MicroRNAs as a new mechanism regulating adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and as a novel therapeutic strategy in the metabolic syndrome

Journal of Immunology Research

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Ge, Qian ^a   Brichard, Sonia ^b   Yi, Xu ^c   Li, Qifu ^a  

^a THE FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL OF CHONGQING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^c THIRD MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CELL COMMUNICATION; ENDOTOXEMIA; GENE FUNCTION; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LIPOTOXICITY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC ENDOTOXEMIA; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; REVIEW; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE INFLAMMATION; ANIMAL; ANOXIA; COMPLICATION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ADIPOSE TISSUE, WHITE; ANIMALS; ANOXIA; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICRORNAS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; OBESITY;

EID: 84899500112     PISSN: 23148861     EISSN: 23147156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/987285     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Tseng Y.-H., Cypess A. M., Kahn C. R., Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2010 9 6 465 482 2-s2.0-77953169046 10.1038/nrd3138
2. Hotamisligil G. S., Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006 444 7121 860 867 2-s2.0-33845866857 10.1038/nature05485
3. Spalding K. L., Arner E., Westermark P. O., Bernard S., Buchholz B. A., Bergmann O., Blomqvist L., Hoffstedt J., Näslund E., Britton T., Concha H., Hassan M., Rydén M., Frisén J., Arner P., Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008 453 7196 783 787 2-s2.0-44849132591 10.1038/nature06902
4. Jiao P., Xu H., Adipose inflammation: cause or consequence of obesity-related insulin resistance. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 2008 1 25 31
5. Maury E., Brichard S. M., Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2010 314 1 1 16 2-s2.0-70350188297 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.031
6. Lu L.-F., Liston A., MicroRNA in the immune system, microRNA as an immune system. Immunology 2009 127 3 291 298 2-s2.0-66549089832 10.1111/j.1365-2567. 2009.03092.x
7. Sayed D., Abdellatif M., Micrornas in development and disease. Physiological Reviews 2011 91 3 827 887 2-s2.0-79960104144 10.1152/physrev. 00006.2010
8. Heneghan H. M., Miller N., Kerin M. J., Role of microRNAs in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity Reviews 2010 11 5 354 361 2-s2.0-77951117713 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00659.x
9. Hulsmans M., De Keyzer D., Holvoet P., MicroRNAs regulating oxidative stress and inflammation in relation to obesity and atherosclerosis. The FASEB Journal 2011 25 8 2515 2527 2-s2.0-79960175448 10.1096/fj.11-181149
10. Alexander R., Lodish H., Sun L., MicroRNAs in adipogenesis and as therapeutic targets for obesity. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 2011 15 5 623 636 2-s2.0-79954532462 10.1517/14728222.2011.561317
11. Lumeng C. N., Saltiel A. R., Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2011 121 6 2111 2117 2-s2.0-79957920754 10.1172/JCI57132
12. Chen Y., Zhu J., Lum P. Y., Yang X., Pinto S., MacNeil D. J., Zhang C., Lamb J., Edwards S., Sieberts S. K., Leonardson A., Castellini L. W., Wang S., Champy M.-F., Zhang B., Emilsson V., Doss S., Ghazalpour A., Horvath S., Drake T. A., Lusis A. J., Schadt E. E., Variations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease. Nature 2008 452 7186 429 435 2-s2.0-40749105508 10.1038/nature06757
