Nations of Emigrants: Shifting Boundaries of Citizenship in El Salvador and the United States

Nations of Emigrants: Shifting Boundaries of Citizenship in El Salvador and the United States

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-263

  Coutin, Susan Bibler ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899516898     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (426)

1. 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Available at http://www.unhcr .org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10. Accessed 17 March 2006.
2. ábrego, Geovanny. 2004. "El monumento que sólo ha sido renombrado en papel." La Prensa Gráfica, 3 August. Available at http://www.laprensagrafica.com/ gransansalvador/gransansalvador1.asp. Accessed 3 August 2004.
3. Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
4. Aguayo, Sergio, and Patricia Weiss Fagen. 1988. Central Americans in Mexico and the United States: Unilateral, Bilateral, and Regional Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Center for Immigration Policy and Refugee Assistance.
5. Allen, Mike. 2004. "Bush to Seek Immigrant Benefit Protection." Washington Post, 4 January, A5.
6. Amaya Cóbar, Edgardo A., and Gustavo Federico Palmieri. 2000. "Debilidad institucional, impunidad y violencia." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición: Ensayos, edited by Carlos Guillermo Ramos et al., 75-114. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
7. American Baptist Churches v. Meese. 1987. No. C-85-3255 RFP, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, 666 F. Supp. 1358.
8. American Baptist Churches v. Meese. 1989. No. C-85-3255 RFP, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, 712 F. Supp. 756.
9. American Baptists Churches v. Thornburgh. 1991. No. C-85-3225-RFP, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, 760 F. Supp. 796.
10. American Civil Liberties Union. 2003. "ACLU and Coalition of Immigrants' Rights Groups 'Register Discontent' with Government's Immigration Registration Program." 10 January. Available at http://www.aclu.org. Accessed 10 February 2006.
11. American Embassy San Salvador. 1998. "Emigrants and Remittances: A Vital Factor in El Salvador's Economy." Antiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador. Embajada Americana.
12. American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA). 2003. "Immigration Works! It's Who We Are: National Awareness Campaign." Available at http://sequoia .forest.net/tshirts/aila/action.lasso?-database=ashaorder.fp5&response=welcome2 .lasso&-add. Accessed 30 September 2003.
13. American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA). 2005. "The REAL ID Act of 2005: Summary and Selected Analysis of Provisions Included in the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Package (H.R. 1268)." Available at http://www.nclr.org/files/33168_file_AILA_REAL_ID_ Summary_of_Selected_Provisions_as_Passed_in_Emergency_Supplemental_ H_R_1268.pdf. Accessed 4 October 2006.
14. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. ed. London: Verso.
15. Andrade-Eekhoff, Katharine. 2003. Mitos y realidades: El impacto económico de la migración en los hogares rurales. San Salvador: FLACSO Programa El Salvador.
16. Andreas, Peter. 2000. Border Games: Policing the US-Mexico Divide. Ithaca: Cornell.
17. Anton, Mike. 2001. "Collateral Damage in War on Terrorism: A Sikh Immigrant Is Killed at His Gas Station." Los Angeles Times, 22 September. Available at http://www.latimes.com. Accessed 15 February 2006.
18. Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. "Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value." In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by A. Appadurai, 3-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Arendt, Hannah. 1966. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
20. Aretxaga, Begoña. 1995. "Dirty Protest: Symbolic Overdetermination and Gender in Northern Ireland Ethnic Violence." Ethos 23, no. 2: 123-48.
21. Arnson, Cynthia J. 1989. Crossroads: Congress, the Reagan Administration, and Central America. New York: Pantheon Books.
22. Asch, Beth J., and C. Reichmann, eds. 1994. Emigration and Its Effects on the Sending Country. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, Center for Research on Immigration Policy.
23. Athukorala, Premachandra. 1992. "The Use of Migrant Remittances in Development: Lessons from the Asian Experience." Journal of International Development 4, no. 5: 511-29.
24. Axel, Brian Keith. 2004. "The Context of Diaspora." Cultural Anthropology 19, no. 1: 26-60.
25. Bach, Robert L. 1978. "Mexican Immigration and the American State." International Migration Review 12, no. 4: 536-58.
26. Bach, Robert L. 1990. "Immigration and U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean." In Immigration and U.S. Foreign Policy, edited by Robert W. Tucker, Charles B. Keely, and Linda Wrigley, 123-49. Boulder: Westview Press.
27. Bailey, Adrian J., and Joshua G. Hane. 1995. "Population in Motion: Salvadorean Refugees and Circulation Migration." Bulletin of Latin American Research 14, no. 2: 171-200.
28. Baker, Susan González. 1997. "The 'Amnesty' Aftermath: Current Policy Issues Stemming from the Legalization Programs of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act." International Migration Review 31, no. 1: 5-27.
29. Baker-Cristales, Beth. 2004. Salvadoran Migration to Southern California: Redefining El Hermano Lejano. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
30. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador. 2003. "U.S. $1,935.2 Millones: Remesas Familiares en 2002." Comunicado de Prensa No. 1/2003. Available at http://www.bcr.gob.sv/publicaciones/comunicados.html. Accessed 10 July 2003.
31. Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador. 2006. "Remesas familiares acendieron a US $2,830.2 millones en 2005." Comunicado de Presa No. 1/2006. Available at http://www.bcr.gob.sv/ingles/ publicaciones/comunicados.html. Accessed 12 January 2006.
32. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). 2001. "Expertos proponen mayor esfuerzo para incrementar competitividad de servicios de infraestructura en América Latina." Press release, 25 April. Available at http://www.iadb.org/ exr/PRENSA/2001/cp7501c.htm. Accessed 27 July 2004.
33. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). 2002a. "BID celebrará en El Salvador foro regional sobre competitividad." Press release, 5 April. Available at http://www.iadb.org. Accessed 27 July 2004.
34. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). 2002b. Guía operativa para programas de competitividad para la pequeña y mediana empresa. Serie de buenas prácticas del Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible. Washington, D.C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
35. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). 2003. "BID aprueba préstamo de 100 millones de dólares para apoyar reformas para la competitividad en El Salvador." Press release, 12 November. Available at http://www.iadb.org. Accessed 27 July 2004.
36. Barabak, Mark Z. 2006. "Arizona Race Doesn't Dwell on Immigration." Los Angeles Times, 27 September, A17.
37. Barbalet, J. M. 1988. Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality. Milton Keynes, Eng.: Open University Press.
38. Barham, Bradford, and Stephen Boucher. 1998. "Migration, Remittances, and Inequality: Estimating the Net Effects of Migration on Income Distribution." Journal of Development Economics 55, no. 2: 307-31.
39. Barry, Deborah, Raúl Vergara, and José Rodolfo Castro. 1988. " 'Low Intensity Warfare': The Counterinsurgency Strategy for Central America." In Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s, edited by Nora Hamilton et al., 77-96. Boulder: Westview Press.
40. Barry, Ellen. 2006. "It's 'Get These People Out of Town.' " Los Angeles Times, 16 August. Available at http://www.latimes.com/. Accessed 11 September 2006.
41. Basch, Linda, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc. 1994. Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Langhorne, Penn.: Gordon and Breach.
42. Battaglia, Debbora. 1995. "On Practical Nostalgia: Self-Prospecting among Urban Trobrianders." In Rhetorics of Self-Making, edited by D. Battaglia, 77-97. Berkeley: University of California Press.
43. Bau, Ignatius. 1985. This Ground Is Holy: Church Sanctuary and Central American Refugees. New York: Paulist Press.
44. Bauböck, Rainer, ed. 1994. From Aliens to Citizens: Redefining the Status of Immigrants in Europe. Aldershot, Eng.: Avebury.
45. Bejar, Rafael Guido. 1998. "El Salvador de posguerra: Formas de violencia en la transición." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición, edited by Renos Papadopoulos et al., 96-105. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
46. Bellah, Robert N. 1975. The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial. New York: Seabury.
47. Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. New York: Harper and Row.
48. Benítez, Raúl. 1990. "El Salvador 1980-1990: Guerra, política y perspectivas." In El Salvador: El proceso de democratización. Cuaderno de Trabajo No. 13. December. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación y Acción Social.
49. Benjamin, Walter. 1978. "Critique of Violence." In Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writing, edited by Peter Demetz, 277-300. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. New York: Schocken Books.
