Pioneering in marginal fields: Jatropha for carbon credits and restoring degraded land in Eastern Indonesia

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 2223-2247

  van Rooijen, Loes Willemijn ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Appropriate technology; Brokers; Narrative; NGO; Regulation; Renewable energy; Rural development; Technology transfer

Indexed keywords

BIOFUEL; CARBON FOOTPRINT; CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM; ENERGY CROP; LAND MANAGEMENT; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EAST NUSA TENGGARA; FLORES [LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS]; INDONESIA; LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS; SUNDA ISLES;

EID: 84899153406     PISSN: 20711050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su6042223     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Schneider, M.; Schneider, A.; Holzer, V. Understanding the CDM's contribution to technology transfer. Energy Policy 2008, 36, 2930-2938.
2. Vel, J. An imminent disaster? Socio-legal perspectives on sustainability of jatropha projects in eastern Indonesia. Available online: http://www.insideindonesia.org/weekly-articles/miracle-solution-or-imminent-disaster (accessed on 5 December 2013).
3. McCarthy, J.F.; Vel, J.A.; Afiff, S. Trajectories of land acquisition and enclosure: Development schemes, virtual land grabs, and green acquisitions in Indonesia's outer islands. J. Peasant Stud. 2012, 39, 521-549.
4. Bedner, A.; Vel, J. Addressing a "globalised social": Mobilization of law in global networks with reference to biofuel production in indonesia. In Exploring the Socio of Socio-Legal Studies; Feenan, D., Ed.; Palgrave McMillan: Basingstoke, UK, 2013; pp. 157-180.
5. Fairhead, J.; Leach, M.; Scoones, I. Green grabbing: A new appropriation of nature? J. Peasant Stud. 2012, 39, 237-261.
6. Tsing, A.L. Friction: An. Ethnography of Global Connection; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2011.
7. White, B.; Dasgupta, A. Agrofuels capitalism: A view from political economy. J. Peasant Stud. 2010, 37, 593-607.
8. Vel, J.A.C. Trading in "discursive commodities": Green grab's opportunities for jatropha biofuel brokers in indonesia. Sustainability 2014, in press.
9. Project design document form (CDM-SSC-PDD) version 3: Environmentally friendly development by multiple use of jatropha curcas in indonesia. Available online: http://gec.jp/gec/jp/ Activities/cdm-fs/2009/200913MUS_jIndonesia_pdd.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
10. Mitsubishi UFJ Securities. Environmentally Friendly Development by Multiple Use of Jatropha Curcas in Indonesia: Fy2009 CDM/JI feasibility study (fs) Programme Report. Available online: http://gec.jp/gec/en/Activities/cdm-fs/2009/200913MUS_eIndonesia_rep.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
11. Hunsberger, C. The politics of jatropha-based biofuels in Kenya: Convergence and divergence among ngos, donors, government officials and farmers. J. Peasant Stud. 2010, 37, 939-962.
12. Schumacher, E.F. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered; Harper Collins: Scarborough, ON, Canada, 2010.
13. Bortman, J. Small is beautiful-Technology as if people mattered. J. Technol. Transf. 1977, 2, 77-82.
14. Kaplinsky, R. The Economies of Small: Appropriate Technology in a Changing World; Intermediate Technology Publications: London, UK, 1990.
15. McRobie, G. Technology transfer from north to south. In Science Technology and Development: North-south co-opertion; Huq, M., Bhatt, P., Lewis, C., Shibli, A., Eds.; Frank Cass: London, UK, 1991; pp. 163-175.
16. Grieve, R.H. Appropriate technology in a globalizing world. Int. J. Technol. Manag. Sustain. Dev. 2004, 3, 173-188.
17. Lovins, A.B. Soft Energy Paths: Toward A Durable Peace; Penguin Books: London, UK, 1977; pp. 1-231.
18. Willoughby, K. Technology Choice: A Critique of the Appropriate Technology Movement; Westview Press: London, UK, 1990; pp. 1-362.
19. Prasetyo, Y.; Apriliyadi, E.; Hidajat, E.; Novianti, F. Resistance to innovation: Case of appropriate technology implementation in rural agriculture communities. Available online: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2101656 (accessed on 5 December 2013).
20. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Mechansims under the Kyoto protocol: Emission trading, the clean developmen mechanism and joint implementation. Available online: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/items/1673.php (accessed on 5 December 2013).
21. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). CDM rulebook, clean development mechanism rules, practice and procedures. Available online: http://cdmrulebook.org/ (accessed on 5 December 2013).
22. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). CDM Methodology Booklet, 5th ed.; information updated as of EB 75 November 2013 ed.; 2013. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/documentation/meth_booklet.pdf (accesed on 5 December 2013).