13. Emilsson V., Thorleifsson G., Zhang B., Leonardson A. S., Zink F., Zhu J., Carlson S., Helgason A., Walters G. B., Gunnarsdottir S., Mouy M., Steinthorsdottir V., Eiriksdottir G. H., Bjornsdottir G., Reynisdottir I., Gudbjartsson D., Helgadottir A., Jonasdottir A., Jonasdottir A., Styrkarsdottir U., Gretarsdottir S., Magnusson K. P., Stefansson H., Fossdal R., Kristjansson K., Gislason H. G., Stefansson T., Leifsson B. G., Thorsteinsdottir U., Lamb J. R., Gulcher J. R., Reitman M. L., Kong A., Schadt E. E., Stefansson K., Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease. Nature 2008 452 7186 423 428 2-s2.0-41349095280 10.1038/nature06758
14. Varma V., Yao-Borengasser A., Rasouli N., Nolen G. T., Phanavanh B., Starks T., Gurley C., Simpson P., McGehee R. E. Jr., Kern P. A., Peterson C. A., Muscle inflammatory response and insulin resistance: synergistic interaction between macrophages and fatty acids leads to impaired insulin action. The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 296 6 E1300 E1310 2-s2.0-66849093697 10.1152/ajpendo.90885.2008
15. Huang W., Metlakunta A., Dedousis N., Zhang P., Sipula I., Dube J. J., Scott D. K., O'Doherty R. M., Depletion of liver kupffer cells prevents the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010 59 2 347 357 2-s2.0-77449117735 10.2337/db09-0016
16. Thaler J. P., Yi C.-X., Schur E. A., Guyenet S. J., Hwang B. H., Dietrich M. O., Zhao X., Sarruf D. A., Izgur V., Maravilla K. R., Nguyen H. T., Fischer J. D., Matsen M. E., Wisse B. E., Morton G. J., Horvath T. L., Baskin D. G., Tschöp M. H., Schwartz M. W., Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2012 122 1 153 162 2-s2.0-84855459760 10.1172/JCI59660
17. Kang Y.-M., Ma Y., Zheng J.-P., Elks C., Sriramula S., Yang Z.-M., Francis J., Brain nuclear factor-kappa B activation contributes to neurohumoral excitation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Cardiovascular Research 2009 82 3 503 512 2-s2.0-66249130392 10.1093/cvr/cvp073
18. Calegari V. C., Torsoni A. S., Vanzela E. C., Araú E. P., Morari J., Zoppi C. C., Sbragia L., Boschero A. C., Velloso L. A., Inflammation of the hypothalamus leads to defective pancreatic islet function. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 15 12870 12880 2-s2.0-79953889813 10.1074/jbc.M110.173021
19. Purkayastha S., Zhang H., Zhang G., Ahmed Z., Wang Y., Cai D., Neural dysregulation of peripheral insulin action and blood pressure by brain endoplasmic reticulum stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 108 7 2939 2944 2-s2.0-79952595599 10.1073/pnas.1006875108
20. Trujillo M. E., Scherer P. E., Adipose tissue-derived factors: impact on health and disease. Endocrine Reviews 2006 27 7 762 778 2-s2.0-33845592201 10.1210/er.2006-0033
21. Maury E., Ehala-Aleksejev K., Guiot Y., Detry R., Vandenhooft A., Brichard S. M., Adipokines oversecreted by omental adipose tissue in human obesity. The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 293 3 E656 E665 2-s2.0-34548448415 10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2007
22. Bourlier V., Zakaroff-Girard A., Miranville A., De Barros S., Maumus M., Sengenes C., Galitzky J., Lafontan M., Karpe F., Frayn K. N., Bouloumié A., Remodeling phenotype of human subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophages. Circulation 2008 117 6 806 815 2-s2.0-39549122799 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107. 724096
23. Faust I. M., Johnson P. R., Stern J. S., Hirsch J., Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity. The American Journal of Physiology 1978 235 3 E279 E286 2-s2.0-0000828672
