Equine Vet J 1986, 18(1):37-42.
24. Rose RJ, Davis PE Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a racehorse. Aust Vet J 1977, 53(11):545-549.
25. Gelzer AR, Moise NS, Vaidya D, et al. Temporal organization of atrial activity and irregular ventricular rhythm during spontaneous atrial fibrillation: an in vivo study in the horse. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000, 11(7):773-784.
26. Nostell K, Haggstrom J Resting concentrations of cardiac troponin I in fit horses and effect of racing. J Vet Cardiol 2008, 10(2):105-109.
27. Packer M How should physicians view heart-failure - the philosophical and physiological evolution of 3 conceptual models of the disease. Am J Cardiol 1993, 71(9):C3-11.
28. Smith TW, Braunwald E, Kelly RA The management of heart failure. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine 1992, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. E. Braunwald (Ed.).
29. McGuirk SM, Muir WW Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985, 1(2):353-370.
30. Reef VB, Reimer JM, Spencer PA Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses: new perspectives. J Vet Intern Med 1995, 9(2):57-67.
31. Muir WW, Reed SM, McGuirk SM Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses by intravenous administration of quinidine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197(12):1607-1610.
32. Marr CM Treatment of arrhythmias and cardiac failure. Current therapy in equine medicine 1997, 250-259. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
33. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Schauvliege S, et al. Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in six horses using custom made cardioversion catheters. Vet J 2008, 177:198-204.
34. McGurrin MKJ, Physick-Sheard PW, Kenney DG, et al. transvenous electrical cardioversion in equine atrial fibrillation: technique and successful treatment of 3 horses. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17(5):715-718.
35. McGurrin MKJ, Physick-Sheard PW, Kenney DG Transvenous electrical cardioversion of equine atrial fibrillation: patient factors and clinical results in 72 treatment episodes. J Vet Intern Med 2008, 22(3):609-615.
36. van Loon G, Jordaens L, Muylle E, et al. Intracardiac overdrive pacing as a treatment of atrial flutter in a horse. Vet Rec 1998, 142(12):301-303.
37. McGuirk SM, Muir WW, Sams RA Pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenously and orally administered quinidine in horses. Am J Vet Res 1981, 42(6):938-942.
38. Opie LH Drugs for the heart 1995, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 4th ed.
39. Fagbemi SO, Chi L, Lucchesi BR Antifibrillatory and profibrillatory actions of selected class I antiarrhythmic agents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993, 21(5):709-719.
40. Wang J, Bourne GW, Wang Z, et al. Comparative mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug action in experimental atrial fibrillation. Importance of use-dependent effects on refractoriness. Circulation 1993, 88(3):1030-1044.
41. Miller MR, McNamara RL, Segal JB, et al. Efficacy of agents for pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibrillation and subsequent maintenance of sinus rhythm - a meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Fam Pract 2000, 49(11):1033-1046.
42. Naccarelli GV, Dorian P, Hohnloser SH, et al. Prospective comparison of flecainide verses quinidine for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation flutter. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77(3):A53-A59.
43. Ohmura H, Hiraga A, Aida H, et al. Determination of oral dosage and pharmacokinetic analysis of flecainide in horses. J Vet Med Sci 2001, 63(5):511-514.
44. Ohmura H, Nukada T, Mizuno Y, et al. Safe and efficacious dosage of flecainide acetate for treating equine atrial fibrillation. J Vet Med Sci 2000, 62(7):711-715.
45. van Loon G, Blissitt KJ, Keen JA, et al. Use of intravenous flecainide in horses with naturally-occuring atrial fibrillation. Equine Vet J 2004, 36(7):609-615.
46. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Baert K, et al. Effects of an adapted intravenous amiodarone treatment protocol in horses with atrial fibrillation. Equine Vet J 2007, 39(4):344-349.
47. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Baert K, et al. Intravenous amiodarone treatment in horses with chronic atrial fibrillation. Vet J 2006, 172:129-134.
