Genetic witness: Science, law, and controversy in the making of DNA profiling

Genetic Witness: Science, Law, and Controversy in the Making of DNA Profiling

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-272

  Aronson, Jay D ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899265672     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (236)

1. Commonwealth of Massachusetts V. Robert W. Curnin, 565 N.E.2d 440 (Supreme Judicial Court Massachusetts, 1991).
2. Commonwealth of Massachusetts V. Thomas J. Lanigan, 641 N.E.2d 1342 (Supreme Judicial Court Massachusetts, 1994).
3. Daubert V. Merrell Dow 509 U.S. 579 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1993).
4. Fernando Martinez V. State of Florida, 549 S0.2d 694 (Florida Court Appeals, 1989).
5. Frank Hopkins V. State of Indiana, 597 N.E.2d 1297 (Supreme Court of Indiana, 1991).
6. Frye V. United States of America, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Circuit Court, 1923).
7. General Electric V. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1997).
8. In re Silicone Gel Breast Implant Products Liability Litigation, 174 F. Supp. 2d 1242 (Northern District of Alabama, 2001).
9. In the Matter of Baby Girl S, an infant, 532 N.Y.S.2d 634 (Surrogates Court of New York, 1988).
10. James Robert Caldwell V. The State of Georgia, 393 S.E.2d 436 (Supreme Court of Georgia, 1990).
11. Kenneth S. Cobey V. State of Maryland, 559 A.2d 391 (Court of Appeals, 1989).
12. Kumho Tire V. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct. 1167 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1999).
13. People of California V. Brown, 40 Ca1.3d 512 (California, 1985).
14. People of California V. Jeffrey Allen Wallace, 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 721 (California Court of Appeals, 1st District, 1993).
15. People of California V. Lynda Patricia Axell, 1Cal.Rptr.2d 411 (California Court of Appeals, 2nd District, 1991).
16. People of California V. Orenthal James Simpson (Los Angeles County Superior Court, 1995).
17. People of California V. Pizarro, 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 436 (California, 1992).
18. People of California V. Ralph Edwards Barney and Kevin O'Neal Howard, 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 731 (California Court of Appeals, 1st District, 1992).
19. People of California V. Reilly, 196 Cal.App. 3d (California Court of Appeals, San Diego, 1987).
20. People of Illinois V. Flemming and Watson (Cook County Court, 1990, consolidated, unpublished).
21. People of Illinois V. Robert E. Stremmel II, 630 N.E.2d 1301 (Appeals Court Illinois, 1994).
22. People of New York V. George Wesley and Cameron Bailey, 533 N.Y.S.2d 643 (Albany County Court, 1988).
23. People of New York V. Joseph Castro, 545 N.Y.S.2d 985 (Bronx County Supreme Court, 1989).
24. People of New York V. Roderick Keene, 591 N.Y.S.2d 733 (Queens County Supreme Court, 1992).
25. State of Delaware V. Steven B. Pennell, 584 A.2d 513 (Delaware Supreme Court, 1989).
26. State of Kansas V.Washington, 622 P.2d 986 (Kansas, 1979).
27. State of Michigan V. Young, 308 N.W.2d 194 (Michigan, 1981).
28. State of Minnesota V. Boyd, 331 N.W.2d 480 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1983).
29. State of Minnesota V. Carlson, 276 N.W.2d 170 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1978).
30. State of Minnesota V. Daryl Duane Alt, 504 N.W.2d 38 (Court of Appeals, 1993).
31. State of Minnesota V. Joon Kyu Kim, 398 N.W.2d 544 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1987).
32. State of Minnesota V. Larry Lee Jobe, 486 N.W.2d 407 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1992).
33. State of Minnesota V. Thomas Robert Schwartz, 447 N.W.2d 422 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1989).
34. State of Minnesota V. Troy Bradley Bloom, 516 N.W.2d 159 (Supreme Court of Minnesota, 1994).
35. State of New Hampshire V. Vandebogart, 616 A.2d 843 (New Hampshire, 1992).
36. State ofWashington V. Richard C. Cauthorn, 846 P.2d 502 (Supreme Court of Washington, 1993).
37. Timothy Spencer V. Commonwealth of Virginia, 384 S.E.2d 253 (1989).
38. Tommie Lee Andrews V. State of Florida, 533 S0.2d 841 (Florida Court Appeals, 1988).
39. Appeal of: State of Florida V. Tommie Lee Andrews, unpublished (Orange County Circuit Court, 1987).
40. United States of America V. John Ray Bonds, Mark Verdi, and Steven Wayne Yee, 12 F.2d 540 (U.S. Court of Appeals, 6th Circuit, 1993).