24. Henegar C., Tordjman J., Achard V., Lacasa D., Cremer I., Guerre-Millo M., Poitou C., Basdevant A., Stich V., Viguerie N., Langin D., Bedossa P., Zucker J.-D., Clement K., Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity. Genome Biology 2008 9, article R14 2-s2.0-46249083328 10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14
25. Kabon B., Nagele A., Reddy D., Eagon C., Fleshman J. W., Sessler D. I., Kurz A., Obesity decreases perioperative tissue oxygenation. Anesthesiology 2004 100 2 274 280 2-s2.0-1642499314 10.1097/00000542-200402000-00015
26. Virtanen K. A., Lönnroth P., Parkkola R., Peltoniemi P., Asola M., Viljanen T., Tolvanen T., Knuuti J., Rönnemaa T., Huupponen R., Nuutila P., Glucose uptake and perfusion in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue during insulin stimulation in nonobese and obese humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 8 3902 3910 2-s2.0-18544368076 10.1210/jc.87.8.3902
27. Hosogai N., Fukuhara A., Oshima K., Miyata Y., Tanaka S., Segawa K., Furukawa S., Tochino Y., Komuro R., Matsuda M., Shimomura I., Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes 2007 56 4 901 911 2-s2.0-34047119110 10.2337/db06-0911
28. Ye J., Gao Z., Yin J., He Q., Hypoxia is a potential risk factor for chronic inflammation and adiponectin reduction in adipose tissue of ob/ob and dietary obese mice. The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 293 4 E1118 E1128 2-s2.0-35148854599 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2007
29. Wang B., Wood I. S., Trayhurn P., Dysregulation of the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by hypoxia in human adipocytes. Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 2007 455 3 479 492 2-s2.0-35448934913 10.1007/s00424-007-0301-8
30. Yin J., Gao Z., He Q., Zhou D., Guo Z., Ye J., Role of hypoxia in obesity-induced disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 296 2 E333 E342 2-s2.0-60849121937 10.1152/ajpendo.90760.2008
31. Yun Z., Maecker H. L., Johnson R. S., Giaccia A. J., Inhibition of PPAR γ 2 gene expression by the HIF-1-regulated gene DEC1/Stra13: a mechanism for regulation of adipogenesis by hypoxia. Developmental Cell 2002 2 3 331 341 2-s2.0-0036198010 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00131-4
32. Liu L., Cash T. P., Jones R. G., Keith B., Thompson C. B., Simon M. C., Hypoxia-induced energy stress regulates mRNA translation and cell growth. Molecular Cell 2006 21 4 521 531 2-s2.0-32444433450 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.010
33. Zhang K., Kaufman R. J., From endoplasmic-reticulum stress to the inflammatory response. Nature 2008 454 7203 455 462 2-s2.0-47949099916 10.1038/nature07203
34. Tu B. P., Weissman J. S., Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes: mechanisms and consequences. Journal of Cell Biology 2004 164 3 341 346 2-s2.0-0842266604 10.1083/jcb.200311055
35. Haynes C. M., Titus E. A., Cooper A. A., Degradation of misfolded proteins prevents ER-derived oxidative stress and cell death. Molecular Cell 2004 15 5 767 776 2-s2.0-4444265582 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.08.025
36. Schaeffler A., Gross P., Buettner R., Bollheimer C., Buechler C., Neumeier M., Kopp A., Schoelmerich J., Falk W., Fatty acid-induced induction of Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor- B pathway in adipocytes links nutritional signalling with innate immunity. Immunology 2009 126 2 233 245 2-s2.0-58149310977 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02892.x
37. Kopp A., Buechler C., Neumeier M., Weigert J., Aslanidis C., Schölmerich J., Schäffler A., Innate immunity and adipocyte function: ligand-specific activation of multiple toll-like receptors modulates cytokine, adipokine, and chemokine secretion in adipocytes. Obesity 2009 17 4 648 656 2-s2.0-63049112908 10.1038/oby.2008.607
