Queering conflict: Examining lesbian and gay experiences of homophobia in Northern Ireland

Queering Conflict: Examining Lesbian and Gay Experiences of Homophobia in Northern Ireland

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-162

  Duggan, Marian ^a  

^a SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899386725     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (217)

1. Anon. 2008. Threads: Stories of Lesbian Life in Northern Ireland in the 1970's and 1980's Belfast: Nova.
2. Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) 2005. Hate Crime: Delivering A Quality Service Good Practice and Tactical Guidance [Online]. Available at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Hate%20Crime.pdf [accessed: 10 April 2008].
3. Allen, D. and Oleson, T. 1999. Shame and internalized homophobia in gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(3), 33-43.
4. Amstutz, M. 2004. The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limitations of Political Forgiveness. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
5. Banks, K. 1997. The 'Homosexual Panic" Defence in Canadian Criminal Law. Criminal Reports (5th series) 371.
6. Bartlett, P 2007. Killing gay men: 1976 - 2001. British Journal of Criminology, 47(4), 573-595.
7. BBC News. 2004a. Gay Men Targeted in Attacks. [Online 19 May]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3728345.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
8. BBC News. 2004b. Gay-Bashing' Killers Jailed. [Online 1 July]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3856839.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
9. BBC News. 2004c Gay Man Bitten in Attack. [Online 20 July]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3910109.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
10. BBC News. 2005. DUP Stay Tight-Lipped Over Berry. [Online 3 May]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/northern_ireland/4509109.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
11. BBC News. 2006. 'Gay Attack' Victim May Lose Eye. [Online 31 January]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4664954.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
12. BBC News. 2008. No Brown Rebuke Over Gay Comment. [Online 14 August]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7560747.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
13. BBC News. 2009. NI Tops Creationist Belief Survey. [Online 2 March]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7919180.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
14. BBC News. 2009a. Nine Held over Sectarian Murder. 26 May. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/foyle_and_west/8067742.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
15. BBC News. 2010. Tyrone Man's Murder was a 'Brutal Assault. [Online 9 February]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8506672.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
16. BBC News. 2011. Judge Overturns ASA Sodomy Ad Ban Decision. [Online 22 March]. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-12818480 [accessed 1 February 2011].
17. Belien, P. 2007. Conservative MP Fined for Homophobia. The Brussels Journal, [Online 27 January]. Available at: http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/724 [accessed 15 March 2011].
18. Hutton, B. 2005. Gay student forced from his home in Londonderry. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 11 March]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/gay-student-forced-from-his-home-in-londonderry-13703866.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
19. Belfast Telegraph. 2008. Iris Robinson: it's Government's duty to uphold God's law, [Online 18 July]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/iris-robinson-itrsquos-governmentrsquos-duty-to-uphold-godrsquos-law-13912046.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
20. Belfast Telegraph. 2008. Iris: gays more vile than child abusers, [Online 21 July]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/iris-gays-more-vile-than-child-abusers-13913517.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
21. Belfast Telegraph. 2011. UUP leader Tom Elliott's Sinn Féin scum outburst sparks outrage, [Online 7 May]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/election-2011/uup-leader-tom-elliotts-sinn-fein-scum-outburst-sparks-outrage-15152631.html [accessed 15 May 2011]
22. Bell, J.B. 1991. The Gun in Politics: An Analysis of Irish Political Conflict. 1916-1986 New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
23. Berrill, K. 1992. Anti-gay violence and victimisation in the United States: an overview, in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men, edited by G. Herek and K. Berrill. California: Sage.
24. Bertaux, D. 1996. A response to Thierry Kochuyt's 'Biographical and empiricist Illusions: a reply to recent criticisms, in Biographical Research Methods, edited by R. Miller. California: Sage.
25. Borooah, V. and Mangan, J. 2007. Love thy neighbour: How much bigotry is there in western countries? Kyklos. 60(3), 295-317.
26. Bowling, B. 1993. Racial harassment and the process of victimisation. The British Journal of Criminology, 33, 231-250.