41. United States of America V. Kevin E. Porter, 618 A.2d 629 (D.C. Court of Appeals, 1992).
42. United States of America V.Matthew Sylvester Two Bulls, 918 F.2d 56 (U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1990).
43. United States of America V. Randolph Jakobetz, 747 F.Supp. 250 (U.S. District Court - Vermont, 1990).
44. United States of America V. Stephen Wayne Yee, et al., 134 F.R.D. 161 (U.S. District Court for Northern District of Ohio, 1991 [adopting Magistrate's Report]).
45. Adams, Dwight E. "Validation of the Procedure for DNA Analysis: A Summary." Crime Laboratory Digest 15, no. 4 (1988): 85-87.
46. Adams, Dwight E., Lawrence A. Presley, Bruce Budowle, Alan M. Giusti, F. Samuel Baechtel, and others. "Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analysis by Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphisms of Blood and Other Bodily Fluid Stains Subjected to Contamination and Environmental Insults." Journal of Forensic Sciences 36, no. 5 (1991): 1284-1298.
47. Anderson, Alun. "DNA Fingerprinting on Trial." Nature 342, no. 6252 (1989): 844.
48. "Judge Backs Technique." Nature 340, no. 6235 (1989): 582.
49. Applied Biosystems. http://www.appliedbiosystems.com, 17 August 2006.
50. Arlington National Cemetery. "The Vietnam Unknown Controversy." http://www.arlingtoncemetery. com/vietnam.htm, 16 August 2006.
51. ASCLD/LAB. "ASCLD/LAB Limited Scope Interim Inspection Report: Commonwealth of Virginia Division of Forensic Science Central Laboratory." 9 April 2005. http://www. dfs.virginia.gov/services/forensicBiology/ externalReviews.cfm. Accessed 8 March 2006.
52. Ashcroft, John. "Attorney General Ashcroft Announces DNA Initiatives." U.S. Department of Justice. 4 March 2002. http://www.usdoj.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2002/ 030402newsconferncednainitiative. htm. Accessed 14 August 2006.
53. Baird, Michael, Ivan Balazs, Alan Giusti, L. Miyazaki, L. Nicholas, K.Wexler, E. Kanter, J. Glassberg, F. Allen, P. Rubinstein, and others. "Allele Frequency Distribution of Two Highly Polymorphic DNA Sequences in Three Ethnic Groups and Its Application to the Determination of Paternity." American Journal of Human Genetics 39 (1986): 489-501.
54. Balazs, Ivan, Michael Baird, Mindy Clyne, and Ellie Meade. "Human Population Genetic Studies of Five Hypervariable DNA Loci." American Journal of Human Genetics 44 (1989): 182-190.
55. Balazs, Ivan, K.Wexler, Alan M. Giusti, and Michael Baird. "The Use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms for the Determination of Paternity." Paper presented at the American Society of Human Genetics. Toronto, 1984.
56. Ballantyne, Jack, George Sensabaugh, and Jan Witkowski, eds. DNA Technology and Forensic Science. Vol. 32, Branbury Report. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
57. Barber, George H., and Mira Gur-Arie. New York's DNA Data Bank and Commission on Forensic Science. New York: Matthew Bender, 1994.
58. Beeler, Laurel, and William R. Wiebe. "DNA Identification Tests and the Courts." Washington Law Review 63 (1988): 881-955.
59. Berger,Margaret A. "Expert Testimony: The Supreme Court's Rules." Issues in Science and Technology 16, no. 4 (2000): 57-63.
60. Broad, William, and Nicholas Wade. Betrayers of the Truth. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.
61. Brownlee, Shannon. "Courtroom Genetics."U.S. News and World Report, 27 January 1992, 60-61.
62. Budowle, Bruce, and John Stafford. "Response to 'Population Genetic Problems in the Forensic Use of DNA Profiles' (Submitted in the Case of United States V. Yee)." Crime Laboratory Digest 18, no. 3 (1991): 109-112.