38. Vitseva O. I., Tanriverdi K., Tchkonia T. T., Kirkland J. L., McDonnell M. E., Apovian C. M., Freedman J., Gokce N., Inducible toll-like receptor and NF- B regulatory pathway expression in human adipose tissue. Obesity 2008 16 5 932 937 2-s2.0-42949109139 10.1038/oby.2008.25
39. Creely S. J., McTernan P. G., Kusminski C. M., Fisher F. M., Da Silva N. F., Khanolkar M., Evans M., Harte A. L., Kumar S., Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 292 3 E740 E747 2-s2.0-33947182436 10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2006
40. Schäffler A., Schölmerich J., Salzberger B., Adipose tissue as an immunological organ: toll-like receptors, C1q/TNFs and CTRPs. Trends in Immunology 2007 28 9 393 399 2-s2.0-34548531751 10.1016/j.it.2007.07.003
41. Davis J. E., Gabler N. K., Walker-Daniels J., Spurlock M. E., Tlr-4 deficiency selectively protects against obesity induced by diets high in saturated fat. Obesity 2008 16 6 1248 1255 2-s2.0-44449110675 10.1038/oby.2008.210
42. Suganami T., Mieda T., Itoh M., Shimoda Y., Kamei Y., Ogawa Y., Attenuation of obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation in C3H/HeJ mice carrying a toll-like receptor 4 mutation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007 354 1 45 49 2-s2.0-33846302361 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.190
43. Prieur X., Roszer T., Ricote M., Lipotoxicity in macrophages: evidence from diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 2010 1801 3 327 337 2-s2.0-76349105718 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.017
44. Cani P. D., Amar J., Iglesias M. A., Poggi M., Knauf C., Bastelica D., Neyrinck A. M., Fava F., Tuohy K. M., Chabo C., Waget A., Delmée E., Cousin B., Sulpice T., Chamontin B., Ferrières J., Tanti J.-F., Gibson G. R., Casteilla L., Delzenne N. M., Alessi M. C., Burcelin R., Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007 56 7 1761 1772 2-s2.0-34347399563 10.2337/db06-1491
45. Monte S. V., Caruana J. A., Ghanim H., Sia C. L., Korzeniewski K., Schentag J. J., Dandona P., Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgery 2012 151 4 587 593 2-s2.0-84858439217 10.1016/j.surg.2011.09.038
46. Ghoshal S., Witta J., Zhong J., de Villiers W., Eckhardt E., Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. Journal of Lipid Research 2009 50 1 90 97 2-s2.0-63449098729 10.1194/jlr.M800156-JLR200
47. Cani P. D., Bibiloni R., Knauf C., Waget A., Neyrinck A. M., Delzenne N. M., Burcelin R., Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 2008 57 6 1470 1481 2-s2.0-48249125862 10.2337/db07-1403
48. Muccioli G. G., Naslain D., Bäckhed F., Reigstad C. S., Lambert D. M., Delzenne N. M., Cani P. D., The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis. Molecular Systems Biology 2010 6, article 392 2-s2.0-77955153069 10.1038/msb.2010.46
49. Cani P. D., Possemiers S., Van De Wiele T., Guiot Y., Everard A., Rottier O., Geurts L., Naslain D., Neyrinck A., Lambert D. M., Muccioli G. G., Delzenne N. M., Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut 2009 58 8 1091 1103 2-s2.0-65249099918 10.1136/gut.2008.165886
50. Schäffler A., Schölmerich J., Innate immunity and adipose tissue biology. Trends in Immunology 2010 31 6 228 235 2-s2.0-77953019823 10.1016/j.it.2010.03.001
51. Lewis B. P., Burge C. B., Bartel D. P., Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell 2005 120 1 15 20 2-s2.0-11844278458 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.035
52. O'Carroll D., Mecklenbrauker I., Das P. P., Santana A., Koenig U., Enright A. J., Miska E. A., Tarakhovsky A., A Slicer-independent role for Argonaute 2 in hematopoiesis and the microRNA pathway. Genes and Development 2007 21 16 1999 2004 2-s2.0-34547955952 10.1101/gad.1565607