27. Bristow, J. 1989. Homophobia/misogyny: sexual fears, sexual definitions, in Coming on Strong: Gay Politics and Culture, edited by S. Shepherd and M. Wallis. London: Unwin Hyman.
28. Brook, S. 2009. Jan Moir: more than 22,000 complain to PCC over Stephen Gately piece, The Guardian, [Online 19 October]. Available at: http://www.guardianco.uk/media/2009/oct/19/jan-moir-complain-stephen-gately. [accessed 15 March 2011]
29. Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble London: Routledge.
30. Butler, J. 1991. Imitation and gender insubordination, Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, in D. Fuss. London: Routledge.
31. Carbado, D. 2000. Straight out of the closet. Berkley Women's Law Journal. 15 76-127.
32. Chrisafis, A. 2005. Katrina 'sent by God to punish New Orleans gays, The Guardian, [online 19 November]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/nov/19/northernireland.hurricanes2005 [accessed 27 September 2007].
33. Close, G. 2003. Lesbians in Cork [Online] Available at: http://www.linc.ie/magazine/Lincmag7.pdf [accessed 27 September 2007].
34. Criminal Justice Inspectorate Northern Ireland. 2007. Hate Crime in Northern Ireland: A Thematic Inspection of the Management of Hate Crime by the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland. [Online] Available at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/02/0272e50a-2218-482a-87e0-66a243a27900.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
35. Criminal Justice Inspectorate Northern Ireland. 2010. Hate Crime: A follow-up inspection of the management of hate crime by the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland. [Online] Available at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/16/16f98312-469d-464f-adcc-f7b2513adda7.pdf [accessed 20 April 2011].
36. Cochran, S., Ackerman, D., Mays, V. and Ross, M. 2004. Prevalence of non- medical drug use and dependency among homosexually active men and women in the US population. Report for the Society for the Study of Addiction. Addiction, 99, 989-998.
37. Cody, P. and Welch, P. 1997. Rural gay men in northern New England: Life experiences and coping styles. Journal of Homosexuality, 33(1), 51-67.
38. Comstock, G. 1991. Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men. New York: Columbia University Press.
39. Comstock, G. 1992. Dismantling the Homosexual Panic Defense. Law and Sexuality 2(81).
40. Connolly, S. 1995 Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland, 1660-1760. Gloucestershire: Clarendon Press.
41. Conrad, K. 1998. Women troubles, queer troubles: gender, sexuality, and the politics of selfhood in the construction of the Northern Irish State, in Reclaiming Gender: Transgressive Identities in Modern Ireland edited by M. Cohen and N. Curtin. New York: St. Martin's Press.
42. Conrad, K. 1999. Passing/out: the politics of disclosure in queer-positive pedagogy. Modern Language Studies, 28(3,4), 153-162.
43. Conrad, K. 2001. Queer treasons: homosexuality and Irish national identity. Cultural Studies, 15(1), 124-137.
44. Conrad, K. 2004. Locked in the Family Cell: Gender, Sexuality, and Political Agency in Irish National Discourse. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
45. Cooper, D. 1995. Power in Struggle: Feminism, Sexuality and the State. New York: New York University Press.
46. Corteen, K. 2002. Lesbian safety talk: problematizing definitions and experiences of violence, sexuality and space. Sexualities, 5(3), 259-280.
47. CPS. 2008. Hate Crime Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/CPS_hate_crime_report_2008.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
48. Croall, H. 1998. Crime and Society in Britain. London: Longman.
49. Craig, K. 2002. Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 7(1), 85-101.
50. Cull, M., Platzer, H. and Ballock, S. 2006. Out on My Own: Understanding the Experiences and Needs of Homeless Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth. Brighton: Health and Social Policy Research Centre, University of Brighton.
51. D'Augelli, A. and Grossman, A. 2001. Disclosure of sexual orientation, victimization, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(10), 1008-1027.
52. D'Emilio, J. 1992. Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History, Politics, and the University. New York: Routledge.
53. Davies, P. 1992. The role of disclosure in coming out among gay men, in Modern Homosexualities: Fragments Of Lesbian And Gay Experience, edited by K. Plummer. London: Routledge.