63. Budowle, Bruce, and K. L. Monson. "Clarification of Additional Issues Regarding Statistics and Population Substructure Effects on Forensic DNA Profile Frequency Estimates."Paper presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Human Identification, Scottsdale,Arizona, 1995. http://www.promega.com/geneticidproc/ussymp6proc/budow.htm. Accessed 1 September 2006.
64. Budowle, Bruce, Keith L. Monson, Alan M. Giusti, and B. L. Brown. "The Assessment of Frequency Estimates of Hae III-Generated VNTR Profiles in Various Reference Databases." Journal of Forensic Science 39 (1994): 319-352.
65. Budowle, Bruce, Keith L. Monson, Alan M. Giusti, and B. L. Brown. "Evaluation of Hinf I-Generated VNTR Profile Frequencies Determined Using Various Ethnic Databases." Journal of Forensic Science 39 (1994): 988-1008.
66. Budowle, Bruce, F. Samuel Baechtel, Ron M. Fourney, Dwight E. Adams, Lawrence A. Presley, Harold Deadman, and Keith L. Monson. "Fixed-Bin Analysis for Statistical Evaluation of Continuous Distributions of Allelic Data from VNTR Loci for Use in Forensic Comparisons." American Journal of Human Genetics 48 (1991): 841-855.
67. Budowle, Bruce, John S.Waye, Gary G. Shutler, and F. Samuel Baechtel."Hae III - A Suitable Restriction Endonuclease for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Biological Evidence Samples." Journal of Forensic Sciences 35, no. 3 (1990): 530-536.
68. Budowle, Bruce, Harold Deadman, Randall Murch, and F. Samuel Baechtel. "An Introduction to the Methods of DNA Analysis under Investigation in the FBI Laboratory." Crime Laboratory Digest 15, no. 1 (1988): 8-21.
69. Budowle Bruce, Keith L.Monson, K. Anoe, F. Samuel Baechtel, and D. Bergman."A Preliminary Report on Binned General Population Data on Six Vntr Loci in Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics from the United States." Crime Laboratory Digest 18, no. 1 (1991): 10-26.
70. Budowle, Bruce, Keith L. Monson, and Alan M. Giusti. "A Reassessment of Frequency Estimates of PvuII-Generated VNTR Profiles in a Finnish, an Italian, and a General U.S. Caucasian Database: No Evidence for Ethnic Subgroups Affecting Forensic Estimates." American Journal of Human Genetics 55 (1994): 533-539.
71. Bureau of National Affairs. "DA Faults Lifecodes' DNA Test, Withdraws Results, Drops Case." BNA Criminal Practices Manual 4 (1990): 3-6.
72. Geneticist, Defense Lawyers Debate Merits of DNA Typing." BNA Criminal Practices Manual 3 (1989): 259-262.
73. "Landmark DNA Law Stalled."BNA Criminal Practices Manual 4 (1990): 491-492.
74. New York Law Would Regulate Forensic DNA Testing Labs." BNA Criminal Practices Manual 4 (1990): 315-318.
75. Rugged Cross-Examination Exposes Flawed DNA Tests." BNA Criminal Practices Manual 4 (1990): 31-38.
76. Butler, John M. Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.
77. Cadiz, Laura. "Md.-based DNA Lab Fires Analyst over Falsified Tests." Baltimore Sun, 18 November 2004.
78. California Association of Crime Laboratory Directors (CACLD). "DNA Committee Report 2." CACLD, 1987.
79. Cardwell, Diane."New York State Draws Nearer to Collecting DNA in all Crimes, Big and Small." New York Times, 4 May 2006.
80. Caskey, C. Thomas. "Comments on DNA-Based Forensic Analysis." American Journal of Human Genetics 49 (1991): 893-895.
81. Castonguay, Roger T."Message from the Assistant Director in Charge of the FBI Laboratory." Crime Laboratory Digest 15, Supplement (1988): 1-2.
82. CBS This Morning. Transcript. 5 February 1990. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe.
83. Charkraborty, Ranajit, and Kenneth K. Kidd. "The Utility of DNA Typing in Forensic Work." Science 254, no. 5039 (1991): 1735-1739.
84. Charkraborty, Ranajit, and Stephen P. Daiger. "Polymorphisms at VNTR Loci Suggest Homogeneity of the White Population of Utah."Human Biology 63, no. 5 (1991): 571-587.
85. Cochran, Johnnie. "Closing Arguments in People V. Simpson." Transcript. 28 September 1995, 47793-48036. http://walraven.org/simpson/sep28. html. Accessed 5 May 2003.