48. De Clercq D, Baert K, Croubels S, et al. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenously and orally administered amiodarone in horses. Am J Vet Res 2006, 67(3):448-454.
49. van Loon G. Methods of treatment and new management techniques in horses with atrial fibrillation. Paper presented at Veterinary Cardiovascular Society, 2003. Loughborough, UK.
50. Jesty SA, Kraus M, Gelzer A, et al. Effect of transvenous electrical cardioversion on plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with atrial fibrillation. J Vet Intern Med 2009, 23(5):1103-1107.
51. Johnston GM, Eastment JK, Wood JLN, et al. The confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF): mortality results of Phases 1 and 2. Vet Anaesth Analg 2002, 29(4):159-170.
52. Schauvliege S, van Loon G, De Clercq D, et al. Cardiovascular responses to transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in anaesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009, 36(4):341-351.
53. van Loon G, De Clercq D, Tavernier R, et al. Transient complete atrioventricular block following transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in a horse. Vet J 2005, 170(1):124-127.
54. Preiss EE, Kenney DG, McGurrin MKJ, et al. Influence of electrode position on cardioversion energy requirements during transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses. Am J Vet Res 2011, 72(9):1193-1203.
55. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Tavernier R, et al. Atrial and ventricular electrical and contractile remodeling and reverse remodeling owing to short-term pacing-induced atrial fibrillation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2008, 22(6):1353-1359.
56. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Tavernier R, et al. What happens after induction and termination of chronic atrial fibrillation in horses?. Association Vétérinaire Equine Française (AVEF) 2009, 204-205. Deauville, France.
57. van Loon G, Duytschaever M, Tavernier R, et al. An equine model of chronic atrial fibrillation: methodology. Vet J 2002, 164(2):142-150.
58. van Loon G. Atrial fibrillation in equines: prevalence, symptoms and pathophysiology. Paper presented at: Veterinary Cardiovascular Society, 2003. Loughborough, UK.
59. Verheyen T, Decloedt A, Van Der Vekens N, et al. Ventricular response during lunging exercise in horses with lone atrial fibrillation. Equine Vet J 2012, 45(3):309-314.
60. Moore EN, Spear JF Electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation. Heart Vessels Suppl 1987, 2:32-39.
61. Nattel S New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature 2002, 415(6868):219-226.
62. Coumel P Management of atrial fibrillation. Isr J Med Sci 1996, 32(10):871-872.
63. Coumel P, Thomas O, Leenhardt A Drug therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77(3):A3-A9.
64. Muir WW, McGuirk SM Hemodynamics before and after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184(8):965-970.
65. Collatos C, Clark ES, Reef VB, et al. Septicemia, atrial-fibrillation, cardiomegaly, left atrial mass, and Rhodococcus equi septic osteoarthritis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197(8):1039-1042.
66. Gelberg HB, Smetzer DL, Foreman JH Pulmonary hypertension as a cause of atrial fibrillation in young horses: four cases (1980-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991, 198(4):679-682.
67. Else RW, Holmes JR Pathological changes in atrial fibrillation in the horse. Equine Vet J 1971, 3(1):56-64.
68. Schwarzwald CC, Schober KE, Bonagura JD Echocardiographic evidence of left atrial mechanical dysfunction after conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in 5 horses. J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21(4):820-827.
69. Ohmura H, Hiraga A, Takahashi T, et al. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation during racing in slow-finishing horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003, 223(1):84-88.
70. Petch MC Atrial fibrillation: bad news for man and horse?. Equine Vet J 1986, 18(1):3-4.
71. Buhl R Valvular regurgitations in the horse: the importance of an exercise ECG. Vet J 2010, 183(2):117-118.
72. Barbesgaard L, Buhl R, Meldgaard C Prevalence of exercise-associated arrhythmias in normal performing dressage horses. Equine Vet J 2010, 42:202-207.
73. Ryan N, Marr CM, McGladdery AJ Survey of cardiac arrhythmias during submaximal and maximal exercise in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2005, 37(3):265-268.