53. Xiao C., Srinivasan L., Calado D. P., Patterson H. C., Zhang B., Wang J., Henderson J. M., Kutok J. L., Rajewsky K., Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes. Nature Immunology 2008 9 4 405 414 2-s2.0-39749163245 10.1038/ni1575
54. Zhou B., Wang S., Mayr C., Bartel D. P., Lodish H. F., miR-150, a microRNA expressed in mature B and T cells, blocks early B cell development when expressed prematurely. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 104 17 7080 7085 2-s2.0-56649100636 10.1073/pnas.0702409104
55. Cobb B. S., Nesterova T. B., Thompson E., Hertweck A., O'Connor E., Godwin J., Wilson C. B., Brockdorff N., Fisher A. G., Smale S. T., Merkenschlager M., T cell lineage choice and differentiation in the absence of the RNase III enzyme Dicer. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2005 201 9 1367 1373 2-s2.0-20844432885 10.1084/jem.20050572
56. Chen C.-Z., Li L., Lodish H. F., Bartel D. P., MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 2004 303 5654 83 86 2-s2.0-0346727524 10.1126/science.1091903
57. Li Q.-J., Chau J., Ebert P. J. R., Sylvester G., Min H., Liu G., Braich R., Manoharan M., Soutschek J., Skare P., Klein L. O., Davis M. M., Chen C.-Z., miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T cell sensitivity and selection. Cell 2007 129 1 147 161 2-s2.0-33947721625 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.008
58. Chong M. M. W., Rasmussen J. P., Rudensky A. Y., Littman D. R., The RNAseIII enzyme Drosha is critical in T cells for preventing lethal inflammatory disease. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008 205 9 2005 2017 2-s2.0-53349171357 10.1084/jem.20081219
59. O'Neill L. A., Sheedy F. J., McCoy C. E., MicroRNAs: the fine-tuners of toll-like receptor signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 2011 11 3 163 175 2-s2.0-79952186298 10.1038/nri2957
60. Asirvatham A. J., Gregorie C. J., Hu Z., Magner W. J., Tomasi T. B., MicroRNA targets in immune genes and the Dicer/Argonaute and ARE machinery components. Molecular Immunology 2008 45 7 1995 2006 2-s2.0-38949171376 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.035
61. Bakheet T., Frevel M., Williams B. R. G., Greer W., Khabar K. S. A., ARED: human AU-rich element-containing mRNA database reveals an unexpectedly diverse functional repertoire of encoded proteins. Nucleic Acids Research 2001 29 1 246 254 2-s2.0-0035162672
62. Asirvatham A. J., Magner W. J., Tomasi T. B., miRNA regulation of cytokine genes. Cytokine 2009 45 2 58 69 2-s2.0-59249102886 10.1016/j.cyto.2008. 11.010
63. Chartoumpekis D. V., Zaravinos A., Ziros P. G., Iskrenova R. P., Psyrogiannis A. I., Kyriazopoulou V. E., Habeos I. G., Differential expression of microRNAs in adipose tissue after long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. PLoS ONE 2012 7 4 2-s2.0-84859322298 10.1371/journal.pone.0034872 e34872
64. Ortega F. J., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Pardo G., Sabater M., Hummel M., Ferrer A., Rodriguez-Hermosa J. I., Ruiz B., Ricart W., Peral B., Fernández-Real J. M., MiRNA expression profile of human subcutaneous adipose and during adipocyte differentiation. PLoS ONE 2010 5 2 2-s2.0-77749299066 10.1371/journal.pone.0009022 e9022
65. Klöting N., Berthold S., Kovacs P., Schön M. R., Fasshauer M., Ruschke K., Stumvoll M., Blüher M., MicroRNA expression in human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. PLoS ONE 2009 4 3 2-s2.0-62249144948 10.1371/journal.pone.0004699 e4699
66. Heneghan H. M., Miller N., McAnena O. J., O'Brien T., Kerin M. J., Differential miRNA expression in omental adipose tissue and in the circulation of obese patients identifies novel metabolic biomarkers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 5 E846 E850 2-s2.0-79955671859 10.1210/jc.2010-2701