50. Bercovitch, Sacvan. 1978. The American Jeremiad. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
51. Beyer, Gregg A. 1994. "Reforming Affirmative Asylum Processing in the United States: Challenges and Opportunity." American University Journal of International Law and Policy 9, no. 4: 43-78.
52. Bhabha, Jacqueline. 1996. "Embodied Rights: Gender Persecution, State Sovereignty, and Refugees." Public Culture 9, no. 1: 3-32.
53. Bienvenidos a Casa. Programa de Atención a los Inmigrantes Salvadoreños. 2001. "Información al 31 de Julio 2001." San Salvador: Catholic Relief Services.
54. Binford, Leigh. 1996. The Mozote Massacre: Anthropology and Human Rights. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
55. Binford, Leigh. 1999. "Hegemony in the Interior of the Salvadoran Revolution: The ERP in Northern Morazán." Journal of Latin American Anthropology 4, no. 1: 2-45.
56. Blum, Carolyn Patty. 1991. "The Settlement of American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh: Landmark Victory for Central American Asylum Seekers." International Journal of Refugee Law 3, no. 2: 347-56.
57. Bosniak, Linda S. 2000. "Citizenship Denationalized." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 7, no. 2: 447-510.
58. Boudreaux, Richard. 2004. "Businessman Wins Salvadoran Presidency." Los Angeles Times, 22 March, A3.
59. Brizuela de ávila, María Eugenia. 2003. "Atención a los Salvadoreños en la Internet." Editorial, La Prensa Gráfica, 14 June. Available at http://www.comunidades .gob.sv/comunidades/comunidades.nsf/pages/editorial140603. Accessed 14 October 2003.
60. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. N.d. "Glossary." Available at http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/glossary3.htm. Accessed 23 July 2003.
61. Bush, George H. W. 1990. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, George Bush 1990, Book 2-July 1 to December 31, 1990. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
62. Byrne, Hugh. 1996. El Salvador's Civil War: A Study of Revolution. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
63. Cable News Network (CNN). 2003. "California Recall Focused on Immigration." 8 September. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/09/07/california.recall/. Accessed February 24, 2007.
64. Cable News Network (CNN). 2005. "Officials Say New Orleans Is Completely Destroyed." Lou Dobbs Tonight, 5 September. Available at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/ 0509/05/ldt.01.html. Accessed 17 March 2006.
65. Cable News Network (CNN). 2006. "Thousands March for Immigrant Rights." 1 May. Available at http://www.cnn.com. Accessed 11 September 2006.
66. Calavita, Kitty. 1990. "Employer Sanctions Violations: Toward a Dialectical Model of White-Collar Crime." Law and Society Review 24, no 4: 1041-69.
67. Calavita, Kitty. 1996. "The New Politics of Immigration: 'Balanced-Budget Conservatism' and the Symbolism of Proposition 187." Social Problems 43, no. 3: 284-305.
68. Calavita, Kitty. 2000. "The Paradoxes of Race, Class, Identity, and 'Passing': Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Acts, 1882-1910." Law and Social Inquiry 25, no. 1: 1-40.
69. Calavita, Kitty. 2005. Immigrants at the Margins: Law, Race, and Exclusion in Southern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Calavita, Kitty, Henry N. Pontell, and Robert H. Tillman. 1997. Big Money Crime: Fraud and Politics in the Savings and Loan Crisis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
71. Caldeira, Teresa P. R. 2000. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72. Calderón Sol, Armando. 2002. Anhelos y desafíos del Presidente: por el nuevo El Salvador, en paz, progreso y libertad. El Salvador.
73. Callon, Michel. 1998. "Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics." In The Laws of the Markets, edited by M. Callon, 1-57. Oxford: Blackwell.
74. Callon, Michel, Cécile Méadel, and Vololona Rabeharisoa. 2002. "The Economy of Qualities." Economy and Society 31, no. 2: 194-217.
75. Carruthers, Bruce G., and Wendy Nelson Espeland. 1998. "Money, Meaning, and Morality: Changing Forms of Payment." American Behavioral Scientist 41, no. 10: 1384-1409.
76. Casa Presidencial. República de El Salvador. 2004a. "Discurso Sr. Elias Antonio Saca Presidente de la Republica lanzamiento del Plan 'Super Mano Dura' Lunes, 30 de agosto de 2004." Available at http://www.casapres.gob.sv/discursos/ disp200408/disp040830_2.htm. Accessed 25 August 2005.
77. Casa Presidencial. 2004b. "Transmisión de mando presidencial 2004: Gabinete de Gobierno 2004-2009." Available at http://www.transmisonpresidencialelsalvador.com/ gabinete.htm. Accessed 18 August 2004.
78. Chami, Ralph, Connel Fullenkamp, and Samir Jahjah. 2005. "Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development?" IMF Staff Papers 52, no. 1: 55-81. Available at http://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/staffp/2005/01/ pdf/chami.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2006.
79. Chavez, Leo R. 2001. Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
80. Chavez, Leo R. 2007. "Spectacle in the Desert: The Minuteman Project on the U.S.-Mexico Border." In Global Vigilantes: Anthropological Perspectives on Justice and Violence, edited by David Pratten and Atreyee Sen. London: C. Hurst.
81. Child Citizenship Act of 2000. P.L. 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, 30 October 2000. Chi Thon Ngo v. INS. 192 F. 3d 390 (1999).
82. Chiswick, Barry R. 1988. Illegal Aliens: Their Employment and Employers. Kalamazoo, Mich.: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
83. Churgin, Michael J. 1996. "Mass Exoduses: The Response of the United States." International Migration Review 30, no. 1: 310-24.
84. Clinton, William J. 1997. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1997, Book 2-July 1 to December 31, 1997. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
85. Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles. 2005. "Press Statement: The Potential for Genuine Comprehensive Immigration Reform." 12 May. Los Angeles: CHIRLA.
86. Cole, David, and James Dempsey. 2002. Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security. New York: New Press.
87. Cole, Simon. 2001. Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
88. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. 2004a. "Criminal Obsessions, after Foucault: Postcoloniality, Policing, and the Metaphysics of Disorder." Critical Inquiry 30 (Summer): 800-824.
89. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. 2004b. "Policing Culture, Cultural Policing: Law and Social Order in Postcolonial South Africa." Law and Social Inquiry 29: 556-88.
90. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Naciones Unidas. 2000. "El Salvador: Evolución económica durante 1999." Mexico: CEPAL.
91. Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo. 1999. Temas claves para el Plan de Nación: Consulta Especializada. San Salvador: Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo.
92. Commission on the Truth for El Salvador. 1993. From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador; Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador. New York: United Nations.
93. Compton, Daniel. 1987. "Recent Development: Asylum for Persecuted Social Groups; A Closed Door Left Slightly Ajar. Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, 801 F. 2d 1571 (9th Cir. 1986)." Washington Law Review 62: 913-39.
94. Congressional Record. 2000a. "The Commerce-Justice-State Bill." U.S. Senate, 27 October, S11279-S11281. Available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/crecord/. Accessed 15 February 2006.
95. Congressional Record. 2000b. "Fighting for Fundamental Fairness." U.S. Senate, 28 October, S11307. Available at http://www.access.gpo.gov. Accessed 17 May 2003.
96. Congressional Record. 2004. "Speech of Hon. Thomas G. Tancredo of Colorado in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, March 17, 2004." E389. Available at http://thomas .loc.gov/. Accessed 5 October 2004.
97. Conway, Dennis, and Jeffrey H. Cohen. 1998. "Consequences of Migration and Remittances for Mexican Transnational Communities." Economic Geography 74, no. 1: 26-44.
98. Córdova Macías, Ricardo. 1993. El Salvador: Las negociaciones de paz y los retos de la postguerra. San Salvador: Instituto de Estudios LatinoAmericanos.
99. Córdova Macías, Ricardo. 2001. "Demilitarizing and Democratizing Salvadoran Politics." In El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords, edited by Margarita S. Studemeister, 27-32. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
100. Costa, Gino. 2001. "Demilitarizing Public Security: Lessons from El Salvador." In El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords, edited by Margarita S. Studemeister, 20-27. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
101. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 1993. The Culture of Protest: Religious Activism and the U.S. Sanctuary Movement. Boulder: Westview Press.
102. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 1995. "Smugglers or Samaritans in Tucson, Arizona: Producing and Contesting Legal Truth." American Ethnologist 22, no. 3: 549-71.
103. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2000. Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants' Struggle for U.S. Residency. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
104. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2001a. "The Oppressed, the Suspect, and the Citizen: Subjectivity in Competing Accounts of Political Violence." Law and Social Inquiry 26, no. 1: 63-94.
105. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2001b. "Questionable Transactions as Grounds for Legalization: Immigration, Illegality, and Law." Crime, Law and Social Change 37: 19-36.
106. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2003. "Cultural Logics of Belonging and Movement: Transnationalism, Naturalization, and U.S. Immigration Politics." American Ethnologist 30, no. 4: 508-26.
107. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2005a. "Being en Route." American Anthropologist 107, no. 2: 195-206.
108. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2005b. "Contesting Criminality: Illegal Immigration and the Spatialization of Legality." Theoretical Criminology 9, no. 1: 5-33.
109. Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2005c. "The Formation and Transformation of Central American Community Organizations in Los Angeles." In Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism, edited by Gilda Ochoa and Enrique Ochoa, 155-77. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
110. Coutin, Susan Bibler, and Susan Alva. 1999. "Advocating for Immigrants' Rights: An Interview with Susan Alva." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 22, no. 2: 110-19.
111. Coutin, Susan Bibler, and Susan F. Hirsch. 1998. "Naming Resistance: Dissidents, States, and Ethnographers." Anthropology Quarterly 71, no. 1: 1-17.
112. Coutin, Susan Bibler, Bill Maurer, and Barbara Yngvesson. 2002. "In the Mirror: The Legitimation Work of Globalization." Law and Social Inquiry 27, no. 4: 801-43.
113. Coutin, Susan Bibler, and Barbara Yngvesson. N.d. "Schroedinger's Cat and the Ethnography of Law." Unpublished manuscript available from authors, University of California, Irvine, and Hampshire College.
114. Cruz, José Miguel. 1998. "Los factores posibilitadores de la violencia en El Sal- vador." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición, edited by Renos Papadopoulos et al., 88-95. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
115. Cruz, José Miguel. 2000. "Violencia, democracia y cultura política en América Latina." ECA: Estudios Centamericanos 55, nos. 619-620 (May-June): 511-25.
116. Cubías, Elizabeth, and Luis Monzón. 2005. "La Conferencia Regional sobre Migración o Proceso Puebla como proceso consultivo regional." Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, Mexico City, 30 November-2 December 2005. UN/POP/EGM-MIG/2005/03, 17 November. Available at http://www.un/org/ esa/population/publications/IttMigLAC/P0c_LMonzon.pdf. Accessed 8 March 2006.
117. Curtius, Mary. 2005. "Illegal Immigration Policy Is at Crossroads in Senate." Los Angeles Times, 19 April, A1.
118. Dalton, Juan José. 2000a. "Asesinan en El Salvador a empleados de encomiendas." La Opinión, 24 October. Available at http://www.laopinion.com.
119. Dalton, Juan José. 2000b. "El Salvador acaba el año con altos índices de violencia." La Opinión, 29 December. Available at http://www.laopinion.com. Accessed 5 September 2002.
120. Dalton, Juan José. 2000c. "Mueren cinco por robo de envíos de dinero en El Salvador." La Opinión, 19 June, 3A.
121. Dalton, Juan José. 2000d. "Policía de El Salvador purga más de 1,200 miembros." La Opinión, 9 October. Available at http://www.laopinion.com.
122. Dalton, Juan José. 2000e. "Policías salvadoreños involucrados en secuestro." La Opinión, 25 July. Available at http://www.laopinion.com. Accessed 5 September 2002.
123. Dalton, Juan José. 2000f. "Secuestran a empresario en El Salvador." La Opinión, 10 July, 3A.
124. Dalton, Juan José. 2001a. "Endurecen condenas por delitos graves en El Salvador." La Opinión, 20 July. Available at http://www.laopinion.com.
125. Dalton, Juan José. 2001b. "Pobreza, violencia y corrupción son una realidad en El Salvador." La Opinión, 8 July. Available at http://www.laopinion.com.
126. Dalton, Juan José. 2001c. "Secuestradores asesinan a un niño de 9 años en El Salvador." La Opinión, 22 June. Available at http://www.laopinion.com.
127. Dalton, Juan José. 2002a. "Armas y muerta van de la mano en El Salvador." La Opinión, 25 April. Available at http://www.laopinion.com. Accessed 5 August 2002.
128. Dalton, Juan José. 2002b. "Reportaje: La violencia no cede en El Salvador." La Opinión, 11 March. Available at http://www.laopinion.com. Accessed 9 August 2002.
129. De Genova, Nicholas P. 2002. "Migrant 'Illegality' and Deportability in Everyday Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 419-47.
130. de Goede, Marieke. 2003. "Hawala Discourses and the War on Terrorist Finance." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21, no. 5: 513-32.
131. de Laet, Marianne. 2002. "Patents, Knowledge, and Technology Transfer: On the Politics of Positioning and Place." In Research in Science and Technology Studies: Knowledge and Technology Transfer, edited by M. de Laet, 213-37. Amsterdam: JAI.
132. Demore, District Director, San Francisco District of Immigration and Naturalization Service, et al. v. Kim. 538 U.S. 510 (2003).
133. Derrida, Jacques. 1992. "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority.' " In Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice, edited by Drucilla Cornell, Michel Rosenfeld, and David Gray Carlson, 3-67. New York: Routledge.
134. Derrida, Jacques. 2004. "Saca confirma extensión TPS para centroamericanos." 4 February. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 8 March 2006.
135. El Diario de Hoy. 2002a. "El 25% tiene al menos un familiar asaltado." 24 June. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 24 June 2002.
136. El Diario de Hoy. 2002b. "No al crimen." 18 April. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 7 May 2002.
137. Díaz-Briquets, Sergio, and Jorge Pérez-López. 1997. "Refugee Remittances: Conceptual Issues and the Cuban and Nicaraguan Experiences." International Migration Review 31, no. 2: 411-37.
138. Dickson-Gómez, Julia. 2002. "The Sound of Barking Dogs: Violence and Terror among Salvadoran Families in the Postwar." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 16, no. 4: 415-38.
139. Dickson-Gómez, Julia. 2004. " 'One Who Doesn't Know War, Doesn't Know Anything': The Problem of Comprehending Suffering in Postwar El Salvador." Anthropology and Humanism 29, no. 2: 145-58.
140. Dougherty, Mary, Denise Wilson, and Amy Wu. 2006. "Immigration Enforcement Actions: 2005." Annual Report. November 2006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, Policy Directorate. Available at http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/. Accessed February 17, 2007.
141. Doyle, Charles. 2001. "Terrorism: Section by Section Analysis of the USA PATRIOT Act." CRS Report for Congress. Order Code RL31200. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
142. Duany, Jorge. 2000. "Nation on the Move: The Construction of Cultural Identities in Puerto Rico and the Diaspora." American Ethnologist 27, no. 1: 5-30.
143. Durand, Jorge, and Douglas S. Massey. 1992. "Mexican Migration to the United States: A Critical Review." Latin American Research Review 27, no. 2: 3-42.
144. Durand, Jorge, Emilio A. Parrado, and Douglas S. Massey. 1996. "Migradollars and Development: A Reconsideration of the Mexican Case." International Migration Review 30, no. 2: 423-44.
145. Edwards, Beatrice, and Gretta Tovar Siebentritt. 1991. Places of Origin: The Repopulation of Rural El Salvador. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
146. El-Sakka, M. I. T., and Robert McNabb. 1999. "The Macroeconomic Determinants of Emigrant Remittances." World Development 27, no. 8: 1493-1502.
147. Escobar, Antolín, and Wenceslao Martínez. 2002. "¡Ya no más violencia!" El Diario de Hoy, 4 May. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 5 June 2002.
148. Fagen, Patricial Weiss. 1988. "Central American Refugees and U.S. Policy." In Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s, edited by Nora Hamilton et al., 59-76. Boulder: Westview Press.
149. Fainaru, Steve. 2003. "Report: 9/11 Detainees Abused." Washington Post, 3 June, A1.
150. Farmer, Paul. 2003. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
151. Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR). 2005. "An Immigration Reform Agenda for the 109th Congress." January. Available at http://www.fairus .org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecentersb025. Accessed 20 March 2006.