74. Else RW, Holmes JR Cardiac pathology in the horse. 1. Gross pathology. Equine Vet J 1972, 4(1):1-8.
75. Else RW, Holmes JR Cardiac pathology in the horse. 2. Microscopic pathology. Equine Vet J 1972, 4(2):57-62.
76. Button C, Scrutchfield WL, Clark RG, et al. Multiple atrial dysrhythmias in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980, 177(8):714-719.
77. Buhl R, Meldgaard C, Barbesgaard L Cardiac arrhythmias in clinically healthy showjumping horses. Equine Vet J 2010, 42:196-201.
78. Marr CM, Reef VB, Brazil TJ, et al. Aorto-cardiac fistulas in seven horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998, 39(1):22-31.
79. Leroux AJ, Schott HC, Hines MT Ventricular tachycardia associated with exhaustive exercise in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 207(3):335-337.
80. Physick-Sheard PW, McGurrin MKJ Ventricular arrhythmias during race recovery in Standardbred Racehorses and associations with autonomic activity. J Vet Intern Med 2010, 24(5):1158-1166.
81. Jose-Cunilleras E, Young LE, Newton JR, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias during and after treadmill exercise in poorly performing Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006, 163-170.
82. Paterson DJ Antiarrhythmic mechanisms during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996, 80(6):1853-1862.
83. Diana A, Guglielmini C, Candini D, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with piroplasmosis in the horse: A case report. Vet J 2007, 174(1):193-195.
84. Verheyen T, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, et al. Cardiac changes in horses with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012, 26(4):1019-1026.
85. Durie I, van Loon G, De Clercq D, et al. Nerium oleander intoxication in horses: 3 cases. Paper presented at: 47th British Equine Veterinary Association Congress; April 10-14, 2008, Liverpool, UK.
86. Lyle CH, Blissitt KJ, Kennedy RN, et al. Risk factors for race-associated sudden death in Thoroughbred racehorses in the UK (2000-2007). Equine Vet J 2012, 44(4):459-465.
87. Opie LH Electricity out of control: ventricular arrhythmias 1998, Lippincott Raven, New York.
88. Cranley JJ, McCullagh KG Ischaemic myocardial fibrosis and aortic strongylosis in the horse. Equine Vet J 1981, 13(1):35-42.
89. Kiryu K, Machida N, Kashida Y, et al. Pathologic and electrocardiographic findings in sudden cardiac death in racehorses. J Vet Med Sci 1999, 61(8):921-928.
90. Traub-Dargatz JL, Schlipf JW, Boon J, et al. Ventricular tachycardia and myocardial dysfunction in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 205(11):1569-1573.
91. Machida N, Nakamura T, Kiryu K, et al. Cardiopathological observation on a case of persistent ventricular tachycardia in a pony mare. J Vet Med Sci 1992, 54(6):1213-1216.
92. Lyle CH, Uzal FA, McGorum BC, et al. Sudden death in racing Thoroughbred horses: an international multicentre study of post mortem findings. Equine Vet J 2011, 43(3):324-331.
93. van Loon G, Laevens H, Deprez P Temporary transvenous atrial pacing in horses: threshold determination. Equine Vet J 2001, 33(3):290-295.
94. van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, et al. Dual chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15(6):564-571.
95. van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, et al. Implantation of a dual-chamber, rate-adaptive pacemaker in a horse with suspected sick sinus syndrome. Vet Rec 2002, 151(20):541-545.
96. Hamir AN, Reef VB Complications of a permanent transvenous pacing catheter in a horse. J Comp Pathol 1989, 101(3):317-326.
97. Zucca E, Ferrucci F, Stancari G, et al. The Prevalence of cardiac murmurs among standardbred racehorses presented with poor performance. J Vet Med Sci 2010, 72(6):781-785.
98. Reef VB Heart murmurs in horses: determining their significance with echocardiography. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, (19):71-80.
99. Reef VB, Bain FT, Spencer PA Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings. Equine Vet J 1998, 30(1):18-27.
