Aboriginal Workers in the Australian Agricultural Company, 1824-1857

Labour History

Volumn , Issue 82, 2002, Pages 17-33

  Hannah, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84899244287     PISSN: 00236942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/27516839     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. The Governor and the Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 'Plan', 24 November 1824, in Annual Reports of the Australian Agricultural Company, Volume 1:1824-1849, London, 1850, p. 47
2. J. F. Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo: A Review of the Early Period of the Australian Agricultural Company, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1973, p. 36
3. D. Bairstow, 'With the Best Will in the World: Some Records of Early White Contact with the Gampignal on the Australian Agricultural Company's Estate at Port Stephens', Aboriginal History, vol. 17, part 1,1993, p. 5.
4. A. Curthoys and C. Moore, 'Working for the White People: an Historiographie Essay on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Labour', Labour History, no. 69,1995, pp. 9-10
5. C. D. Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1970
6. R. Evans, '"Kings" in Brass Crescents: Defining Aboriginal Labour Patterns in Colonial Queensland' in K. Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920, Croom Helm, London, 1984, pp. 189-209
7. H. Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia, Penguin, Ringwood, 1982
8. A. McGrath, 'Born in the Cattle': Aborigines in Cattle Country, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1987
9. D. May, Aboriginal Labour and the Cattle Industry: Queensland From White Settlement to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994
10. see also P. Brock, 'Pastoral Stations and Reserves in South and Central Australia, 1850s-1950s', Labour History, no. 69, 1995, pp. 102-114
11. S. Hodson, 'Nyungars and Work: Aboriginal Experiences in the Rural Economy of the Great Southern Region of Western Australia', Aboriginal History, vol. 17, no. 1,1993, p. 73.
12. See generally M. A. Hannah, Aboriginal Workers in the Australian Agricultural Company, 1824 to 1857, BA Honours thesis, University of New England, 2000
13. A. Pope, 'Aboriginal Adaptation to Early Colonial Labour Markets: The South Australian Experience', Labour History, no. 54,1988, pp. 8-9.
14. R. Broome, 'Aboriginal Workers on Southeastern Frontiers', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 26, no. 103,1994, pp. 203-207.
15. Broome, 'Aboriginal Workers on Southeastern Frontiers', pp. 209-220.
16. Hannah, Aboriginal Workers, p. 32; Probable Wages List After 30 June 185, Australian Agricultural Company series (hereafter ACC), 1/144 Bundle 1, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, ACT (hereafter NBAC ACT); List of Persons Rationed at Stroud, 1856, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT; Account of Issues in Rations and Slops to the Native Blacks at Port Stephens from May 1826 to May 1828, AAC 78/1/4, p. 933, NBAC ACT
17. R. Dawson, The Present State of Australia; A Description of the Country, Its Advantages and Prospects, With Reference to Emigration: And a Particular Account of the Manners, Customs and, Condition of Its Aboriginal Inhabitants, Smith Elder & Co, London, 1830, p. 38
18. P. P. King to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 24 August 1840, AAC 78/1/16, p. 488, NBAC ACT; Parry to the Governors and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 11 September 1832, AAC 78/1/13, p. 181, NBAC ACT; Dumuresq to the Governors and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 12 June 1835, AAC 78/1/15, pp. 289-290, NBAC ACT; Sydney Herald, 1 March 1839 and 12 April 1839 cited in H. Reynolds, 'The Other Side of the Frontier: Early Aboriginal Reactions to Pastoral Settlement in Queensland and New South Wales', Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66,1976, p. 53
19. P. P. King to the Governors and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 20 September 1843, AAC 78/1/17, p. 559, NBAC ACT
20. P. P. King to the Governors and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 3 March 1849, AAC 78/1/19, p. 107, NBAC ACT.
21. Dawson, The Present State of Australia, pp. 9-22; Hall to Dawson, 31 March 1827, AAC 78/1 /2, p. 113, NBAC ACT; Dawson to the Colonial Committee, 28 August 1826, AAC 78/1/1, p. 75, NBAC ACT; Statement of the Services of Mr Dawson, Formerly Chief Agent of the Australian Agricultural Company, 1828, AAC 78/1/4, pp. 361-362, NBAC ACT.
22. Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo, p. 36; Bairstow, 'With the Best Will in the World', p. 10; Journal of a Journey Performed in the Bush in Search of the Australian Agricultural Company's Grant Near Port Stephens, 13 July 1826, AAC 78/1/9, pp. 16-17, NBAC ACT; Mr McLeod's Journal of a Journey to the Manning River, 4 November 1827, AAC 78/1/3, pp. 448-449, NBAC ACT; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, pp. 18-21 and 178-179; Letterbook of H. T. Ebsworth, 1826, MSS B852-2, pp. 43-45, Mitchell Library, NSW (hereafter ML NSW); Australian, 23 September 1826.
23. Hannah, Aboriginal Workers, p. 36; Dawson to the Colonial Committee, 1 August 1826, AAC 78/ 1/1, pp. 356-358, NBAC ACT; Annual Reports of the Australian Agricultural Company, 1846 and 1847, in Annual Reports of the Australian Agricultural Company, Volume 1:1824-1849, London, 1850.
24. W. Young to his brother, 23 July 1852, MS 1757, National Library of Australia, ACT (hereafter NLA ACT); Green to Hodgson, 20 March 1857, AAC 1/155, NBAC ACT.
25. Broome, 'Aboriginal Workers on Southeastern Frontiers', p. 203 and 220; E. P. Thompson, 'Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism', Past & Present, no. 38,1967, p. 60.
26. An Account of Sawyers Work Done at Booral Station, 8 June 1828 to 31 August 1828, AAC 78/1/6, p. 167, NBAC ACT; Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo, p. 248; P. A. Pemberton, Pure Merinos and Other: The 'Shipping Lists' of the Australian Agricultural Company, Archives of Business and Labour, Canberra, 1986, p. 21; List of Flocks of the Australian Agricultural Company's Sheep, 1856, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT.
27. Dawson, The Present State of Australia, p. 38 and 420; Standing Orders of the Australian Agricultural Company, 30 August 1830, AAC 78/1/10, p. 27, NBAC ACT; Report of Edward Parry, 28 June 1831, AAC 78/1/11, p. 62, NBAC ACT; S. Nicholas, 'The Care and Feeding of Convicts' in S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 187; Thompson, 'Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism', pp. 56-97.
28. P. P. King to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, AAC 78/1/16, pp. 196-197, NBAC ACT; Ebsworth to the Colonial Secretary, 3 September 1838,4/2404.2, State Records of New South Wales, NSW (hereafter SRNSW NSW); Deposition of Thomas Chester, 17 July 1838,4/2404.2, SRNSW NSW; J. Oppenheimer, 'Colonel Dumaresq, Captain Thunderbolt and Mary Ann Brigg (sic)', Push from the Bush, no. 16,1985, pp. 18-23; M. A. Jebb and A. Haebich, 'Across the Great Divide: Gender Relations on Australian Frontiers' in R. Evans and K. Saunders (eds), Gender Relations in Australia: Domination and Negotiation, Harcourt Brace, Sydney, 1992, p. 25; List of Flocks of the Australian Agricultural Company's Sheep, October 1856, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT; Probable Wages List After 30 June 1857, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT; Account of Issues in Rations and Slops to the Native Blacks at Port Stephens from May 1826 to May 1828, AAC 78/1/4, p. 933, NBAC ACT; Probable Wages List After 30 June 1857, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT.
29. Journal of a Journey Performed in the Bush in Search of the Australian Agricultural Company's Grant Near Port Stephens, 15 November 1826, AAC 78/1/1, pp. 23-24, NBAC ACT; Australian Agricultural Company's Establishment at Port Stephens, 30 September 1856, AAC 78/1/27, p. 31, NBAC ACT; Probable Wages List After 30 June 1857, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT.