86. Cohen, Joel E. "The Ceiling Principle Is Not Always Conservative in Assigning Genotype Frequencies for Forensic DNA Testing." American Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1992): 1165-1168.
87. Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
88. Commonwealth of Virginia. Department of Forensic Science. "DFS Responses to ASCLDLAB DNA Audit Report." Undated. http://www.dfs.virginia. gov/services/foresicBiology/ esternalReviewDFSResponse.pdf. Accessed 8 March 2006.
89. Court TV . Crime Library. "Hit the Road Jack." http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious-murders/famous/simpson/jack-6.html. Accessed 8 February 2006.
90. Dawson, Jim. "Attacker of Woman at Ramp Left 'DNA Fingerprints' at Scene." (Minneapolis) Star Tribune, 21 June 1988.
91. Derksen, Linda. Agency and Structure in the History of DNA Profiling: The Stabilization and Standardization of a New Technology. Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 2003.
92. "Towards a Sociology of Measurement: The Meaning of Measurement Error in the Case of DNA Profiling." Social Studies of Science 30, no. 6 (2000): 803-845.
93. Devlin, Bernie, Neil Risch, and Kathryn Roeder. "No Excess of Homozygosity at Loci Used for DNA Fingerprinting." Science 249, no. 4975 (1990): 1416-1420.
94. "Statistical Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting: A Critique of the NRC's Report." Science 259, no. 5096 (1993): 748-749.
95. Dixon, Lloyd, and Brian Gill. Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Cases Since the Daubert Decision. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice, 2001.
96. "DNA Fingerprinting: DNA Probes Control Immigration." Nature 319 (1986): 171.
97. DNA Print Genomics. "Forensics." http://www.dnaprint.com/ welcome/productsandservices/ forensics/. Accessed 15 June 2006.
98. Epstein, Charles J. "Editorial: The Forensic Applications of Molecular Genetics - The Journal's Responsibilities." American Journal of Human Genetics 49 (1991): 697-698.
99. "Errors in Evidence." Special Report. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2004. http://www.hpdlabinvestigation. org/pressrelease/ 060511pressrelease.pdf. Accessed 9 March 2006.
100. Federal News Service. "National Research Council Press Conference Transcript." 1 April 1992, Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe.
101. Flannery, Irene M. "Frye or Frye Not: Should the Reliability of DNA Evidence Be a Question of Weight or Admissibility?" American Criminal Law Review 30 (1992): 161-186.
102. Fleming, Thomas M. "Admissibility of DNA Identification Evidence." A.L.R. 4th 84 (1991): 313.
103. Forensic Bioinformatics. http://www.bioforensics.com/index.html. Accessed 17 August 2006.
104. Geisser, Seymour N. "Statistics, Litigation, and Conduct Unbecoming." In Statistical Science in the Courtroom, ed. Joseph L. Gastwirth. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
105. Gest, Ted. "Convicted By Their Own Genes: DNA Fingerprinting Is Facing a Major Legal Challenge from Defense Attorneys and Civil Libertarians."U.S. News and World Report, 31 October 1988, 74.
106. Giannelli, Paul. "The Admissibility of Novel Scientific Evidence: Frye V. United States, a Half-Century Later." Columbia Law Review 80 (1980):1150-1197.
107. "Frye V. United States: Background Paper Prepared for the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists." Federal Rules Decisions 99 (1983): 188-201.
108. Gieryn, Thomas F. Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
109. Giordano, Mary Ann. "DNA Test Pose New Dilemma for Courts." Manhattan Lawyer, 3 January 1989, 1.
110. Giusti, Alan M.,Michael Baird, S. Pasquale, Ivan Balazs, and J. Glassberg. "Application of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Polymorphisms to the Analysis of DNA Recovered from Sperm." Journal of Forensic Sciences 31, no. 2 (1986): 409-417.
111. Hartl, Daniel L. Basic Genetics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1991.
112. "Forensic DNA Typing Dispute." Nature 372, no. 6505 (1994): 398-399.
113. Hartl, Daniel L., and Richard C. Lewontin. "DNA Fingerprinting Report (Letter to the Editor)." Science 260 (1993): 473-474.