100. Young LE, Rogers K, Wood JLN Heart murmurs and valvular regurgitation in Thoroughbred racehorses: epidemiology and associations with athletic performance. J Vet Intern Med 2008, 22(2):418-426.
101. Buhl R, Ersboll AK, Eriksen L, et al. Use of color Doppler echocardiography to assess the development of valvular regurgitation in Standardbred trotters. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 227(10):1630-1635.
102. Young LE Cardiac responses to training in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds: an echocardiographic study. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:195-198.
103. Maxson AD, Reef VB Bacterial endocarditis in horses: ten cases (1984-1995). Equine Vet J 1997, 29(5):394-399.
104. Buergelt CD, Cooley AJ, Hines SA, et al. Endocarditis in six horses. Vet Pathol 1985, 22(4):333-337.
105. Ewart S, Brown C, Derksen F, et al. Serratia marcescens endocarditis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 200(7):961-963.
106. McCormick BS, Peet RL, Downes K Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vegetative endocarditis in a horse. Aust Vet J 1985, 62(11). 392.
107. Dedrick P, Reef VB, Sweeney RW, et al. Treatment of bacterial endocarditis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988, 193(3):339-342.
108. Long KJ Doppler echocardiography - clinical applications. Equine Vet Educ 1993, 5:161-166.
109. Long KJ Echocardiographic studies of valvular and ventricular function in horses 1993, [PhD], University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Edinburgh.
110. Helwegen MM, Young LE, Rogers K, et al. Measurements of right ventricular internal dimensions and their relationships to severity of tricuspid valve regurgitation in national hunt Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006, 36:171-177.
111. Buhl R, Ersboll AK, Eriksen L, et al. Changes over time in echocardiographic measurements in young Standardbred racehorses undergoing training and racing and association with racing performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 226(11):1881-1887.
112. Zucca E, Ferrucci F, Stancari G, et al. Evaluation of cardiac Troponin I serum concentration in standardbred horses before and after strenuous exercise on treadmill. Ippologia 2010, 21(4):3-9.
113. Lightfoot G, Jose-Cunilleras E, Rogers K, et al. An echocardiographic and auscultation study of right heart responses to training in young National Hunt Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2006, 38(S36):153-158.
114. Buhl R, Ersboll AK Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012, 240(2):205-212.
115. Pollak SJ, McMillan SA, Knopff WD, et al. Cardiac evaluation of women distance runners by echocardiographic color Doppler flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 11(1):89-93.
116. Davis JL, Gardner SY, Schwabenton B, et al. Congestive heart failure in horses: 14 cases (1984-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 220(10):1512-1515.
117. Holmes JR, Miller PJ Three cases of ruptured mitral valve chordae in the horse. Equine Vet J 1984, 16(2):125-135.
118. Reef VB Mitral valvular insufficiency associated with ruptured chordae tendineae in three foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987, 191(3):329-331.
119. Marr CM, Love S, Pirie HM, et al. Confirmation by Doppler echocardiography of valvular regurgitation in a horse with a ruptured chorda tendinea of the mitral valve. Vet Rec 1990, 127(15):376-379.
120. Reef VB Evaluation of ventricular septal defects in horses using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, (19):86-95.
121. Reef VB, Spencer P Echocardiographic evaluation of equine aortic insufficiency. Am J Vet Res 1987, 48(6):904-909.
122. Bonagura JD, Pipers FS Echocardiographic features of aortic valve endocarditis in a dog, a cow, and a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182(6):595-599.
123. Stevens KB, Marr CM, Horn JNR, et al. Effect of left-sided valvular regurgitation on mortality and causes of death among a population of middle-aged and older horses. Vet Rec 2009, 164(1):6-10.
124. Taylor SE, Else RW, Keen JA Congenital aortic valve dysplasia in a Clydesdale foal. Equine Vet Educ 2007, 19(9):463-468.
125. Horn JNR Sympathetic nervous control of cardiac function and its role in equine heart disease 2002, [PhD], University of London, United Kingdom, London.