67. Arner E., Mejhert N., Kulyte A., Balwierz P. J., Pachkov M., Cormont M., Lorente-Cebrian S., Ehrlund A., Laurencikiene J., Heden P., Dahlman-Wright K., Tanti J. F., Hayashizaki Y., Ryden M., Dahlman I., van Nimwegen E., Daub C. O., Arner P., Adipose tissue microRNAs as regulators of CCL2 production in human obesity. Diabetes 2012 61 1986 1993 10.2337/db11-1508
68. Xie H., Lim B., Lodish H. F., MicroRNAs induced during adipogenesis that accelerate fat cell development are downregulated in obesity. Diabetes 2009 58 5 1050 1057 2-s2.0-65549144017 10.2337/db08-1299
69. Parra P., Serra F., Palou A., Expression of adipose MicroRNAs is sensitive to dietary conjugated linoleic acid treatment in mice. PLoS ONE 2010 5 9 2-s2.0-77958597552 10.1371/journal.pone.0013005 e13005
70. Strum J. C., Johnson J. H., Ward J., Xie H., Feild J., Hester A., Alford A., Waters K. M., MicroRNA 132 regulates nutritional stress-induced chemokine production through repression of SirT1. Molecular Endocrinology 2009 23 11 1876 1884 2-s2.0-70350436694 10.1210/me.2009-0117
71. Zhuang G., Meng C., Guo X., Cheruku P. S., Shi L., Xu H., Li H., Wang G., Evans A. R., Safe S., Wu C., Zhou B., A novel regulator of macrophage activation: miR-223 in obesity associated adipose tissue inflammation. Circulation 2012 125 23 2892 2903 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087817
72. Ge Q., Gerard J., Noel L., Scroyen I., Brichard S. M., MicroRNAs regulated by adiponectin as novel targets for controlling adipose tissue inflammation. Endocrinology 2012 153 11 5285 5296 10.1210/en.2012-1623
73. Chatzigeorgiou A., Karalis K. P., Bornstein S. R., Chavakis T., Lymphocytes in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation. Diabetologia 2012 55 10 2583 2592 10.1007/s00125-012-2607-0
74. Poggi M., Jager J., Paulmyer-Lacroix O., Peiretti F., Gremeaux T., Verdier M., Grino M., Stepanian A., Msika S., Burcelin R., de Prost D., Tanti J. F., Alessi M. C., The inflammatory receptor CD40 is expressed on human adipocytes: contribution to crosstalk between lymphocytes and adipocytes. Diabetologia 2009 52 6 1152 1163 2-s2.0-67349103904 10.1007/s00125-009-1267-1
75. Ogawa R., Tanaka C., Sato M., Nagasaki H., Sugimura K., Okumura K., Nakagawa Y., Aoki N., Adipocyte-derived microvesicles contain RNA that is transported into macrophages and might be secreted into blood circulation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2010 398 4 723 729 2-s2.0-77955415911 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.008
76. Müller G., Schneider M., Biemer-Daub G., Wied S., Microvesicles released from rat adipocytes and harboring glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins transfer RNA stimulating lipid synthesis. Cellular Signalling 2011 23 7 1207 1223 2-s2.0-79954424525 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.03.013
77. Chen X., Ba Y., Ma L., Cai X., Yin Y., Wang K., Guo J., Zhang Y., Chen J., Guo X., Li Q., Li X., Wang W., Zhang Y., Wang J., Jiang X., Xiang Y., Xu C., Zheng P., Zhang J., Li R., Zhang H., Shang X., Gong T., Ning G., Wang J., Zen K., Zhang J., Zhang C.-Y., Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Research 2008 18 10 997 1006 2-s2.0-53349177819 10.1038/cr.2008.282
78. D'Alessandra Y., Devanna P., Limana F., Straino S., Di Carlo A., Brambilla P. G., Rubino M., Carena M. C., Spazzafumo L., De Simone M., Micheli B., Biglioli P., Achilli F., Martelli F., Maggiolini S., Marenzi G., Pompilio G., Capogrossi M. C., Circulating microRNAs are new and sensitive biomarkers of myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 2010 31 22 2765 2773 2-s2.0-78549270354 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq167