114. Herd, Kim, and Adrianne Day. American Prosecutors Research Institute. "An Update on STR Admissibility." Silent Witness 5, no. 3 (2000). http://www.ndaa.org/publications/ newsletters/silent-witness-volume-5-number-3- 2000.html. Accessed 17 August 2006.
115. Hicks, John W. "DNA Profiling: A Tool for Law Enforcement." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, August 1988, 3-4.
116. "FBI Program for the Forensic Application of DNA Technology." In DNA Technology and Forensic Science, ed. Jack Ballantyne. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
117. Hilgartner, Stephen. Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
118. Hopkin, Karen. "Eric S. Lander, Ph.D." Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/2002/lander.html. Accessed February 2003.
119. Humes, Edward. "DNA War." L.A. Times Magazine, 29 November 1992, 29.
120. Innocence Project. "About the Innocence Project." Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Yeshiva University. http://www.innocenceproject.org/ about/index.php. Accessed 16 August 2006.
121. Case Summary: Josiah Sutton," Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Yeshiva University. 2001. http://www.innocenceproject.org/case/display-profile. php?id=145. Accessed 8 March 2006.
122. Historic Audit of Virginia Crime Lab Errors in Earl Washington Jr.'s Capital Case." Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Yeshiva University. 6 May 2005. http:// www.innocenceproject.org/docs/VACrimeLabPressRelease.pdf. Accessed 14 March 2006.
123. Homepage of Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Yeshiva University. http://www.innocenceproject.org/. Accessed 1 March 2006.
124. Jasanoff, Sheila. "Contested Boundaries in Policy-Relevant Science." Social Studies of Science 17 (1987): 195-230.
125. Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
126. "The Eye of Everyman: Witnessing DNA in the Simpson Trial." Social Studies of Science 28 (1998): 713-740.
127. Jeffreys, Alec J., Victoria Wilson, and Swee Lay Thein. "Hypervariable 'Minisatellite' Regions in Human DNA." Nature 314 (1985): 67-73.
128. Individual-Specific 'Fingerprints' of Human DNA." Nature 316 (1985): 76-79.
129. Jordan, Kathleen, and Michael Lynch. "The Dissemination, Standardization, and Routinization of Molecular Biological Technique." Social Studies of Science 28 (1998): 773-800.
130. Kalmijn, Matthijs. "Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns, Trends." Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 395-421.
131. Evan Kanter,Michael Baird, Robert Shaler, and Ivan Balazs. "Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recovered from Dried Bloodstains." Journal of Forensic Sciences 31, no. 2 (1986): 403-408.
132. Kaye, David H. "DNA Evidence: Probability, Population Genetics, and the Courts." Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 7 (1993): 101-117.
133. Kirby, Lorne T. DNA Fingerprinting: An Introduction. New York: Stockton Press, 1990.
134. Koehler, Jonathan. "Error and Exaggeration in the Presentation of DNA Evidence." Jurimetrics Journal 34 (1993): 21-39.
135. On Conveying the Probative Value of DNA Evidence: Frequencies, Likelihood Ratios, and Error Rates." University of Colorado Law Review 67 (1996): 859-886.
136. Kolata, Gina. "Critic of 'Genetic Fingerprinting' Tests Tells of Pressure to Withdraw Paper." New York Times, 20 December 1991.
137. "Chief Says Panel Backs Courts' Use of a Genetic Test; Times Account in Error; Report Urges Strict Standards, but No Moratorium on DNA Fingerprinting for Now." New York Times, 15 April 1992.
138. "Two Chief Rivals in the Battle over DNA Evidence Now Agree on Its Use." New York Times, 27 October 1994.
139. "US Panel Seeking Restriction on Use of DNA in Courts; Lab Standards Faulted; Judges Are Asked to Bar Genetic 'Fingerprinting' until Basis in Science Is Stronger." New York Times, 14 April 1992.
140. Krane, D. E., R.W. Allen, S. A. Sawyer, D. A. Petrov, and Daniel L. Hartl. "Genetic Differences at Four DNA Typing Loci in Finnish, Italian, and Mixed Caucasian Populations." PNAS 89 (1992): 10583-10587.
141. Labaton, Stephen. "DNA Fingerprinting Showdown Expected in Ohio." New York Times, 22 June 1990.
142. Lander, Eric S. "DNA Fingerprinting on Trial." Nature 339, no. 6225 (1989): 501-505.
143. "DNA Fingerprinting: The NRC Report (Letter to the Editor)." Science 260, no. 5112 (1993): 1221.