152. Feeley, Malcolm M., and Jonathan Simon. 1992. "The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications." Criminology 30, no. 4: 449-74.
153. Feldman, Allen. 1991. Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
154. Ferguson, James. 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
155. Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales. 126 S. Ct. 2422 (2006).
156. Ferrell, Jeff, and Clinton R. Sanders. 1995. Cultural Criminology. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
157. Flores, William V., and Rina Benmayor. 1997. Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights. Boston: Beacon.
158. Florida v. Nixon. 543 U.S. 175 (2004).
159. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon.
160. Fox, Jonathan, and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado, eds. 2004. Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States. La Jolla: University of California at San Diego, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.
161. Frohmann, Lisa. 1997. "Convictability and Discordant Locales: Reproducing Race, Class, and Gender Ideologies in Prosecutorial Decisionmaking." Law & Society Review 31, no. 3: 531-56.
162. Fuchs, Lawrence H. 1985. "The Search for a Sound Immigration Policy: A Personal View." In Clamor at the Gates: The New American Immigration, edited by Nathan Glazer, 17-48. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
163. Fuentes, Rosa. 2002. "Asaltos en vías a oriente señalan." El Diario de Hoy, 29 May. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 5 June 2002.
164. Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho (FESPAD). 2005. Estado de la Seguridad Pública y la Justicia Penal en El Salvador. Enero-agosto 2005. San Salvador: FESPAD.
165. Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho (FESPAD) and Centro de Estudios Penales de El Salvador (CEPES). 2004. Informe Anual Sobre Justicia Penal Juvenil El Salvador 2004. San Salvador: FESPAD.
166. Gammeltoft, Peter. 2002. "Remittances and Other Financial Flows to Developing Countries." International Migration 40, no. 5: 181-209.
167. Gaouette, Nicole. 2006a. "Border Barrier Approved." Los Angeles Times, 30 September, A 1.
168. Gaouette, Nicole. 2006b. "Bush Signs Fence Bill, Pushes Back." Los Angeles Times, 27 October, A 26.
169. Garcia, Dawn. 1987. "Local Sanctuary Groups Oppose Duarte Request." San Francisco Chronicle, 7 May, 18.
170. García, Juan José. 1994. "Hacia una interpretación del impacto económico y sociocultural de las migraciones a Estados Unidos y las remesas familiares." Política económica 26: 1-29.
171. García, Juan José. 1997. "El futuro de las remesas familiares: Crisis económica y política migratoria." Propuestas 1, no. 4: 12-16.
172. Gelbspan, Ross. 1991. Break-ins, Death Threats, and the FBI: The Covert War against the Central America Movement. Boston: South End Press.
173. Glazer, Nathan, ed. 1985. Clamor at the Gates: The New American Immigration. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
174. Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. 2002. "Lynchings and the Democratization of Terror in Postwar Guatemala: Implications for Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 24: 640-61.
175. Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. 2004. "When 'Justice' is Criminal: Lynchings in Contemporary Latin America." Theory and Society 33: 621-51.
176. Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. 2005. "Democracy, 'Mano Dura,' and the Criminalization of Politics." In (Un)Civil Societies: Human Rights and Democratic Transitions in Eastern Europe and Latin America, edited by Rachel May and Andrew Milton, 109-37. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
177. Golden, Renny, and Michael McConnell. 1986. Sanctuary: The New Underground Railroad. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.
178. Goldring, Luin. 2003. "Re-thinking Remittances: Social and Political Dimensions of Individual and Collective Remittances." CERLAC Working Paper Series. New York: Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean.
179. Goldstein, Daniel M. 2003. " 'In our own hands': Lynching, Justice, and the Law in Bolivia." American Ethnologist 30, no. 1: 22-43.
180. Goldstein, Daniel M. 2004. The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.
181. Goldstein, Daniel M. 2007. "The Violence of Rights: Human Rights as Culprit, Human Rights as Victim." In The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law between the Global and the Local, edited by Mark Goodale and Sally Engle Merry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
182. Gordon, Sara. 1989. Crisis política y guerra en El Salvador. Federal District, Mexico City: Siglo veintiuno.
183. Green, Linda. 1999. Fear as a Way of Life: Mayan Widows in Rural Guatemala. New York: Columbia University.
184. Greenhouse, Carol J. 1996. A Moment's Notice: Time Politics across Cultures. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
185. Grewal, Inderpal. 2005. Transnational America: Feminisms, Diasporas, Neoliberalisms. Durham: Duke University Press.
186. Gubert, Flore. 2002. "Do Migrants Insure Those Who Stay Behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area (Western Mali)." Oxford Development Studies 30, no. 3: 267-87.
187. Gusterson, Hugh. 1996. Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press.
188. Hafetz, Jonathan L. 1998. "The Untold Story of Noncriminal Habeas Corpus and the 1996 Immigration Acts." Yale Law Journal 107, no. 8: 2509-44.
189. Hagan, Jacqueline Maria. 1994. Deciding to Be Legal: A Maya Community in Houston. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
190. Hagedorn, John M. 1991. "Gangs, Neighborhoods, and Public Policy." Social Problems 38, no. 4: 529-42.
191. Haitian Refugee Center v. Smith. 676 F. 2d 1023 (1982).
192. Hale, Edward Everett. 1917. The Man without a Country. Vol. 10, pt. 6. Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction. New York: P. F. Collier and Son.
193. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. 124 S. Ct. 2633 (2004).
194. Hamilton, Nora, and Norma Stoltz Chinchilla. 1991. "Central American Migration: A Framework for Analysis." Latin American Research Review 26, no. 1: 75-110.
195. Hamilton, Nora, and Norma Stoltz Chinchilla. 2001. Seeking Community in a Global City: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
196. Hamilton, Nora, Jeffrey A. Frieden, Linda Fuller, and Manuel Pastor Jr., eds. 1988. Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s. Boulder: Westview Press.
197. Hamm, Mark S. 1995. The Abandoned Ones: The Imprisonment and Uprising of the Mariel Boat People. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
198. Hammar, Tomas. 1990. Democracy and the Nation-State: Aliens, Denizens, and Citizens in a World of International Migration. Aldershot, Eng.: Avebury.
199. Haney López, Ian F. 1996. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press.
200. Hansen, Thomas Blom, and Fin Stepputat, eds. 2005. Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
201. Harwood, Edwin. 1985. "How Should We Enforce Immigration Law?" In Clamor at the Gates: The New American Immigration, edited by Nathan Glazer, 73-91. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
202. Harwood, Edwin. 1986. In Liberty's Shadow: Illegal Aliens and Immigration Law Enforcement. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
203. Hayden, Tom. 2004. Gangs and the Future of Violence. New York: New Press, W.W. Norton.
204. Hayner, Priscilla B. 2001. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge.
205. Herbert, Steve. 2005. "The Trapdoor of Community." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, no. 4: 850-65.
206. Hernandez, Ester, and Susan Bibler Coutin. 2006. "Remitting Subjects: Migrants, Money, and States." Economy and Society 35, no. 2: 185-208.
207. Heyman, Josiah McC. 1995. "Putting Power in the Anthropology of Bureaucracy: The Immigration and Naturalization Service at the Mexico-United States Border." Current Anthropology 36, no. 2: 261-87.
208. Heyman, Josiah McC. 1998. Finding a Moral Heart for U.S. Immigration Policy: An Anthropological Perspective. Arlington, Va.: American Anthropological Association.
209. Heyman, Josiah McC. 1999. "United States Surveillance over Mexican Lives at the Border: Snapshots of an Emerging Regime." Human Organization 58, no. 4: 430-38.
210. Hobsbawm, Eric. 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
211. Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
212. Holmes, Douglas R., and George E. Marcus. 2005. "Cultures of Expertise and the Management of Globalization: Toward the Re-functioning of Ethnography." In Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, edited by Aihwa Ong and Stephen J. Collier, 235-52. Oxford: Blackwell.
213. Holmes, Douglas R., and George E. Marcus. 2006. "Fast Capitalism: Para-Ethnography and the Rise of the Symbolic Analyst." In Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy, edited by Greg Downey and Melissa Fisher, 33-57. Durham: Duke University Press.