54. De Cecco, J. and Elia, J. 1993. If You Seduce a Straight Person, Can You Make Them Gay?: Issues in Biological Essentialism Versus Social Constructionism in Gay and Lesbian Identities. New York: The Haworth Press.
55. Deeney, D. 2011. Fundamentalist Clerics Furious as Gay Sauna, The Cage, Opens in Derry. [Online 16 February]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/fundamentalist-clerics-furious-as-gay-sauna-the-cage-opens-in-derry-15085691.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
56. Dillon, M. 1999. The Dirty War: Covert Strategies and Tactics Used in Political Conflicts. New York: Routledge.
57. Ditton, J., Farrall, S., Bannister, J. and Gilchrist, E. 2000. Crime surveys and the measurement problem: fear of crime, in Doing Criminological Research, edited by V. Jupp, P. Davies and P. Francis. London: Sage.
58. Dudgeon, J. 1980. Gay Rights in Northern Ireland: A Report. Public Records Office Northern Ireland, Ref no D/3762/1/1/11.
59. Dudgeon, J. 2002. Roger Casement: The Black Diaries - With a Study of His Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life. Belfast: Belfast Press.
60. Dudgeon, J. 2005. Lisburn's Ban on 'Gay Marriages', [Online] Available at: http://www.sluggerotoole.com/archives/2005/07/jeff_dudgeon_wi.php [accessed 15 March 2011].
61. Duggan, M. 2010a. The Politics of Pride: Representing Relegated Sexual Identities in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 61(2), 163-178.
62. Duggan, M. 2010b. Homophobic Hate Crime in Northern Ireland, in Hate Crime: Concepts, Policy, Future Directions, edited by N. Chakraborti. Devon: Willan.
63. Duggan, M. 2008a. Theorising Homophobic Violence in Northern Ireland. Papers from the British Society of Criminology Conference, 8 [Online] Available at: http://www.britsoccrim.org/v8.htm [accessed 15 March 2011].
64. Duggan, M. 2008b. Hidden challenges facing lesbian women in Northern Ireland. Women's News. Issue 167, (May/June), Belfast.
65. Duggan, M. 2008c. Lesbian parenting in Northern Ireland. Women's News. Issue 168, (July/August), Belfast.
66. Duggan, M. 2008d. Gay pride, Northern Ireland Style. Women's News, Issue 168, (July/August), Belfast.
67. Duggan, M. 2008e. Hate crime in the home. Women's News, Issue 169, (September/October), Belfast.
68. Equality Commission Northern Ireland. 2009. Equality Awareness Survey 2008. [Online] Available at: http://www.equalityni.org/archive/pdf/ECSurvey2008.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
69. Faraday, A. and Plummer, K. 1979. Doing life histories. Sociological Review. 27(4)
70. Fay, M., Morrissey, M. and Smyth, M. 1999. Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs. London: Pluto Press.
71. Fegan, E. and Rebouche, R. 2003. Northern Ireland's abortion law: The morality of silence and the censure of agency. Feminist Legal Studies. 11(3), 221-254.
72. Feldman, A. 1991. Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
73. Foucault, M. 1976. The History of Sexuality. London: Penguin Books.
74. Fuss, D. 1989. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. New York: Routledge.
75. Gay Belfast. 2005. Gay Pride, Another Successful Year. [Online 7 August]. Available at: http://www.gaybelfast.net/fiveaug.htm [accessed 15 March 2011].
76. Goodey, J. 2005. Victims and Victimology: Research, Policy and Practice. Essex: Pearson Education.
77. Gordon, D. 2009. No Assembly Sanctions over MP's Gay Remarks. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 4 July]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/no-assembly-sanctions-over-mprsquos-gay-remarks-14382928.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
78. Green, J. 2010. Anti-Gay Group to Protest Outside Christian Convention. Pink News, [Online 17 February]. Available at: http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2010/02/17/anti-gay-cure-group-to-protest-outside-christian-convention/ [accessed 20 May 2011].