126. Reppas GP, Canfield PJ, Hartley WJ, et al. Multiple congenital cardiac anomalies and idiopathic thoracic aortitis in a horse. Vet Rec 1996, 138(1):14-16.
127. Bayly WM, Reed SM, Leathers CW, et al. Multiple congenital heart anomalies in five Arabian foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 181(7):684-689.
128. Zamora CS, Vitums A, Nyrop KA, et al. Atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice with complete transposition of the great arteries in a horse. Anat Histol Embryol 1989, 18(2):177-182.
129. Vitums A, Bayly WM Pulmonary atresia with dextroposition of the aorta and ventricular septal defect in three Arabian foals. Vet Pathol 1982, 19(2):160-168.
130. Vitums A, Grant BD, Stone EC, et al. Transposition of the aorta and atresia of the pulmonary trunk in a horse. Cornell Vet 1973, 63(1):41-57.
131. Critchley KL An interventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and bicuspid pulmonary valve in a Welsh pony foal. Equine Vet J 1976, 8(4):176-178.
132. Muylle E, De Roose P, Oyaert W, et al. An interventricular septal defect and a tricuspid valve insufficiency in a trotter mare. Equine Vet J 1974, 6(4):174-176.
133. Prickett ME, Reeves JT, Zent WW Tetralogy of fallot in a Thoroughbred foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973, 162(7):552-555.
134. Gumbrell RC Atresia of the tricuspid valve in a foal. N Z Vet J 1970, 18(11):253-256.
135. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Deprez P Truncus arteriosus persistens in an Arabian foal. Vlaams Diergeneesk Tijdschr 2007, 76(1):49-54.
136. Crowe MW, Swerczek TW Equine congenital defects. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46(2):353-358.
137. van Loon G, Deprez P Echographic diagnosis of complex congenital cardiac anomalies in two adult horses. Vlaams Diergeneesk Tijdschr 1998, 67(5):288-292.
138. Bezerra PS, Driemeier D, Loretti AP, et al. Monensin poisoning in Brazilian horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 1999, 41(6):383-385.
139. Bila CG, Perreira CL, Gruys E Accidental monensin toxicosis in horses in Mozambique. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2001, 72(3):163-164.
140. Doonan GR, Brown CM, Mullaney TP, et al. Monensin poisoning in horses - an international incident. Can Vet J 1989, 30(2):165-169.
141. Hughes KJ, Hoffmann KL, Hodgson DR Long-term assessment of horses and ponies post exposure to monensin sodium in commercial feed. Equine Vet J 2009, 41(1):47-52.
142. Muylle E, Vandenhende C, Oyaert W, et al. Delayed monensin sodium toxicity in horses. Equine Vet J 1981, 13(2):107-108.
143. Nuytten J, Bruynooghe D, Muylle E, et al. Accidental monensin intoxication in horses - acute and subacute symptoms. Vlaams Diergeneesk Tijdschr 1981, 50(4):242-249.
144. Sarcey G, Lorgne G Equine intoxications by polyether antibiotics. Pratique Veterinaire Equine 1993, 23:45-50.
145. Guthrie AJ, Killeen VM, Mulders MS, et al. Use of the cardiopulmonary flow index to evaluate cardiac function in Thoroughbred horses. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1991, 62(2):43-47.
146. Decloedt A, Verheyen T, De Clercq D, et al. Acute and long-term cardiomyopathy and delayed neurotoxicity after accidental lasalocid poisoning in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2012, 26(4):1005-1011.
147. Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging and 2-dimensional speckle tracking of left ventricular function in horses exposed to lasalocid. J Vet Intern Med 2012, 26(5):1209-1216.
148. Freel KM, Morrison LR, Thompson H, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as a cause of unexpected cardiac death in two horses. Vet Rec 2010, 166(23):718-721.
149. Reef VB Stress echocardiography and its role in performance assessment. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2001, 17(1):179-189.
150. Reef VB Electrocardiography and echocardiography in the exercising horse. Current therapy in equine medicine 1997, 234-239. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
151. Feigenbaum H Evolution of stress-testing. Circulation 1992, 85(3):1217-1218.
152. Durando MM, Reef VB, Birks EK Right ventricular pressure dynamics: relationship to stress echocardiography. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:472-477.