30. Broome, pp. 219-220; Weekly Return of Labour at No. 2 Farm, AAC 78/1/4, p. 825, NBAC ACT; W. Barton, Memorandum, 14 January 1828, AAC 78/1/3, p. 319, NBAC ACT; Weatherman to Parry, 29 June 1831, AAC 78/1/1, pp. 196-197, NBAC ACT; Brownrigg to the Assistant General Superintendent and Others, 18 February 1853, AAC 78/1/21, np, NBAC ACT; G. Davison, The Unforgiving Minute: How Australia Learned to Tell the Time, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993, p. 28.
31. S. Nicholas and P. R. Shergold, 'Convicts as Migrants' in S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 53 and 60; J. Bentham cited in A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, A History: Volume 1 - The Beginning, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1997, p. 5; Brownrigg to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, AAC 78/1/22, p. 303, NBAC ACT; Pemberton, Pure Merinos and Others, pp. 72-75; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, passim; List of Persons Rationed at Stroud, 1856, AAC 1/144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT.
32. R. Samuel, Village Life and Labour, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1975, p. 10; Brownrigg to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 23 April 1856, AAC 78/ 1/25, p. 71, NBAC ACT; Journal of a Journey Performed in the Bush in Search of the Australian Agricultural Company's Grant Near Port Stephens, 13 July 1826, AAC 78/1/9, pp. 16-17, NBAC ACT; D. B. Rose, Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness, Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra, 1996, p. 7.
33. Dawson to the Colonial Committee, 24 April 1826, AAC 78/1/1, p. 305, NBAC ACT; Diary of W. E. Parry, 7 January 1830, MSS A630-2, ML NSW; General Orders of Edward Parry, 7 April 1830, AAC 78/1/9, pp. 219-220, NBAC ACT; General Orders of Edward Parry, 12 April 1830, AAC 78/1/9, pp. 269-272, NBAC ACT; William McLeod, Surgeon, Quarterly Return of Men, Women and Children at Port Stephens, 24 April 1826 to 24 July 1826, AAC 78/1/1, p. 377, NBAC ACT; James Stacey, Surgeon, Quarterly Medical Return Ending 31 July 1830, AAC 78/1/9, p. 689, NBAC ACT; Annual Report of the Australian Agricultural Company, 1832 in Annual Reports of the Australian Agricultural Company, Volume 1:1824-1849, London, 1850; Quarterly Return of Diseases at Stroud, 1 January 1834 to 31 March 1834, AAC 78/1/14, p. 85, NBAC ACT; S. Nicholas, 'The Care and Feeding of Convicts' in S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 194; Parry to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 17 January 1833, AAC 78/1/13, p. 399, NBAC ACT; J. Perkins, 'Convict Workers and the Australian Agricultural Company' in S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 176; Return of Men, Women and Children Who Have Been on the Sick List at the Australian Agricultural Company Establishment at Port Stephens, 24 July 1826 to 30 April 1827, AAC 78/1/2, p. 128, NBAC ACT; John Macarthur to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 26 May 1828, AAC 78/1/6, p. 284, NBAC ACT; General Orders of John Macarthur, 15 May 1828, AAC 78/1/6, pp. 307-308, NBAC ACT; Quarterly Return of Diseases, Ending 31 October 1830, AAC 78/1/10, p. 132, NBAC ACT
34. P.J. Dowling, 'A Great Deal of Sickness': Introduced Diseases Among the Aboriginal People of Colonial Southeast Australia, 1788-1900, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1997; J. Campbell, 'Smallpox in Aboriginal Australia: The Early 1830s', Historical Studies, vol. 21, no. 84, 1985, pp. 336-358; Account of Issues in Rations and Slops to the Native Blacks at Port Stephens, May 1826 to May 1828, AAC 78/1/4, p. 933, NBAC ACT.
35. List of Indentured and Other Free Servants of the Australian Agricultural Company with Their Respective Qualifications and Characters, January 1830, AAC 78/1/11, pp. 102-109, NBAC ACT; White to Brownrigg, 2 August 1855, AAC 78/1/22, p. 187, NBAC ACT; J. Oppenheimer, 'Colonel Dumarseq, Captain Thunderbolt and Mary Ann Brigg (sic)', Push from the Bush, no. 16,1985, pp. 18-23; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, p. 112; Deposition of Thomas Chester, 17 July 1838,4/ 2404.2, State Records of New South Wales NSW (hereafter SRNSW NSW); Deposition of William Rouse, 17 July 1838,4/2404.2, SRNSW NSW.