79. Greer, C. 2003. Sex Crime and the Media: Sex Offending and the Press in a Divided Society. Devon: Willan.
80. Grew, T. 2008. Interview: David Heath on Incitement to Homophobic Hatred. Pink News [Online 3 January]. Available at: http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-6446.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
81. Grove, V. 2005. Latest victim of a homophobia that London thought it had left behind. The Times. [Online 22 October]. Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article581284.ece [accessed 15 March 2011].
82. Hall, N. 2005. Hate Crime. Devon: Willan Publishing.
83. Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers.
84. Hanafin, P. 2000. Rewriting desire: the construction of sexual identity in literary and legal discourse in postcolonial Ireland, in Sexuality in the Legal Arena, edited by C. Stychin and D. Herman. London: Athlone Press.
85. Hayes, B. and McAllister, I. 2001. Sowing dragon's teeth: public support for political violence and paramilitarism in Northern Ireland. Political Studies. 49, 901-922.
86. Henry, L. 2008. Robinson: no regrets over gay comments. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 10 June]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/robinson-no-regrets-over-gay-comments-13507741.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
87. Hennessy, M. 2010. Street Preacher Fined for 'Homosexuals Going to Hell" Remark. The Irish Times, [Online 31 March]. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0331/1224267399164.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
88. Herek, G. 1992. The social context of hate crimes: notes on cultural heterosexism, in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men, edited by G. Herek and K. Berrill. London: Sage.
89. Herek, G.M. 2004. Beyond "homophobia": Thinking about sexual stigma and prejudice in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 1(2), 6-24.
90. Herek, G. and Berrill, K. 1992. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men. London: Sage.
91. Hillyard, P. 1985. Popular justice in Northern Ireland: continuities and change, in Research in Law Deviance and Social Control, edited by S. Spitzer and A.T. Scull. London: Jai Press.
92. Home Office and Scottish Home Department. 1957. Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution. London: HMSO.
93. Howe, A. 1997. More folk provoke their own demise (revisiting the provocation defence debate courtesy of the homosexual advance defence). Sydney Law Review. 19, 366-384.
94. Hubbard, P. 2001. Sex zones: intimacy, citizenship and public space. Sexualities, 4(1), 51-71.
95. Hyde, H. M. 1955. United in Crime. London: William Heinemann.
96. Iganski, P. 2008. Hate Crime and the City. Bristol: The Policy Press.
97. Impartial Reporter. 2004. Transsexuals and gays are perverts, says DUP Councillor. [Online 19 February]. Available at: http://www.impartialreporter.com/archive/2004_02_19/news/story7514.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
98. Hall, I. 2007. Offensive march should be banned. Irish News. [Online 7 August]. Available at: http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason=denied_empty&script_name=/pageacc.asp&path_info=/pageacc.asp&tser1=ser&sid=439075 [accessed 15 March 2011].
99. Jackson, P. 2005. Gay Pride Weathers Belfast Storm. BBC News. [Online 6 August]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4739815.stm [accessed 15 March 2011].
100. Janoff, D. 2005. Pink Blood: Homophobic Violence in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
101. Jarman, N. and Bryan, D. 1996. Parade and Protest: A Discussion of Parading Disputes in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: University of Ulster.
102. Jacobs, J. and Potter, K. 1998. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics New York: Open University Press.
103. Jarman, N. and Tennant, A. 2003. An Acceptable Prejudice? Homophobic Violence and Harassment in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research.
104. Jay, K. 1999. Tales of the Lavender Menace. New York: Basic Books.
105. Jeffrey-Poulter, S. 1991. Peers, Queers, and Commons: The Struggle for Gay Law Reform from 1950 to the Present. London: Routledge.
106. John, S. and Patrick, A. 1999. Poverty and Social Exclusion of Lesbians and Gay Men in Glasgow. Glasgow: Women's Library.
107. Johnston, L. 2004. Queering Tourism: Paradoxical Performances at Gay Pride Parades. London: Routledge.
108. Johnston, P. 1995. 'More than ordinary men gone wrong": can the law know the gay subject? Melbourne University Law Review. 20(1), 1152-1191.
109. Kelly, L. 1988. Surviving Sexual Violence. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
110. Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W. and Marin, C. 1948. Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male. Philadelphia: Saunders.