153. Fisher EW, Pirie HM, Andrew H Clinical-pathological correlation of an equine cardiac arrhythmia. Vet Rec 1970, 86(17):499-502.
154. Schwarzwald CC, Hardy J, Buccellato M High cardiac troponin I serum concentration in a horse with multiform ventricular tachycardia and myocardial necrosis. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17(3):364-368.
155. Blomme EAG, La Perle KMD, Wilkins PA, et al. Ionophore toxicity in horses. Equine Vet Educ 1999, 11(3):153-158.
156. Matsuoka T, Novilla MN, Thomson TD, et al. Review of monensin toxicosis in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1996, 16(1):8-15.
157. Dickinson CE, TraubDargatz JL, Dargatz DA, et al. Rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses: 32 cases (1973-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 208(11):1866-1871.
158. Opie LH Heart failure and neurohumoral responses 1998, Lippincott Raven, New York.
159. Visseren FLJ, Bouwman JJM, Bouter KP, et al. Procoagulant activity of endothelial cells after infection with respiratory viruses. Thromb Haemost 2000, 84(2):319-324.
160. Del Piero F Equine viral arteritis. Vet Pathol 2000, 37(4):287-296.
161. Brown CC, Meyer RF, Grubman MJ Presence of African horse sickness virus in equine tissues, as determined by in situ hybridization. Vet Pathol 1994, 31(6):689-694.
162. Machida N, Taniguchi T, Nakamura T, et al. Cardio-histopathological observations on aborted equine fetuses infected with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). J Comp Pathol 1997, 116(4):379-385.
163. Powell DG Equine infectious respiratory disease. Vet Rec 1995, 96:30-34.
164. Wilson WD Equine influenza. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993, 9(2):257-282.
165. Worth LT, Reef VB Pericarditis in horses: 18 cases (1986-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212(2):248-253.
166. Freestone JF, Thomas WP, Carlson GP, et al. Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse. Equine Vet J 1987, 19(1):38-42.
167. Hardy J, Robertson JT, Reed SM Constrictive pericarditis in a mare - attempted treatment by partial pericardiectomy. Equine Vet J 1992, 24(2):151-154.
168. Seahorn JL, Slovis NM, Reimer JM, et al. Case-control study of factors associated with fibrinous pericarditis among horses in central Kentucky during spring 2001. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003, 223(6):832-838.
169. Dwyer RM, Garber L, Traub-Dargatz J, et al. An epidemiological investigation of mare reproductive loss syndrome: breaking ground on a new disease. Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Vicenary Proceedings 2002, 44-47.
170. Webb BA, Barney WE, Dahlman DL, et al. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) cause mare reproductive loss syndrome. J Insect Physiol 2004, 50(2-3):185-193.
171. van Loon G, De Clercq D, De Bruijn CM, et al. Clinical findings and diagnosis of aortopulmonary fistula in 4 Friesian horses. Paper presented at 49th British Equine Veterinary Association congress; September 8-11, 2010, Birmingham, UK.
172. van Loon G, De clercq D, De Bruijn CM, et al. Aortic rupture and aortopulmonary fistulation: increased prevalence in Friesian horses and importance of early ante-mortem diagnosis. Paper presented at: 39ième Congrès de l'Association Vétérinaires Equines Française; 2-4 December 2011, Lyon, France.
173. Javsicas LH, Giguere S, Maisenbacher HW, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of an aorto-cardiac fistula in a Thoroughbred stallion using an Amplatzer occluder device. J Vet Intern Med 2010, 24(4):994-998.
174. van Loon G, Verheyen T, Decloedt A, et al. Use of a transcatheter occlusion device in a 9-year old Friesian gelding with aortopulmonary fistula. Paper presented at: 44th European Veterinary Conference Voorjaarsdagen; April 27-29, 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
175. Platt H Sudden and unexpected deaths in horses - a review of 69 cases. Br Vet J 1982, 138(5):417-429.
176. Gelberg HB, Zachary JF, Everitt JI, et al. Sudden-death in training and racing Thoroughbred horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985, 187(12):1354-1356.