214. House of Representatives. 1984. "Temporary Suspension of Deportation of Certain Aliens." Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 98th Congress, 2nd sess., on H.R. 4447. 12 April. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
215. Hull, Elizabeth. 1985. Without Justice for All: The Constitutional Rights of Aliens. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
216. Human Rights Watch. 2002. Presumption of Guilt: Human Rights Abuses of Post-September 11th Detainees. New York: Human Rights Watch.
217. Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC). N.d. "California Nonresident Tuition Exemption (AB 540)." Available at http://www.ilrc.org/ab540summary.html. Accessed 10 March 2006.
218. Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride. 2003. "Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride: September 20-October 4, 2003." Available at http://www.immigrantworkersfreedomride.com/about.asp. Consulted 30 September 2003.
219. Immigration Act of 1990. P.L. 101-649, 104 Stat. 4978, November 29, 1990.
220. Immigration and Nationality Act. Section 276 (8 U.S.C. 1326). "Reentry of Removed Alien." Available at http://uscis.gov/lpBin/lpext.dll/inserts/slb/slb-1/ slb-22/slb-8402?f=templates&fn=document-frame.htm#slb-act276.
221. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 2000. 1999 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.Washington, D.C.: INS.
222. Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr. 533 U.S. 289 (2001).
223. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009, September 30, 1996. In re D-J-, Respondent. Interim Decision #3488. 17 April. 23 I & N Dec. 572 (A.G. 2003).
224. Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior. 2006. "Consejo Nacional para las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Exterior." Available at http://portal.sre.gob.mx/ime/. Accessed 16 August 2006.
225. International Monetary Fund (IMF). 1977. Balance of Payments Manual. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: IMF.
226. International Monetary Fund (IMF). 1999. "El Salvador: Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Report No. 99/145. Washington, D.C.: IMF.
227. Iraheta, óscar, and Wilfredo Salamanca. 2004. "Plan sufre primer revés." El Diario de Hoy, 3 September. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 25 August 2005.
228. Isgro, Francesco. 1997. "New Immigration Law Raises Many Questions and Uncertain Future for Aliens Residing Illegally in the United States." Migration World Magazine 25, no. 3: 35-38.
229. Ishay, Micheline R., ed. 1997. The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Writings, Essays, Speeches, and Documents from the Bible to the Present. New York: Routledge.
230. Itzigsohn, José. 1995. "Migrant Remittances, Labor Markets, and Household Strategies: A Comparative Analysis of Low-Income Household Strategies in the Caribbean Basin." Social Forces 74, no. 2: 633-57.
231. Janzen, David. 1994. "Christian Community: A Visit with Our Companion Community in El Salvador." Communities 84 (Fall): 13.
232. Jenkins, Janis H. 1998. "The Medical Anthropology of Political Violence: A Cultural and Feminist Agenda." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 12, no. 1: 122-31.
233. Jenkins, Janis H., and Martha Valiente. 1994. "Bodily Transactions of the Passions: El calor among Salvadoran Women Refugees." In Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, edited by Thomas J. Csordas, 163-82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
234. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1978. "The Demand for Immigrant Workers: Labor Scarcity or Social Control?" International Migration Review 12, no. 4: 514-35.
235. Jones, Luce. 2000. "LA's Deportees Send Murder Rate Soaring in El Salvador." Guardian, 29 February. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk. Accessed 17 July 2003.
236. Kamheangpatiyooth v. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 597 F.2d 1253 (1979).
237. Kanstroom, Daniel. 1999. "Crying Wolf or a Dying Canary? Citizens, Strangers, and In-Betweens: Essays on Immigration and Citizenship by Peter Schuck." New York University School of Law Review of Law & Social Change 25: 435-77.
238. Kanstroom, Daniel. 2000. "Deportation, Social Control, and Punishment: Some Thoughts about Why Hard Laws Make Bad Cases." Harvard Law Review 113, no. 8: 1890-1935.
239. Kapur, Devesh, and John McHale. 2003. "Migration's New Payoff." Foreign Policy 139 (November-December): 49-57.
240. Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books.
241. Kaye, Mike. 1997. "The Role of Truth Commissions in the Search for Justice, Reconciliation and Democratisation: The Salvadorean and Honduran Cases." Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 3: 693-716.
242. Keely, Charles B., and Bao Nga Tran. 1989. "Remittances from Labor Migration: Evaluations, Performance, and Implications." International Migration Review 23, no. 3: 500-525.
243. Kelly, David. 2005. "Border Watchers Capture Their Prey-the Media." Los Angeles Times, 5 April, A1.
244. Kennedy, Edward M. 1981. "Refugee Act of 1980." International Migration Review 15, nos. 1-2: 141-56.
245. Kopytoff, Igor. 1986. "The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process." In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by A. Appadurai, 64-91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. Krueger, Carl. 2005. "In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants." ECS State Notes: Education Commission of the States. April 2005. Available at http://www .ecs.org/clearinghouse/61/00/6100.doc. Accessed 10 March 2006.
247. Lamphere, Louise, Alex Stepick, and Guillermo Grenier, eds. 1994. Newcomers in the Workplace: Immigrants and the Restructuring of the U.S. Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
248. Landolt, Patricia. 2003. "Building Communities in Transnational Social Fields: The Case of Salvadoran Refugees, Migrants, and Returnees." Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos 17, no. 52 (December): 627-50.
249. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. 2003. Imbalance of Powers: How Changes to U.S. Law and Policy since 9/11 Erode Human Rights and Civil Liberties. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.
250. Levine, Susan. 2000. "On the Verge of Exile: For Children Adopted from Abroad, Lawbreaking Brings Deportation." Washington Post, 5 March, A1.
251. Lewis, Libby. 2005. "Genital Mutilation Can Be Grounds for Asylum Status." All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 11 March. Available at http:// www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4531744. Accessed 17 March 2006.
252. Lianos, Theodore P. 1997. "Factors Determining Migrant Remittances: The Case of Greece." International Migration Review 31, no. 1: 72-87.
253. Libercier, Marie-Hélene, and Harmut Schneider. 1996. Migrants: Partners in Development Co-operation. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
254. Lichtblau, Eric. 2003. "U.S. Report Faults the Roundup of Illegal Immigrants after 9/11: Many with No Ties to Terror Languished in Jail." New York Times, 3 June, A1.
255. Lichtblau, Eric. 2005. "In Legal Shift, U.S. Charges Detainee in Terrorism Case." New York Times, 23 November, A1.
256. López, Keny. 2006. "DUI se emitirá el 15 de septiembre." La Prensa Gráfica, 7 September. Availlable at http://www.laprensagrafica.com. Accessed 11 September 2006.
257. Los Angeles City Council. 2001. "Salvadoran Nationals Residing in US." File number 01-0002-S56, approved February 23. Available at http://cityclerk.lacity .org/CFI/Record_Preview.cfm?Document=109571&arraypos=69&LastRecord= 61. Accessed 13 February 2006.
258. Los Angeles Times. 2006. "Ban on Renting to Illegal Immigrants is Reversed." 15 December. Available at http://www.latimes.com. Accessed February 21, 2007.
259. Lungo, Mario, Katharine Eekhoff, and S. Baires. 1996. "Migración internacional y desarrollo local en El Salvador." Occasional Paper No. 8. San Salvador: Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo.
260. Lungo, Mario, and S. Kandel, eds. 1999. Transformando El Salvador: Migración, sociedad y cultura. San Salvador: Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo.
261. Lungo, Mario, and Roxana Martel. 2003. "Ciudadanía social y violencia en las ciudades centroamericanas." Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 94 (July-August): 485-511.
262. MacEoin, Gary. 1985. Sanctuary: A Resource Guide for Understanding and Participating in the Central American Refugees' Struggle. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
263. Mahler, Sarah J. 1995. American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
264. Mahler, Sarah J. 2000a. "Constructing International Relations: The Role of Transnational Migrants and Other Non-State Actors." Identities 7, no. 2: 197-232.
265. Mahler, Sarah J. 2000b. Migration and Transnational Issues: Recent Trends and Prospects for 2020. CA 2020: Working Paper #4. Hamburg: Institut für Iberoamericka- Kunde.
266. Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London: Routledge and Sons.
267. Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
268. Marosi, Richard. 2006. "2 Border Agents Tied to Migrant Movers." Los Angeles Times, 10 March. Available at http://www.latimes.com. Accessed 10 March 2006.
269. Martin, Philip L. 1990. "Harvest of Confusion: Immigration Reform and California Agriculture." International Migration Review 24: 69-95.