111. Kinsman, G. 1996. The Regulation of Desire: Homo and Hetero Sexualities. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
112. Kitchin, R. 2002. Sexing the city: the sexual production of non-heterosexual space in Belfast, Manchester and San Francisco. City. 6(2), 205-218.
113. Kitchin, R. and Lysaght, K. 2003. Heterosexism and the geographies of everyday life in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Environment and Planning A. 35(3), 489-510.
114. Kitchin, R. and Lysaght, K. 2004. Sexual citizenship in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Gender, Place & Culture, 11(1), 83-110.
115. Kitzinger, C. 1987. The Social Construction of Lesbianism. London: Sage.
116. Kitzinger, C. 1997. Lesbian and gay psychology: A critical analysis, in Critical Psychology: An Introduction, edited by D. Fox and I. Prilleltensky. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications.
117. Knox, C. 2002. 'See no evil, hear no evil': insidious paramilitary violence in Northern
118. Ireland. British Journal of Criminology. 42(1), 164-185.
119. LASI (Lesbian Advocacy Services Initiative) 2006. LASI Ipsos Mori Survey. [Online] Ballymena: LASI. Available at: http://www.lasionline.org/research.htm [accessed 15 March 2011].
120. Loudes, C. 2003. Learning to Grow Up: The Multiple Identities of Young Lesbians, Gay Men and Bisexual People in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
121. Lunney, A. 2003. Provocation and 'homosexual' advance: masculinized subjects as threat, masculinised subjects under threat. Social and Legal Studies, 12(3), 311-333.
122. Martin, A.K. 1997. The practice of identity and an Irish sense of place. Gender, Place and Culture - A Journal of Feminist Geography, 4(1), 89-114.
123. Mason, G. and Palmer, A. 1996. Queer Bashing: A National Survey of Hate Crimes against Lesbians and Gay Men. London: Stonewall.
124. Mason, G. 1993. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Sydney: Duncan Chappell.
125. Mason, G. 1997. "Heterosexed violence: typicality and ambiguity" in Homophobic Violence edited by G. Mason and S Tomsen. Sidney: The Hawkins Press.
126. Mason, G. 2005a. Hate crime and the image of the stranger. British Journal of Criminology, 45(6), 837-859.
127. Mason, G. 2005b. Being hated: stranger or familiar? Social and Legal Studies: An International Journal. 14(4), 585-605.
128. Mason, G. and Tomsen, S. 1997. Homophobic Violence. Sydney: The Hawkins Press.
129. Mason, G. and Tomsen, S. 2001. Engendering homophobia: violence, sexuality and gender conformity. Journal of Sociology, 37(3), 257-273.
130. McCafferty, N. 2004. Just Call Me Nell. London: Penguin.
131. McClengahan, B. 1994. Letter from a gay republican: H-Block 5, in Lesbian and Gay Visions of Ireland, edited by I. O'Carroll and E. Collins. London: Cassell.
132. McDermott, M. 2011. Through our Eyes: Experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People in the Workplace. [Online] The Rainbow Project: Belfast Available at: http://www.rainbow-project.org/assets/publications/TOE_mcd.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
133. McDonald, H. 2008. Gay UDA gunman: 'I hid my true self". The Guardian, [Online 5 October]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/oct/05/northernireland.gayrights [accessed 15 March 2011].
134. McDonald, H. 2010. Northern Ireland minister calls on Ulster Museum to promote creationism. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 26 May]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/may/26/northern-ireland-ulster-museum-creationism [accessed 15 March 2011].
135. McEvoy, K. 2001. Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management and Release. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
136. McIntosh, M. 1968. The Homosexual Role. Social Problems, 16(2), 182-192.
137. McKittrick, D. 1977. Paisley's power switched off. The Irish Times, [Online 20 October]. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1977/1020/Pg007.html#Ar00702:2070E82811412471B426D1D119A13A21D19418C1921BC1AF2B51B42DD1D11E12E12012F627056B29258024413D3191962EA1B532C1D129F0EA3491442771B42AC1D1-1893A61B33BB [accessed 15 March 2011].