177. Brown CM, Kaneene JB, Taylor RF Sudden and unexpected death in horses and ponies - an analysis of 200 cases. Equine Vet J 1988, 20(2):99-103.
178. Sleeper MM, Durando MM, Miller M, et al. Aortic root disease in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 219(4):491-496.
179. Derksen FJ, Reed SM, Hall CC Aneurysm of the aortic-arch and bicarotid trunk in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981, 179(7):692-694.
180. Reef VB, Klumpp S, Maxson AD, et al. Echocardiographic detection of an intact aneurysm in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197(6):752-755.
181. Shirai W, Momotani E, Sato T, et al. Dissecting aortic aneurysm in a horse. J Comp Pathol 1999, 120(3):307-311.
182. Holmes JR, Rezakhani A, Else RW Rupture of a dissecting aortic aneurysm into the left pulmonary artery in a horse. Equine Vet J 1973, 5(2):65-70.
183. Roby KA, Reef VB, Shaw DP, et al. Rupture of an aortic sinus aneurysm in a 15-year-old broodmare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 189(3):305-308.
184. Arnold CE, Payne M, Thompson JA, et al. Periparturient, hemorrhage in mares: 73 cases (1998-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008, 232(9):1345-1351.
185. Frederick J, Giguere S, Butterworth K, et al. Severe phenylephrine-associated hemorrhage in five aged horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010, 237(7):830-834.
186. van Loon G, De Witte M, Rossel N, et al. Measurement of arterial diameter distension to assess arterial wall stiffness in horses: preliminary results. Paper presented at 5th Congress of the European College of Equine Internal Medicine February 2-4, 2012, Edinburgh, UK.
187. Dyson SJ, Worth LT Aortailiacofemoral thrombosis 1997, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
188. Maxie MG, Physick-sheard PW Aortic-iliac thrombosis in horses. Vet Pathol 1985, 22(3):238-249.
189. Reef VB, Roby KAW, Richardson DW, et al. Use of ultrasonography for the detection of aortic-iliac thrombosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987, 190(3):286-288.
190. Boswell JC, Marr CM, Cauvin ER, et al. The use of scintigraphy in the diagnosis of aortic-iliac thrombosis in a horse. Equine Vet J 1999, 31(6):537-541.
191. Branscom BL Treatment of arterial thrombosis in a horse with sodium gluconate. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968, 152(11):1643-1646.
192. Harris PA Musculoskeletal system. Equine internal medicine 1998, 371-426. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. S.M. Reed, W.M. Bayly (Eds.).
193. Morgan SJ, Stromberg PC, Storts RW, et al. Histology and morphometry of Strongylus vulgaris-mediated equine mesenteric arteritis. J Comp Pathol 1991, 104(1):89-99.
194. Lankveld DPK, Ensink JM, van Dijk P, et al. Factors influencing the occurrence of thrombophlebitis after post-surgical long-term intravenous catheterization of colic horses: a study of 38 cases. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2001, 48(9):545-552.
195. Rijkenhuizen AB, van Swieten HA Reconstruction of the jugular vein in horses with post thrombophlebitis stenosis using saphenous vein graft. Equine Vet J 1998, 30(3):236-239.
196. Wiemer P, Ugahary F Surgical treatment of complete thrombosis of the jugular vein in a horse with a synthetic vascular graft. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1998, 123(2):40-44.
197. Ben Chehida N, Bellagha A, Bardi K Treatment of thromobophlebitis in a horse using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis. Pratique Veterinaire Equine 1994, 26:169-173.
198. Brianceau P, Divers TJ Acute thrombosis of limb arteries in horses with sepsis: five cases (1988-1998). Equine Vet J 2001, 33(1):105-109.
199. Morris DD Cutaneous vasculitis in horses - 19 cases (1978-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987, 191(4):460-464.