79. Cheng Y., Tan N., Yang J., Liu X., Cao X., He P., Dong X., Qin S., Zhang C., A translational study of circulating cell-free microRNA-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Science 2010 119 2 87 95 2-s2.0-77954932535 10.1042/CS20090645
80. Corsten M. F., Dennert R., Jochems S., Kuznetsova T., Devaux Y., Hofstra L., Wagner D. R., Staessen J. A., Heymans S., Schroen B., Circulating MicroRNA-208b and MicroRNA-499 reflect myocardial damage in cardiovascular disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 2010 3 6 499 506 2-s2.0-79952783637 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.110.957415
81. Ji X., Takahashi R., Hiura Y., Hirokawa G., Fukushima Y., Iwai N., Plasma miR-208 as a biomarker of myocardial injury. Clinical Chemistry 2009 55 11 1944 1949 2-s2.0-70449709345 10.1373/clinchem.2009.125310
82. Zampetaki A., Kiechl S., Drozdov I., Willeit P., Mayr U., Prokopi M., Mayr A., Weger S., Oberhollenzer F., Bonora E., Shah A., Willeit J., Mayr M., Plasma MicroRNA profiling reveals loss of endothelial MiR-126 and other MicroRNAs in type 2 diabetes. Circulation Research 2010 107 6 810 817 2-s2.0-77957259803 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.226357
83. McDermott A. M., Heneghan H. M., Miller N., Kerin M. J., The therapeutic potential of microRNAs: disease modulators and drug targets. Pharmaceutical Research 2011 28 12 3016 3029 2-s2.0-83555173337 10.1007/s11095-011-0550-2
84. Weiler J., Hunziker J., Hall J., Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs): ammunition to target miRNAs implicated in human disease? Gene Therapy 2006 13 6 496 502 2-s2.0-33645135862 10.1038/sj.gt.3302654
85. Colin A., Faideau M., Dufour N., Auregan G., Hassig R., Andrieu T., Brouillet E., Hantraye P., Bonvento G., Déglon N., Engineered lentiviral vector targeting astrocytes in vivo. Glia 2009 57 6 667 679 2-s2.0-64749092065 10.1002/glia.20795
86. Brown B. D., Venneri M. A., Zingale A., Sergi L. S., Naldini L., Endogenous microRNA regulation suppresses transgene expression in hematopoietic lineages and enables stable gene transfer. Nature Medicine 2006 12 5 585 591 2-s2.0-33646564701 10.1038/nm1398
87. Bernstein L. E., Berry J., Kim S., Canavan B., Grinspoon S. K., Effects of etanercept in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006 166 8 902 908 2-s2.0-33646134126 10.1001/archinte.166.8.902
88. Dominguez H., Storgaard H., Rask-Madsen C., Hermann T. S., Ihlemann N., Nielsen D. B., Spohr C., Kober L., Vaag A., Torp-Pedersen C., Metabolic and vascular effects of tumor necrosis factor- α blockade with etanercept in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Vascular Research 2005 42 6 517 525 2-s2.0-27344441019 10.1159/000088261
89. Krützfeldt J., Rajewsky N., Braich R., Rajeev K. G., Tuschl T., Manoharan M., Stoffel M., Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature 2005 438 7068 685 689 2-s2.0-28444469246 10.1038/nature04303
90. Elmén J., Lindow M., Schütz S., Lawrence M., Petri A., Obad S., Lindholm M., Hedtjärn M., Hansen H. F., Berger U., Gullans S., Kearney P., Sarnow P., Straarup E. M., Kauppinen S., LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature 2008 452 7189 896 899 2-s2.0-42249093319 10.1038/nature06783
91. Grimm D., Streetz K. L., Jopling C. L., Storm T. A., Pandey K., Davis C. R., Marion P., Salazar F., Kay M. A., Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature 2006 441 7092 537 541 2-s2.0-33745299723 10.1038/nature04791
92. Sibley C. R., Seow Y., Wood M. J., Novel RNA-based strategies for therapeutic gene silencing. Molecular Therapy 2010 18 3 466 476 2-s2.0-77649275761 10.1038/mt.2009.306