138. McKittrick, D. and McVea, D. 2001. Making Sense of the Troubles. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
139. McKittrick, J., Kelters, S., Feeney, B. and Thornton, C. 1999. Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died Through the Northern Ireland Troubles. London: Mainstream Publishing.
140. McLoughlin, M. 1996. Crystal or glass?: A review of Dudgeon v. United Kingdom on the fifteenth anniversary of the decision. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, 3(4) (Dec).
141. McNamee, H. 2006. Out on Your Own: An Examination of the Mental Health of Young Same Sex Attracted Men. Belfast: Rainbow Project.
142. Mehra, B. Merkel, C. and Bishop, A. 2004. The internet for empowerment of minority and marginalized users. New Media and Society, 6(6), 781-802.
143. Metro Eireann. 2007. DUP slams gay parade over 'Jesus is a fag' sign. [Online 16 August]. Available at: http://metroeireann.com/article/dup-slams-gay-parade-over-jesus,487 [accessed 15 March 2011].
144. Meyer, D. 2008. 'The intersection of gender and sexuality: homophobic violence as a social control mechanism' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, [Online 31 July]. Available at: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p242094_index.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
145. Mison, R. 1992. Homophobia in manslaughter: the homosexual advance as insufficient provocation. California Law Review, 80, 133-161.
146. Mitchell, C. 2006. Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland: Boundaries of Belonging and Belief. Aldershot: Ashgate.
147. Mitchell, C. and Tilley, J. 2004. The moral minority: Evangelical Protestants in Northern Ireland and their political behaviour. Political Studies, 52(3), 585-602.
148. Moran, L. 2007. Invisible minorities: challenging community and neighbourhood models of policing. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7(4), 417-441.
149. Moran, L., Skeggs, B., Tyrer, C. and Corteen, K. 2003 Sexuality and the Politics of Violence. London: Routledge.
150. Moran, L and Skeggs, B. 2004. Sexuality and the Politics of Violence and Safety. London: Routledge.
151. Moran, L., Skeggs, B., Tyrer, P. and Corteen, K. 2001. Property, Boundary, Exclusion: Making sense of hetero-violence in safer spaces. Social and Cultural Geography, 2(4), 407-420.
152. Morin, S. and Garfinkle, E. 1978. Male homophobia. Journal of Social Issues, 34(1), 29-47.
153. Morrison, L. and L'Heureux, J. 2001. Suicide and gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: implications for clinicians. Journal of Adolescence, 24(1), 39-49.
154. Moulton, E. 2008. Free Presbyterian advert ignites fresh anti-gay storm, Belfast Telegraph, [Online 6 August]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/free-presbyterian-advert-ignites-fresh-antigay-storm-13931139.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
155. Mouzos, J. and Thompson, S. 2000. Gay-hate related homicides: an overview of major findings in NSW. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, June 2000, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology
156. Nardi, P. Sanders, D. and Mermor, J. 1994. Growing up before Stonewall: Life Stories of Some Gay Men. New York: Routledge.
157. News Letter, 2007. MLA "appalled" at gay support group funding. [Online 30 November]. Available at: http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/MLA-39appalled39-at-gay-support.354045.jp [accessed 15 March 2011].
158. News Letter, 2007a. Probe into 'blasphemous" Gay Pride placard. [Online 30 December]. Available at: http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/Probe-into-39blasphemous39-Gay-Pride.3628719.jp [accessed 15 March 2011].
159. NGLTF (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force) 1999. Anti Gay/Lesbian Violence, Victimisation and Defamation in 1998. Washington DC: Policy Institute.
160. NIGRA. 1979a. Miscellaneous Advertising Handouts and Leaflets 1975 - 1980. Public Records Office Northern Ireland, Ref no: D/3762/1/4/4.
161. NIGRA. 1976b. Article from the Sunday News, 9 May, in Gays in Ulster: a report of recent developments. Public Records Office Northern Ireland D/3762/1/1/5.
162. NIGRA. 1976c. Article from THES, 14 May, in Gays in Ulster: a report of recent developments. Public Records Office Northern Ireland D/3762/1/1/5.