144. Invited Editorial: Research on DNA Typing Catching up with Courtroom Application [Plus Responses from Numerous Individuals and Lander's Reply]." American Journal of Human Genetics 48 (1991): 819-823.
145. "Lander Reply." American Journal of Human Genetics 49 (1991): 899-903.
146. Lander, Eric S., and Bruce Budowle. "DNA Fingerprinting Dispute Laid to Rest." Nature 371, no. 6500 (1994): 735-738.
147. Latour, Bruno. Science in Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
148. Law, John. "Technology, Closure and Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of Portuguese Expansion." In The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed.Wiebe Bijker, Trevor Pinch, and Thomas P. Hughes. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987.
149. Lazer, David. "Introduction: DNA and the Criminal Justice System." In DNA and the Criminal Justice System, ed. David Lazer. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
150. Lee, Henry C., and Frank Tirnady. Blood Evidence: How DNA Is Revolutionizing the Way We Solve Crimes. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing, 2003.
151. Lempert, Richard. "DNA, Science and the Law: Two Cheers for the Ceiling Principle." Jurimetrics Journal 34 (1993): 41-57.
152. Some Caveats Concerning DNA as Criminal Identification Evidence: With Thanks to the Reverend Bayes." Cardozo Law Review 13 (1991): 303-341.
153. Lewin, Roger. "DNA Typing on the Witness Stand." Science 244, no. 4908 (1989): 1033-1035.
154. Lewis, Ricki."DNA Fingerprints:Witness for the Prosecution. "Discover, June 1988, 44-52.
155. Lewontin, Richard C. "Forensic DNA Typing Dispute." Nature 372, no. 6205 (1994): 398.
156. Lewontin, Richard C., and Daniel L. Hartl. "Population Genetics in Forensic DNA Typing." Science 254, no. 5039 (1991): 1745-1750.
157. Loevinger, Lee. "Law and Science as Rival Systems." University of Florida Law Review 19 (1967): 530-551.
158. Lynch, Michael. "The Discursive Production of Uncertainty: The OJ Simpson 'Dream Team' and the Sociology of Knowledge Machine." Social Studies of Science 28, no. 5-6 (1998): 829-868.
159. "God's Signature: DNA Profiling, The New Gold Standard in Forensic Science." Endeavour 42, no. 2 (2003): 93-97.
160. Manor, Robert."DNA 'Fingerprinting' Questioned; Geneticist Says Test May Be Less Reliable Than First Believed." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 October 1989.
161. Margolick, David. "Simpson Defense Drops DNA Challenge." New York Times, 5 January 1995.
162. Simpson Lawyers Ask to Forgo DNA Hearing." New York Times, 14 December 1994.
163. Marx, Jean L."DNA Fingerprinting Takes the Witness Stand." Science 240, no. 4859 (1988): 1616-1618.
164. McElfresh, K. C. "DNA Fingerprinting (Letter to the Editor)." Science 246, no. 4927 (1989): 192.
165. McFadden, Robert D. "Reliability of DNA Testing Challenged by Judge's Ruling." New York Times, 15 August 1989.
166. McGlone, Tim. "Nearly 500 Military DNA Cases under Investigation." Virginian-Pilot, 17 May 2006.
167. McKenna, Judith, Joe Cecil, and Pamela Coukos."Reference Guide on Forensic DNA Evidence." In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, ed. Federal Judicial Center. Washington, DC: Federal Justice Center, 1994.
168. Morton, N. E. "DNA in Court." European Journal of Human Genetics 1 (1993): 172-178.
169. Moss, Debra Cassens. "DNA - The New Fingerprints." ABA Journal 1988, 66-70.
170. Murch, Randall. "Summary of the [FBI] DNA Technology Seminar." Crime Laboratory Digest 15, no. 3 (1988): 79-85.
171. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory. "Short Tandem Repeat DNA Internet Database." http://www.cstl.nist.gov/ div831/strbase/. Accessed 17 August 2006.
172. National Research Council. DNA Technology in Forensic Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992.
173. The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.
174. Neufeld, Peter J., and Neville Coleman. "When Science Takes the Witness Stand." Scientific American 262, no. 5 (1990): 46-53.
175. Neufeld, Peter J., and Barry Scheck. "Factors Affecting the Fallibility of DNA Profiling: Is There Less Than Meets the Eye?" Expert Evidence Reporter 1, no. 4 (1989): 93-97.