36. Slade to Dutton, 18 October 1826, AACT 78/1/1, pp. 404-406, NBAC ACT; Dutton to Brickwood, 10 July 1827, AAC 78/1/1, pp. 445-448, NBAC ACT; Australian Agricultural Company v. Adams, Supreme Court of New South Wales at Sydney, before Stephen, J., 22 March 1827 reported in the Sydney Gazette, 24 March 1827; H. S. Townsend to W Townsend, 24 June 1825, MS 112, NLA ACT; Diary of T. C. Harrington, 18 May 1826, AAC 1/13, NBAC ACT; A. Atkinson, 'Four Pattern of Convict Protest', Labour History, no. 37,1979, pp. 28-51; J. Perkins, 'Convict Workers and the Australian Agricultural Company', p. 169-170; Dawson to the Colonial Committee, 1 August 1826, AAC 78/1/1, pp. 347-348, NBAC ACT; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, p. 178-179.
37. Account of Issues in Rations and Slops to the Native Blacks at Port Stephens, May 1826 to May 1828, AAC 78/1/4, p. 933, NBAC ACT; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, p. 30 and pp. 266 267; J. S. Brownrigg and Others to King, 26 March 1841, AAC 78/3/1, p. 109, NBAC ACT
38. Nicholas and Shergold, 'Convicts as Migrants', p. 46; Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo, p. 248; E. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294-1324, trans. B. Bray, London, 1978, p. 277; Reynolds, 'The Other Side of the Frontier', pp. 50-57; Davison, The Unforgiving Minute, p. 9; J. S. Brownrigg and Others to King, 26 March 1841, AAC 78/3/1, p. 109, NBAC ACT; Green to Hodgson, 20 March 1857, AAC 1/155, NBAC ACT.
39. Broome, 'Aboriginal Workers on Southeastern Frontiers', p. 217 and 220.
40. Dawson, The Present State of Australia, pp. 18-19 and 178-179.
41. Estimate of Receipts and Payments, 1828-1829, AAC 78/1/3, p. 281, NBAC ACT; Account of Issues in Rations and Slops to the Native Blacks at Port Stephens from May 1826 to May 1828, AAC 78/ 1/4 p. 933, NBAC ACT.
42. List of Persons Rationed at Stroud, 1856, AAC 1 /144, Bundle 1, NBAC ACT; Pemberton, Pure Merinos and Others, p. 73; Allocation of Ration to Employees, 1 January 1831, AAC 78/1/13, p. 166 167, NBAC ACT; Statement Showing the Weekly Issue of Provisions, 30 April 1827, AAC 78/1/2, p. 120, NBAC ACT.
43. Australian Agricultural Company's Establishment at Port Stephens, 30 September 1856, AAC 78/ 1/27, p. 31, NBAC ACT; Pemberton, Pure Mernios and Others, pp. 66-67.
44. Perkins, 'Convict Labour and the Australian Agricultural Company', pp. 174-175.
45. Brownrigg to the Assistant General Superintendent and Others, 18 February 1853, AAC 78/1/21, p. 124, NBAC ACT; Parry to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, 26 August 1830, AAC 78/1/9, p. 722, NBAC ACT; Diary of W. E. Parry, 11 March 1830, MSS A630-2, ML NSW; Australian Agricultural Company's Establishment at Port Stephens, 30 September 1856, AAC 78/1/27, pp. 28-34, NBAC ACT; Green to Hodgson, 20 March 1857, AAC 1/ 155, NBAC ACT
46. White to Brownrigg, 18 September 1855, AAC 78/1 /22, p. 192, NBAC ACT; Annual Report of the Australian Agricultural Company, 1842 in Annual Reports of the Australian Agricultural Company, Volume 1:1824-1849, London, 1850, pp. 434-435; Brownrigg to the Governor and Court of Directors of the Australian Agricultural Company AAC 78/1/22, p. 302, NBAC ACT; Dawson, The Present State of Australia, pp. 269-270.