163. NIGRA. 1976d. Information Sheets and Memoranda Issued by Various Gay Rights Groups, Mainly NIGRA May 1974 - October 1980. Public Records Office Northern Ireland, Ref no: D/3762/1/4/2.
164. NILT (Northern Ireland Life and Times). 1998. Module Question for Religious Observance: 'And what about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex, is it?', SEXHOMO Variable. [Online] Available at:http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1998/Religious_Observance/SEXHOMO.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
165. NILT (Northern Ireland Life and Times). 2004. Module Question for Religious Observance: 'And what about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex, is it?', SEXHOMO Variable. [Online] Available at:http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2004/Religious_Observance/SEXHOMO.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
166. NILT (Northern Ireland Life and Times). 2008. Module Question for Religious Observance: 'And what about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex, is it?', SEXHOMO Variable. [Online] Available at: http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2008/Religious_Observance/SEXHOMO.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
167. Northern Ireland Census. 2001. Key Statistics [Online] Available at: http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/Census/Census2001Output/KeyStatistics/keystats.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
168. Nugent, R. and Gramick, J. 1989). Homosexuality: Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish issues; a fishbone tale. Journal of Homosexuality, 18(3-4), 7-46.
169. O' Brien, K. 1941. The Land of Spices. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co.
170. O'Doherty, J. 2009. Through Our Eyes. Belfast: The Rainbow Project.
171. O'Hearn, D. 1983. Explaining violence in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Sociology, 38(1), 88-93.
172. O'Toole, J. 2007. The Junior Minister has his say about gays. Hot Press, [Online 20 June]. Available at: http://www.hotpress.com/archive/2931251.html. [accessed 15 March 2011].
173. Office for National Statistics. 2009. Civil Partnerships in the UK. [Online] Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/cpuk0810.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
174. Perry, B. 2001. In The Name Of Hate: Understanding Hate Crime. New York: Routledge.
175. Perry, B. 2003. Accounting for hate crime: doing difference, in Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader, editor B. Perry. New York: Routledge.
176. Pink News 2006. Gay Group Supports Campaign to Clear Homophobic Preacher. [Online 25 April]. Available at: http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1267.html/ [accessed 15 March 2011].
177. Plummer, K. 1975. Sexual Stigma: An Interactionist Account. London: Routledge.
178. Plummer, K. 1983. Documents of Life: An Introduction to the Problems and Literature of a Humanistic Method. London: Allen & Unwin.
179. Plummer, K. 1995. Telling Sexual Stories: Power, Change and Social Worlds. New York: Routledge.
180. Porter, K and Weeks, J. 1991. Between the Acts: Lives of Homosexual Men 1885 - 1967. London: Routledge.
181. Porter, F., Hill, M., McAuley, C. and McLaughlin, E. 2006. Eighty Years of Talking about Equality in Northern Ireland. Working Paper 5, Equality and Social Inclusion in Ireland Project: Queen's University Belfast.
182. st March 2008, [Online] Belfast: PSNI. Available at: http://www.psni.police.uk/3._hate_incidents_and_crimes-4.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
183. Public Health Agency. 2010. HIV and STI Surveillance in Northern Ireland 2010. [Online] Available at:http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/sites/default/files/HIV%20and%20STI%20report%20final%20SMK_0.pdf [accessed 15 March 2011].
184. Quiery, M. 2002. A Mighty Silence: A Report on the Needs of Lesbians and Bisexual Women in Northern Ireland. Ballymena: LASI.
185. Quiery, M. 2007. Invisible Women: A Review of the Impact of Discrimination and Social Exclusion on Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Health in Northern Ireland. Ballymena: LASI.
186. Radford, K., Betts, J. and Ostermeyer, M. 2006. Policing, Accountability and the Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Community in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland: ICR.
187. Ray, L. and Smith, D. 2002. Hate crime, violence and cultures of racism, in The Hate Debate: Should Hate be Punished as a Crime? edited by P. Iganski. London: Profile Books.
188. Rich, A. 1980. Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs, 5(4), 631-660.
189. Rivers, I. 2001. The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long- term correlates. Educational and Child Psychology, 18(1), 32-46.