176. Norman, Colin. "Caution Urged on DNA Fingerprinting." Science 245, no. 4919 (1989): 699.
177. Office of the Independent Investigator for the Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory and Property Room. "Independent Investigator Issues Fifth Report on Houston Police Department Crime Lab." 11 May 2006. http://www.hpdlabinvestigation.org/pressrelease/ 060511pressrelease.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2006.
178. Parloff, Roger. "How Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld Tripped up the DNA Experts." American Lawyer, December 1989, 50-56.
179. Pearsall, Anthony. "DNA Printing: The Unexamined 'Witness' in Criminal Trials." California Law Review 77 (1989): 665-703.
180. Peterson, Joseph L., and R. E. Gaensslen. Developing Criteria for Model External DNA Proficiency Testing: Final Report. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, 2001.
181. "The Power of DNA Evidence." Editorial. New York Times, 28 May 1995, 10.
182. Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy."Daubert: The Most Influential Supreme Court Ruling You've Never Heard Of." Report. June 2003. Boston: Tellus Institute.
183. "Quantum Chemical Corp Reports Earnings for Qtr to Dec 31." New York Times, 30 January 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9E05EFD71726E630 BC4953DFBE6E958A. Accessed 14 August 2006.
184. "Quashing the DNA Debate." Editorial. Sacramento (CA) Bee, 28 December 1991.
185. Riley, Donald E."DNA Testing: An Introduction for Non-Scientists, An Illustrated Explanation." http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/ riley/riley.html. Accessed 8 February 2006.
186. Roberts, Leslie. "DNA Fingerprinting: Academy Reports." Science 256, no. 5055 (1992): 300-301.
187. Fight Erupts over DNA Fingerprinting." Science 254, no. 5039 (1991): 1721-1723.
188. "Hired Guns or True Believers?" Science 257 (1992): 735.
189. Prosecutor V. Scientist: A Cat and Mouse Relationship." Science 257 (1992): 733.
190. "Science in Court: A Culture Clash." Science 257, no. 5071 (1992): 732-736.
191. "Was Science Fair to Its Authors?" Science 254 (1991): 1722.
192. Ruethling,Gretchen. "Illinois State Police Cancels Forensic Lab's Contract, Citing Errors." New York Times, 20 August 2005.
193. Saks, Michael J., and Jonathan Koehler. "The Coming Paradigm Shift in Forensic Identification Science." Science 309, no. 5736 (2005): 892-895.
194. "What DNA 'Fingerprinting' Can Teach the Law about the Rest of Forensic Science." Cardozo Law Review 13 (1991): 361-372.
195. Scheck, Barry. "DNA and Daubert." Cardozo Law Review 15 (1994): 1959-1997.
196. Interview with Harry Kriesler as part of "Conversations with History Series at UC-Berkeley." DNA and the Criminal Justice System. 25 July 2003. http://globetrotter. berkeley.edu/people3/Scheck/scheck-con3.html. Accessed 17 August 2006.
197. Scheck, Barry, Peter J. Neufeld, and Jim Dwyer. Actual Innocence: Five Days to Execution and Other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
198. "DNA Task Force Report." Champion, June 1991, 13-21.
199. Schmeck, Harold M. "DNA Findings Are Disputed by Scientists." New York Times, 25 May 1989.
200. Scott, Janny. "Chemists Told of Advances in 'Genetic Fingerprinting.'" Los Angeles Times, 8 November 1987, 2.
201. Sessions,William S. "Invited Editorial." Journal of Forensic Science 34, no. 5 (1989): 1051.
202. Seton, Craig. "Life for Sex Killer Who Sent Decoy to Take Genetic Test." Times (London), 23 January 1988.
203. Shackelford, Jerry. "DNA Test Error Admitted in Lapp Case." Fort Worth Journal-Gazette, 23 November 1988.
204. "Procedure Varied in Lapp DNA Test." Fort Worth Journal-Gazette, 24 November 1988.
205. Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.
206. Silcock, Brian. "Genes Tell Tales." Sunday Times (London), 3 November 1985.
207. Southern, E. M. "Detection of Specific Sequences among DNA Fragments Separated By Gel Electrophoresis." Journal of Molecular Biology 98, no. 3 (1975): 503-517.
208. Thompson, Larry. "A Smudge on DNA Fingerprinting?; N.Y. Case Raises Questions about Quality Standards, Due Process."Washington Post, 26 June 1989.