270. Martin, Philip L. 1995. "Proposition 187 in California." International Migration Review 29, no. 1: 255-63.
271. Marx, Gary T. 1981. "Ironies of Social Control: Authorities as Contributors to Deviance through Escalation, Nonenforcement, and Covert Facilitation." Social Problems 28, no. 3: 231-46.
272. Massey, Douglas S., and Emilio Parrado. 1994. "Migradollars: The Remittances and Savings of Mexican Migrants to the USA." Population Research and Policy Review 13: 3-30.
273. Mathews v. Diaz. 426 U.S. 67 (1976).
274. Matter of Chen. Int. Dec. 3104 at 3, (BIA 1989), 20 I&N Dec. 16.
275. Maurer, Bill. 1997. Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
276. Maurer, Bill. 2002. "Anthropological and Accounting Knowledge in Islamic Banking and Finance: Rethinking Critical Accounts." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8: 645-67.
277. Maurer, Bill. 2003. "Uncanny Exchanges: The Possibilities and Failures of 'Making Change' with Alternative Monetary Forms." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21: 317-40.
278. McAllister, Carlota. 2003. "The Science of Harm: Forensic Anthropology and the Making of Human Rights Facts in Guatemala." Paper presented at the Science and Technology Studies Program Speaker Series, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September.
279. McAuley, John. 2002. "Immigrants Keep U.S. Economy Supple." Associated Press, Minnesota Star Tribune. 4 September. Posted at http://www.numbersusa.com/ text?ID=1259. Accessed 13 February 2006.
280. McClintock, Michael. 1985. The American Connection. Vol. 1 of State Terror and Popular Resistance in El Salvador. London: Zed Books.
281. McCormick, Barry, and Jackline Wahba. 2000. "Overseas Employment and Remittances to a Dual Economy." Economic Journal 110: 509-34.
282. McKinley, Michelle. 1997. "Life Stories, Disclosure, and the Law." PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 20, no. 2: 70-82.
283. Mendez v. Reno. No. CV-88-04995-TJH, C.D. Cal., Aug. 12, 1993.
284. Menjívar, Cecilia. 2000. Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
285. Menjívar, Cecilia. 2006. "Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States." American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 4: 999-1037.
286. Menjívar, Cecilia, Julie DaVanzo, Lisa Greenwell, and R. Burciaga Valdez. 1998. "Remittance Behavior among Salvadoran and Filipino Immigrants in Los Angeles." International Migration Review 32, no. 1: 97-126.
287. Ministerio de Economía, Gobierno de El Salvador. 2005. "Indicadores Económicos 1999-2002." Available at http://www.minec.gob.sv/default.asp?id=17&mnu= 17.html. Accessed 13 February 2006.
288. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. República de El Salvador. N.d.(a). "Ley de Inversiones." Decreto No. 732. Available at http://www.minec.gob.sv. Accessed 22 May 2001.
289. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. República de El Salvador. N.d.(b). Política exterior de El Salvador, 1999-2004: Hacía una nueva alianza internacional. Available at http://www.rree.gob.sv. Accessed 2 January 2001.
290. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. República de El Salvador. N.d.(c). "Salvadoreños en el Exterior." Available at http://www.comunidades.gob.sv/sitio/Img.nsf/vista/Documentos/$file/DATOS.doc. Accessed July 10, 2003.
291. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. República de El Salvador. 2006. "Segundo Foro Presidencial con Salvadoreños en el Exterior: Proyecto de Agenda." Available at http://www.rree.gob.sv. Accessed 28 September 2006.
292. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores and Fondo de Inversión Social para el Desarrollo Local (FISDL). N.d. "Programa de Apoyo a las Comunídades Salvadoreñas en el Exterior: Intipucá." Available at http://www.rree.gob.sv.sitio/img.nsf/ vista/documentos02/$file/intipuca.pdf. Accessed 16 March 2006.
293. Montes, Segundo. 1990. El Salvador 1989: Las remesas que envían los salvadoreños de Estados Unidos; consecuencias sociales y económicas. San Salvador: UCA Editores.
294. Montes Mozo, Segundo, and Juan José García Vasquez. 1988. Salvadoran Migration to the United States: An Exploratory Study. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Center for Immigration Policy and Refugee Assistance, Hemispheric Migration Project.
295. Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1995. Revolution in El Salvador: From Civil Strife to Civil Peace. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.
296. Moodie, Ellen. 2004. " 'El Capitán Cinchazo': Blood and Meaning in Postwar San Salvador." In Landscapes of Struggle: Politics, Society, and Community in El Salvador, edited by Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Leigh Binford, 226-44. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
297. Moodie, Ellen. 2006. "Microbus Crashes and Coca-Cola Cash: The Value of Death in 'Free- Market' El Salvador." American Ethnologist 33, no. 1: 63-80.
298. Moore, Kathleen M. 2002. " 'United We Stand': American Attitudes toward (Muslim) Immigration Post-September 11th." Muslim World 92, nos. 1-2: 39-58.
299. Morawetz, Nancy. 2000. "Understanding the Impact of the 1996 Deportation Laws and the Limited Scope of Proposed Reforms." Harvard Law Review 113, no. 8: 1936-62.
300. Moss, Daniel. 1995. "Resettling El Salvador." Witness 78, no. 4: 14.
301. Mountz, Alison, Richard Wright, Ines Miyares, and Adrian J. Bailey. 2002. "Lives in Limbo: Temporary Protected Status and Immigrant Identities." Global Networks 2, no. 4: 335-56.
302. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. 2004. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
303. National Council of La Raza (NCLR). 2004. "The SOLVE Act of 2004: Safe, Orderly Legal Visas and Enforcement Act of 2004." Available at http://www.nclr.org/ files/2614_file_SOLVE_one_papers_English.pdf. Accessed 11 September 2006.
304. Nazario, Sonia. 2002. "Enrique's Journey: Chapter Three." Los Angeles Times, 2 October. Available at http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/enrique/la-fgthirdsoniaoct02.story. Accessed 17 February 2004.
305. Nelson, Barbara J. 1984. "Women's Poverty and Women's Citizenship: Some Political Consequences of Economic Marginality." Signs 10, no. 2: 209-31.
306. Nelson, Diane M. 1999. A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Berkeley: University of California Press.
307. Nevins, Joseph. 2002. Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary. New York: Routledge.
308. Ngai, Mae M. 2004. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
309. Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act. P.L. 105-100, 111 Stat. 2193, November 19, 1997.
310. O'Callaghan, Erin M. 2002. "Expedited Removal and Discrimination in the Asylum Process: The Use of Humanitarian Aid as a Political Tool." William and Mary Law Review 43, no. 4: 1747-76.
311. O'Malley. Pat. 2000. "Uncertain Subjects: Risks, Liberalism, and Contract." Economy and Society 29, no. 4: 460-84.
312. La Opinión. 2002. "Proponen rehabilitar a pandilleros salvadoreños." 25 April. Available at http://www.laopinion.com. Accessed 5 August 2002.
313. Orantes-Hernandez v. Meese. 685 F. Supp. 1488 (C.D. Cal. 1988).
314. Orellana Merlos, Carlos. 1992. "Migración y remesas: Una evaluación de su impacto en la economía salvadoreña." Política Económica 1, no. 11: 2-23.
315. Orozco, Manuel, Rodolfo de la Garza, and Miguel Baraona. 1997. Inmigración y remesas familiares. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO.
316. Papadopoulos, Renos, et al. 1998. Violencia en una sociedad en transición. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
317. Paral, Rob. 1995. "Naturalization: New Demands and New Directions at the INS." Interpreter Releases 72, no. 27: 937-43.
318. Passel, J. S. 2005. "Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics." Pew Hispanic Center. Available at http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf. Accessed 26 January 2006.
319. Paul, Benjamin D., and William J. Demarest. 1988. "The Operation of a Death Squad in San Pedro la Laguna." In Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis, edited by Robert M. Carmack, 119-54. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
320. Pedersen, David. 2004. "In the Stream of Money: Contradictions of Migration, Remittances, and Development in El Salvador." In Landscapes of Struggle: Politics, Society, and Community in El Salvador, edited by Aldo Lauria-Santiago and Leigh Binford, 245-62. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
321. Perea, Juan F., ed. 1997. Immigrants Out! The New Nativism and the Anti- Immigrant Impulse in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
322. Pérez-López, Jorge, and Sergio Díaz-Briquets. 1998. "The Determinants of Hispanic Remittances: An Exploration Using U.S. Census Data." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 20, no. 3: 320-49.