190. Rolston, B., Schubotz, D. and Simpson, A. 2005. Sex education in Northern Ireland schools: a critical evaluation. Sex Education, 5(3), 217-234.
191. Rose, K. 1994. Diverse Communities: The Evolution of Lesbian and Gay Politics in Ireland. Cork: Cork University Press.
192. Rossiter, A. 2009. Ireland's Hidden Diaspora: The 'Abortion Trail' and the Making of A London-Irish Underground, 1980-2000. London: Iasc Publications.
193. RTE News. 2005. Paisley Censured for Homophobic Comments. [Online 3 February]. Available at: http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0203/paisleyi.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
194. Ruane, J. and Todd, J. 1996. The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
195. Ruthchild, R. 1997. Don't frighten the horses! A systemic perspective on violence against Lesbians and Gay Men, in Homophobic Violence, edited by S. Tomsen and G. Mason Sidney: The Hawkins Press.
196. Silke, A. 1998). Cheshire-cat logic: the recurring theme of terrorist abnormality in psychological research. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 4(1), 51-69.
197. Sluka, J. 1989. Hearts and Minds, Water and Fish: Popular Support for the IRA and INLA in a Northern Irish Ghetto. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.
198. Smyth, C. 1994. Keeping it close: experiencing emigration in England, in Lesbian and Gay Visions of Ireland: Towards the Twenty-First Century, edited by I. O'Carroll and E. Collins, London: Cassell.
199. Smyth, L. 2007). Cottagers in Coleraine fined after police sting. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 12 September]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/cottagers-in-coleraine-fined-after-police-sting-13475140.html [accessed 15 March 2011].
200. Steenkamp, C.K. 2005. The legacy of war: conceptualizing a culture of violence to explain violence after peace accords. The Round Table, 94(379), 253-267.
201. Stychin, C. 1998. A Nation by Rights: National Cultures, Sexual Identity Politics and the Discourse of Rights. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
202. Thompson, N. 1997. Anti-discriminatory Practice. Basingstoke: MacMillan.
203. Toner, F. and McIlrath, K. 1999. Express Yourself! An Investigation Into The Felt Counselling Needs Of Gay Men In Northern Ireland. Belfast: Rainbow Project.
204. Treblicot, J. 1994. Dyke Ideas: Politics, Process, Daily Life. Albany: State University of New York Press.
205. Valentine, G. 1996. (Re)-negotiating the 'heterosexual street': lesbian productions of Space, in BodySpace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality, edited by N. Duncan. London: Routledge.
206. von Shulthess, B. 1992. Violence in the streets: anti-lesbian assault and harassment in San Francisco, in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men, edited by G. Herek and K. Berrill. London: Sage.
207. Weeks, J. 1977. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. London: Quartet Books.
208. Weeks, J. 1986. Sexuality. London: Ellis Horwood/Tavistock Publications.
209. Weeks, J. 1989. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century. London: Quartet.
210. Weinberg, G. 1972. Society and the Healthy Homosexual. New York: St. Martin's Press.
211. White, R. 1998. How Hard Can It Be? Attempted Suicide In Gay Men, The Psychosocial Stressors And Associated Risk Factors. Belfast: Rainbow Project.
212. Whyte, J. and FitzGerald, G. 1991. Interpreting Northern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
213. Williamson, I. 2000. Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health Education Research, 15(1), 97-107.
214. Wilson, E. 1993. Is transgression transgressive?' in Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics, edited by J. Bristow and A. R. Wilson. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
215. Wilton, T. 1995. Lesbian Studies: Setting An Agenda. London: Routledge.
216. Wright, K. B. 2006. Researching internet-based populations: advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3) Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120837952/HTMLSTART [accessed 15 March 2011].
217. Young, D. 2008. Gay lifestyle is 'abomination' not a mental disorder: Iris. Belfast Telegraph, [Online 1 July]. Available at: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/gay-lifestyle-is-lsquoabominationrsquo-not-a-mental-disorder-iris-13507744.html [accessed 15 March 2011].