209. Thompson, William C. "Accepting Lower Standards: The National Research Council's Second Report on Forensic DNA Evidence." Jurimetrics Journal 37 (1997): 405-424.
210. "DNA Evidence in the OJ Simpson Trial." University of Colorado Law Review 67, no. 4 (1996): 827-857.
211. "Evaluating the Admissibility of New Genetic Identification Tests: Lessons from the 'DNA War.'" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 84, no. 1 (1993): 22-104.
212. "Subjective Interpretation, Laboratory Error and the Value of Forensic DNA Evidence: Three Case Studies." Genetica 96 (1995): 153-168.
213. Tarnish on the Gold Standard: Recent Problems in Forensic DNA Testing." Champion, January/February (2006): 14-20.
214. Thompson, William C., and Simon Ford. "DNA Typing: Acceptance and Weight of the New Genetic Identification Tests." Virginia Law Review 75 (1989): 45-108.
215. DNA Typing: Promising Forensic Technique Needs Additional Validation." Trial, September 1988, 56-64.
216. Thompson,William C., Simon Ford, Travis Doom, Michael Raymer, and Dan E. Krane. "Evaluating Forensic DNA Evidence: Essential Elements of a Competent Defense Review." Champion 27, no. 3 (2003): 16-25.
217. University of California-Irvine. "As Texas Convict Is Exonerated, DNA Expert Offers Inside Look at the Case Overhauling Justice System." 7 April 2003. http://today.uci. edu/news/release-detail.asp?key=987. Accessed 8 March 2006.
218. U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment. Genetic Witness: Forensic Uses of DNA Tests. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1990.
219. The OTA Legacy: 1972-1995." http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/. Accessed 2 June 2006.
220. U.S. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General. The FBI DNA Laboratory, A Review of Protocol and Practice Vulnerabilities.Washington, DC: Office of the Inspector General, 2004.
221. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Combined DNA Index System. "Measuring Success." http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/success.htm. Accessed 15 June 2006.
222. "FBI's Response to the Report by the Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science." Quantico, Va.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1992.
223. VNTR Population Data: A Worldwide Study. 3 vols. Quantico,Va.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1993.
224. U.S. House Committee on Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights. FBI Oversight and Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 1990 (DNA Identification). 101st Cong., 1st sess.Washington, DC: GPO, 1990.
225. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights. Forensic DNA Analysis. 102nd Cong., 1st sess., (1991), House Serial 30/Senate Serial J-102-147.Washington, DC: GPO, 1992.
226. Subcommittee on Constitution. DNA Identification. 101st Cong., 1st sess., House Serial 30/Senate Serial J-101-147.Washington, DC: GPO, 1992.
227. Veitch, Andrew. "Son Rejoins Mother as Genetic Test Ends Immigration Dispute/Ghanian Boy Allowed to Join Family in Britain." Guardian (London), 31 October 1985.
228. Walgate, Robert. "Futures: You and Nobody Else: Focus on the Technique of Genetic Fingerprinting." Guardian (London), 8 November 1985.
229. Whitehead Institute, "Lander Biography." http://www.wi.mit.edu/ news/genome/lander. html. Accessed February 2003.
230. Wong, Zilla, Victoria Wilson, Ila Patel, S. Povey, and Alec J. Jeffreys. "Characterization of a Panel of Highly Variable Minisatellites Cloned from Human DNA." Annals of Human Genetics 51 (1987): 269-288.
231. Wooley, James R. "A Response to Lander: The Courtroom Perspective." American Journal of Human Genetics 49 (1991): 892-893.
232. Wooley, James R., and Rockne Harmon. "Forensic DNA Brouhaha: Science or Debate." American Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1992): 1164-1165.
233. Wynne, Brian. "Establishing the Rules of Laws: Constructing Expert Authority." In Expert Evidence: Interpreting Science in the Law, ed. Brian Wynne and Roger Smith. New York: Routledge, 1989.
234. Zack, Margaret. "Hennepin County Drops DNA Test of Murder Suspect." (Minneapolis) Star Tribune, 11 January 1990.
235. Zerwick, Phoebe. "DNA Mislabeled in Murder Case." Winston-Salem Journal, 28 August 2005.
236. N.C. Told to Refine Handling, Storing of Crime Evidence." Winston-Salem Journal, 19 November 2005.