323. Petersilia, Joan. 2003. When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.
324. Popkin, Eric. 1995. "Guatemalan Hometown Associations in Los Angeles." In Central Americans in California: Transnational Communities, Economies, and Cultures. Monograph Paper No. 1:35039. Los Angeles: University of Southern California, Center for Multiethnic and Transnational Studies.
325. Popkin, Eric. 1999. "Guatemalan Mayan Migration to Los Angeles: Constructing Transnational Linkages in the Context of the Settlement Process." Ethnic and Racial Studies 22, 2: 267-89.
326. Popkin, Margaret. 2000. Peace without Justice: Obstacles to Building the Rule of Law in El Salvador. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
327. Popkin, Margaret. 2001. "Building the Rule of Law in Post-War El Salvador." In El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords, edited by Margarita S. Studemeister, 10-19. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
328. Portes, Alejandro. 1978. "Toward a Structural Analysis of Illegal (Undocumented) Immigration." International Migration Review 12, no. 4: 469-84.
329. Povoledo, Elisabetta. 2006. "Italy Vote to Include Expatriates." International Herald Tribune, 31 May. Available at http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/06/news/ vote-5811193.php. Accessed 16 August 2006.
330. Quan, Adán. 2005. "Through the Looking Glass: U.S. Aid to El Salvador and the Politics of National Identity." American Ethnologist 32, no. 2: 276-93.
331. Ramos, Carlos Guillermo. 2000. "Marginación, Exclusión Social y Violencia." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición: Ensayos, edited by Carlos Guillermo Ramos et al., 7-48. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
332. Ramos, Carlos Guillermo, Jenny Lissette E. Miranda, Edgardo A. Amaya Cóbar, Gustavo Federico Palmieri, Miguel Huezo Mixco, and Lillian Moncada Davidson. 2000. Violencia en una sociedad en transición: Ensayos. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
333. Reagan, Ronald. 1981. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1981-1988/89. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
334. Reagan, Ronald. 1982. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1981-1988/89. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
335. Reagan, Ronald. 1983. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1981-1988/89. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
336. Real ID Act of 2005. Public Law 109-13-May 11, 2005. 119 Stat. 302.
337. Richman, Joe. 1999. "Deported: Weazel's Diary." Produced by Joe Richman, This American Life, May 1999. Available at http://www.radiodiaries.org/transcripts/ OtherDocs/weasel.html.
338. Riles, Annelise. 2000. The Network Inside Out. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
339. Rivera Campos, Roberto. 1996. "La potencial contraccíon de las remesas y el financimiento de la economía salvadoreña." Cuadernos Socioeconómicos del BCIE, no. 19. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Banco Centroamericano de Integración Economica.
340. Robertson, Shari, and Michael Camerini, producers and directors. 2000. "Well- Founded Fear." Video recording. New York: Epidavros Project.
341. Rosenblum, Marc R. 2000. At Home and Abroad: The Foreign and Domestic Sources of U.S. Immigration Policy. PhD diss., University of California, San Diego.
342. Rosenblum, Marc R. 2005. "Border Brief: The Guest Worker Approach to U.S. Immigration Reform." San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego; Center for Latin American Studies, San Diego State University; Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego.
343. Ruggles, Patricia, Michael Fix, and Kathleen M. Thomas. 1985. Profile of the Central American Population in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
344. Saca, Tony. 2004. "País Seguro: Plan de Gobierno 2004-2009." Available at http:// www.casapres.gov.sv/descargaplan/plangobierno.doc. Accessed 20 March 2006.
345. Salamanca, Wilfredo. 2004. "Las fallas del primer plan." El Diario de Hoy, 31 August. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2004/8/31/nacional/nac17 .asp. Accessed 17 March 2006.
346. Saldomando, Angel. 1998. "Violencia e inseguridad en América Central: De la guerra a la gestión cotidiana de la violencia." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición, edited by Renos Papadopoulos et al., 72-87. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
347. San Francisco Chronicle. 1987a. "Salvadorans in the U.S.: Duarte's Plea on Illegal Aliens." 27 April, 11.
348. San Francisco Chronicle. 1987b. "U.S. Snubs Duarte on Alien Issue." 13 May, 16.
349. Sánchez, George J. 1997. "Face the Nation: Race, Immigration, and the Rise of Nativism in Late Twentieth Century America." International Migration Review 31, no. 4: 1009-30.
350. Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS. 801 F. 2d 1571 (9th Cir. 1986).
351. Sapiro, Virginia. 1984. "Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States." Politics and Society 13, no. 1: 1-26.
352. Sassen, Saskia. 1989. "America's Immigration 'Problem': The Real Causes." World Policy Journal 6, no. 4: 811-31.
353. Sassen, Saskia. 1991. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
354. Savage, David G. 2006. "Supreme Court Upholds Strict Deportation Law." Los Angeles Times, 23 June, A10.
355. Scalia, John, and Marika F. X. Litras. 2002. Immigration Offenders in the Federal Criminal Justice System, 2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
356. Scarry, Elaine. 1985. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press.
357. Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2004a. "Law in a Time of Emergency: States of Exception and the Temptations of 9/11." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 6, no. 5: 1001-83.
358. Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2004b. "Other People's PATRIOT Acts: Europe's Response to September 11." Loyola Law Review 50: 89-148.
359. Schiller, Nina Glick, Linda Basch, and Cristina Szanton Blanc. 1995. "From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration." Anthropological Quarterly 68, no. 1: 48-63.
360. Schirmer, Jennifer G. 1998. The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
361. Schwarz, Benjamin C. 1991. American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and El Salvador: The Frustrations of Reform and the Illusions of Nation Building. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, National Defense Research Institute.
362. Select Commission on Intelligence, U.S. Senate. 1989. The FBI and CISPES. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
363. Sklar, Helen, Bill Ong Hing, and Mark Silverman, eds. 1985. Salvadoran and Guatemalan Asylum Cases: A Practitioner's Guide to Representing Clients in Deportation Proceedings. San Francisco: Immigrant Legal Resource Center.
364. Smith, Christian. 1996. Resisting Reagan: The U.S. Central America Peace Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
365. Smith, James F. 2001. "Mexico Seeks Shared Border Security Plan." Los Angeles Times, 19 November, A4.
366. Smith, Marian L. 2006. "Overview of INS History." Available at http://uscis .gov/graphics/aboutus/history/articles/OVIEW.htm. Accessed 10 February 2006.
367. Originally published in A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government, edited by George T. Kurian (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
368. Smith, Robert C. 1998. "Transnational Localities: Community, Technology, and the Politics of Membership within the Context of Mexico and U.S. Migration." In Transnationalism from Below, edited by Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo, 196-238. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.
369. Smutt, Marcela. 1998. "El fenómeno de las pandillas en El Salvador." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición, edited by Renos Papadopoulos et al., 146-61. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
370. Sollis, Peter. 1993. Reluctant Reforms: The Cristiani Government and the International Community in the Process of Salvadoran Post-War Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: Washington Office on Latin America.
371. Soriano, Antonio. 2004. "Demócrata de EEUU, en misión a favor de FMLN." El Diario de Hoy, 9 March. Available at http://www.elsalvador.com. Accessed 9 March 2004.
372. Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
373. State of Arizona 2004 Official Canvass. Available at http://www.azsos.gov/election/ 2004/General/Canvass2004General.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2006.
374. Stephen, Lynn. 1997. "Women's Rights Are Human Rights: The Merging of Feminine and Feminist Interests among El Salvador's Mothers of the Disappeared (CO-MADRES)." In Women and Social Movements in Latin America: Power from Below, 29-55. Austin: University of Texas Press.
375. Strathern, Marilyn. 1999. Property, Substance and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things. London: Athlone Press.
376. Strathern, Marilyn. 2004. Commons and Borderlands: Working Papers on Interdisciplinarity, Accountability and the Flow of Knowledge. Oxon, Eng.: Sean Kingston.
377. Studemeister, Margarita S., ed. 2001. El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
378. Taylor, J. Edward. 1999. "The New Economics of Labour Migration and the Role of Remittances in the Migration Process." International Migration 37, no. 1: 63-88.
379. Taylor, J. Edward, Joaquín Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Douglas S. Massey, and Adela Pellegrino. 1996. "International Migration and National Development." Population Index 62, no. 2: 181-212.
380. Traven, Bruno. 2002. The Death Ship. Miami: Synergy International of the Americas.
381. USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development). 2006. "Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment, Annex 1: El Salvador Profile." Available at http://www.usaid.gov. Accessed February 17, 2007.
382. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. "Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000. Population Universe: People Born in El Salvador." Available at http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-el_ salvador.xls. Accessed 12 January 2006.
383. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2001. "INS 'Global Reach' Initiative Counters Rise of International Migrant Smuggling." 27 June. Available at http://us cis.gov/text/publicaffairs/factsheets/globalreach.htm. Accessed 10 March 2006.
384. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2003. "2003 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Table 43: Aliens Removed by Criminal Status and Region and Country of Nationality. Fiscal Years 1993-2003." Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/ ENF03yrbk/ENFExcel/Table43D.xls. Accessed 1 February 2006.
385. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. N.d. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990-2000." Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/ statistics/Ill_Report_1211.pdf. Accessed 26 January 2006.
386. U.S. Committee for Refugees (USCR). 1986. Despite a Generous Spirit: Denying Asylum in the United States. Washington, D.C.: American Council for Nationalities Service.
387. U.S. Customs and Immigration Enforcement. N.d. "Public Information: Special Registration Archives." Available at http://www.ice.gov/pi/specialregistration/ archive.htm#special. Accessed February 21, 2007.
388. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2003. "8 CFR Part 264. Suspending the 30-Day and Annual Interview Requirements from the Special Registration Process for Certain Non-Immigrants; Interim Rule." Federal Register 68 (231, Dec.2): 67578-584.
389. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. 2004. Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/ shared/statistics/yearbook/index.htm. Accessed 13 February 2006.
390. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. 2006. 2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.
391. U.S. Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 1998. "Suspension of Deportation and Special Rule Cancellation of Removal for Certain Nationals of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Former Soviet Bloc Countries." Federal Register 63, no. 226: 64895-913.
392. U.S. Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 1999. "Institutional Removal Program." Fact Sheet. Available at http:// www.immigration.gov/graphics/pulicaffairs/factsheets/removal.htm. Accessed 15 July 2003.
393. U.S. Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 2000. "Questions and Answers: The 208 Final Rule." 6 December. Available at http://uscis.gov/graphics/publicaffairs/questsans/asylum208.htm. Accessed 17 March 2006.
394. U.S. Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. N.d. "Statement: Keeping Our Communities Safe Is INS' Top Priority." Available at http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/publicaffairs/statements/ article.htm. Accessed 15 July 2003.
395. U.S. Department of State. 1999. "1998 Country Report on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: El Salvador." Available at http://www.state.gov. Accessed 22 May 2001.
396. United States Embassy, San Salvador. 1998. "Emigrants and Remittances: A Vital Factor in El Salvador's Economy." Antiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador: U.S. Embassy.
397. U.S. Federal Reserve. "Testimony of Chairman Alan Greenspan. February 17, 2000." The Federal Reserve's Semiannual Report on the Economy and Monetary Policy. Before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House ofRepresentativ es. Available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/hh/ 2000/February/Testimony.htm. Accessed 30 January 2006.
398. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 1988. "Illegal Aliens: Influence of Illegal Workers on Wages and Working Conditions of Legal Workers." Briefing Report to Congressional Requestors. GAO/PEMD-88-13BR. Gaithersburg, Md.: GAO.
399. U.S. Department of Justice. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 2000. Illegal Aliens: Opportunities Exist to Improve the Expedited Removal Process. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
400. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Citizenship. 2006. Strengthening Border Security between the Ports of Entry: The Use of Technology to Protect the Borders: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Citizenship and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 29, 2005.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
401. Vargas Uribe, Guillermo, Pedro Mata Vázquez, and Odón García García. 1998. "Migración internacional y desarrollo regional en México." Carta Económica Regional (July-August 1998): 3-9.
402. Vigil, James Diego. 2002. A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press. Vo v. Greene. 63 F. Supp. 2d 1278, 1285 (D. Colo. 1999). Wacquant, Loïc. 1999. Les prisons de la misère. Paris: Raisons d'agir.
403. Vigil, James Diego. 2001. "The Penalisation of Poverty and the Rise of Neo-liberalism." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 9: 401-12.
404. Walker, Robert, Mark Ellis, and Richard Barff. 1992. "Linked Migration Systems: Immigration and Internal Labor Flows in the United States." Economic Geography 68, no. 3: 234-48.
405. Wasem, Ruth Ellen. 1997. "Central American Asylum Seekers: Impact of 1996 Immigration Law." No. 97-810 EPW. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
406. Wasem, Ruth Ellen. 2002. "Immigration Legalization and Status Adjustment Legislation." Order Code RL30780. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
407. Washington Office on Latin America. 2007. "Executive Summary: Transnational Youth Gangs in Central America, Mexico and the United States." Available at http://www.wola.org. Accessed February 17, 2007.
408. Watts, Julie R. 2002. Immigration Policy and the Challenge of Globalization: Unions and Employers in Unlikely Alliance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
409. Weiner, Tim. 2004. "U.S.-Backed Rightist Claims Victory in Salvador Election." New York Times, 22 March. Available at http://www.nytimes.com. Accessed 22 March 2004.
410. White House. Office of the Press Secretary. 1999. "Remarks by the President to Legislative Assembly, San Salvador, El Salvador." 10 March. Available at http:// clinton2.nara.gov/WH/New/html/19990311-2348.html. Accessed 5 March 2006.
411. White House. 2004a. "Fact Sheet: Fair and Secure Immigration Reform." Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-1.htm. Accessed 6 July 2004.
412. White House. 2004b. "Immigration: Fair and Secure Immigration Reform." Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/immigration. Accessed 1 June 2005.
413. White House. 2004c. "President Bush Proposes New Temporary Worker Program. Remarks by the President on Immigration Policy. The East Room." Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-3.html. Accessed 5 October 2006.
414. Williams, Brackette, ed. 1996. Women out of Place: The Gender of Agency and the Race of Nationality. New York: Routledge.
415. Wilkinson, Daniel. 2004. Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala. Durham: Duke University Press.
416. Wilson, Richard. 2001. The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
417. Yerushalmi, Hanoch. 1998. "La inseguridad y el temor en la vida cotidiana de los individuos en una sociedad en transición." In Violencia en una sociedad en transición, edited by Renos Papadopoulos et al., 34-45. San Salvador: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
418. Yngvesson, Barbara, and Susan Bibler Coutin. 2006. "Backed by Papers: Undoing Persons, Histories, and Return." American Ethnologist 33, no. 2: 177-90.
419. Zadvydas, Kestutis v. Christine G. Davis and Immigration and Naturalization Service et al. 533 U.S. 678 (2001).
420. Zilberg, Elana. 2004. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." American Quarterly 56, no. 3: 759-79.
421. Zilberg, Elana. 2007a. "Gangster in Guerilla Face: A Transnational Mirror of Production between the U.S. and El Salvador." Anthropological Theory 7, no. 1: 37-57.
422. Zilberg, Elana. 2007b. "Refugee Gang Youth: Zero Tolerance and the Security State in Contemporary U.S.-Salvadoran Relations." In Youth, Globalization and the Law, edited by Sudhir Venkatesh and Ron Kassimir, 61-89. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
423. Zilberg, Elana. Forthcoming. "Inter-American Ethnography: Tracking Salvadoran Transationality at the Borders of Latino and Latin American Studies." In Companion to Latino Studies, edited by Juan Flores and Renato Rosaldo. Oxford: Blackwell.
424. Zilberg, Elana, and Mario Lungo. 1999. "¿Se han vuelto haraganes? Jóvenes salvadoreños, migración e identidades laborales." In Transformando El Salvador: Migración, sociedad y cultura, edited by M. Lungo and S. Kandel, 39-94. San Salvador: Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo.
425. Zizek, Slavoj. 1989. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso.
426. Zolberg, Aristide R. 1990. "The Roots of U.S. Refugee Policy." In Immigration and U.S. Foreign Policy, edited by Robert W. Tucker, Charles B. Keely, and Linda Wrigley, 99-120. Boulder: Westview Press.