23. Nerlich, B.; Koteyko, N. Carbon gold rush and carbon cowboys: A new chapter in green mythology? Environ. Commun. 2010, 4, 37-53.
24. GEXSI. Global Market Study on Jatropha-Final Report. Prepared for the World Wide Fund for Nature. Available online: http://www.jatropha-alliance.org/fileadmin/documents/GEXSI_Global-Jatropha-Study_FULL-REPORT.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
25. Nielssen, F.; Raghavan, K.; de Jongh, J.; Huffman, D. Jatropha for Local Development, after the Hype; Hivos: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2013; pp. 1-68.
26. JATRO AG. Jatropha-enabling a promissing future away from conventional fuels. Available online: http://www.jatrofuels.com/705-0-Carbon+Credits.html (accessed on 5 December 2013).
27. Achten, W.M.; Mathijs, E.; Verchot, L.; Singh, V.P.; Aerts, R.; Muys, B. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability? Biofuel. Bioprod. Bior. 2007, 1, 283-291.
28. Ndong, R.; Montrejaud-Vignoles, M.; Saint Girons, O.; Gabrielle, B.; Pirot, R.; Domergue, M.; Sablayrolles, C. Life cycle assessment of biofuels from jatropha curcas in west Africa: A field study. GCB Bioenergy 2009, 1, 197-210.
29. Achten, W.; Verchot, L.; Franken, Y.J.; Mathijs, E.; Singh, V.P.; Aerts, R.; Muys, B. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32, 1063-1084.
30. Becker, K.; Wulfmeyer, V.; Berger, T.; Gebel, J.; Münch, W. Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: An option for climate change mitigation. Earth Syst. Dynam. 2013, 4, 237-251.
31. Fargione, J.; Hill, J.; Tilman, D.; Polasky, S.; Hawthorne, P. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 2008, 319, 1235-1238.
32. Romijn, H.A. Land clearing and greenhouse gas emissions from jatropha biofuels on African miombo woodlands. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 5751-5762.
33. Achten, W.M.; Almeida, J.; Fobelets, V.; Bolle, E.; Mathijs, E.; Singh, V.P.; Tewari, D.N.; Verchot, L.V.; Muys, B. Life cycle assessment of Jatropha biodiesel as transportation fuel in rural India. Appl. Energy 2010, 87, 3652-3660.
34. Government of Indonesia (GOI). Law No. 17/2004 on the Ratification of Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; GOI: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2004. Available online: http://ditjenahu.kemenkumham.go.id/dl/PP_UU/Dit.HIOP/hukum-laut-udara-lingkungan/hukum-lingkungan/UU%20No.17%20th.2004.pdf (accesed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
35. Ministry of Environment (MOE). Rencana Aksi Nasional Dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim; The Government of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2007; pp. 1-108. Available online: http://csoforum.net/attachments/023_RAN%20PI-Indonesia.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
36. Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) Tahun 2010-2014. Available online: http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/sites/default/files/perpres2010_5.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
37. Government of Indonesia (GOI). Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN-GRK). Available online: http://alamendah.org/2011/11/03/peraturan-presiden-no-61-tahun-2011-tentang-ran-grk/ (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
38. June, T.; Wahyudi, A.; Ruintunuwu, E.; Syahbuddin, H. Analisis potensi serapan dan neraca karbon jarak pagar (jatropha curcas l.) untuk pengembangan clean development mechanism (CDM) tanaman perkebunan. In Ringkasan Eksekutif Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Tahun 2008. Kerjasama Kemitraan Penelitian Pertanian Dengan Perguruan Tinggi; Badan Litbang Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2008; pp. 285-286. Available online: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/ks/one/10/file/analisis-potensi-serapan.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
39. Clashausen, C.; Kapp, G. Fuel switch in household energy use-implementation of vegetable oil cooker protos indonesia. In CDM: Form for Submissions on Small Scale Methodologies and Procedures (version 03); 2007. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ SSCmethodologies/clarifications/96796 (accessed on 5 December 2013).
40. BSH Protos plant oil cooker project to conclude: Success hindered by stove operation and difficult situation with regard to sustainable cultivated plant oil. Available online: https://www.bsh-group.com/ index.php?page=109906 (accessed on 5 December 2013).
41. Tacconi, L.; Ruchiat, Y. Livelihoods, fire and policy in eastern Indonesia. Singap. J. Trop. Geogr. 2006, 27, 67-81.
42. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). AMS I.C: Thermal energy production with or without electricity version 19.0. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/ methodologies/DB/6EL4AG49US2S1DNH55Y4S7GDQFA2JF (accessed on 5 December 2013).
43. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). AMS III-AV: Low greenhouse gas emitting water purification systems. Available online: https://cdm.unfccc.int/ methodologies/DB/GOM8BQ7X9FJWTIAVV99KFRJVGD6ABO (accessed on 5 December 2013).
44. Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley, Clean Energy Finance consulting services. Available online: http://www.sc.mufg.jp/english/e_cefc/profile/ (accessed on 5 December 2013).
45. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Prior consideration of the CDM. Available online: https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/PriorCDM/notifications/index_html (accessed on 5 December 2013).
46. Van Noordwijk, M.; Suyamto, D.A.; Lusiana, B.; Ekadinata, A.; Hairiah, K. Facilitating agroforestation of landscapes for sustainable benefits: Tradeoffs between carbon stocks and local development benefits in Indonesia according to the fallow model. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 126, 98-112.
47. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Fccc/cp/2001/13/add.1 annex definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines relating to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the Kyoto protocol. Available online: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ workshops/other_meetings/application/pdf/11cp7.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
48. Ministry of Finance (MOF). Ministerial regulation No. P.14/Menhut-II/2004 concerning rules and procedures for implementation of A/R CDM. Available online: http://www.dephut.go.id/index.php/ news/details/1547 (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
49. Government of Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 6/2007 tentang tata hutan dan pengelolaan hutan serta pemanfaatan hutan. Available online: http://www.fkkm.org/ admin/uploads/hukum_kebijakan/6.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian)
50. Ministry of Finance (MOF). Ministerial regulation No. P.36/Menhut-II/2009 concerning licensing procedures for carbon storage in production forest and protected forest. Available online: http://www.hpli.org/reg/pm/Peraturan%20Menteri%20Kehutanan/Tata%20Cara%20Perizinan% 20Usaha%20Penyerapan%20Karbon%20Hutan.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013). (In Indonesian).
51. Masripatin, N. Preparing the ground: Indonesia's arrangements for forestry projects under the clean development mechanism. Unasylva-FAO 2005, 56, 12-18.
52. Verchot, L.V.; Zomer, R.; van Straaten, O.; Muys, B. Implications of country-level decisions on the specification of crown cover in the definition of forests for land area eligible for afforestation and reforestation activities in the CDM. Clim. Change 2007, 81, 415-430.
53. GFA Envest. Feasibility Study: Development of Jatropha Curcas Oil for Bioenergy in Rural Areas; GFA Consulting Group and Department for Processing and Marketing of Agricultural Products of the Ministry of Agriculture: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2008.
54. Thomas, S.; Dargusch, P.; Harrison, S.; Herbohn, J. Why are there so few afforestation and reforestation clean development mechanism projects? Land Use Policy 2010, 27, 880-887.
55. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). ACM0017: Production of Biodiesel as Use for Fuel, Version 01. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/050/eb50_ repan03.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
56. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A/R methodological tool: Tool for identification of degraded and degrading lands for consideration for CDM A/R activities. Version 01. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ ar-am-tool-13-v1.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
57. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Eb 26 meeting report Annex 12: Guidance on double-counting in cdm project activities using blended biofuel for energy use. Available online: http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/026/eb26_repan12.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2013).
58. Murdiyarso, D.; Murdiyarso, M.; van Noordwijk, A.; Puntodewo, A.; Widayati, B. District-scale prioritization for A/R CDM project activities in indonesia in line with sustainable development objectives. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 126, 59-66.
59. Kossoy, A. Mapping Carbon Pricing Initiatives: Developments and Prospects 2013; The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2013.
60. Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) data. ICE is a leading network of regulated exchanges and clearinghouses for financial commodity markets mainly including energy and climate commodities. ICE Futures Europe is the leading market for carbon dioxide emissions. ICE facilitates emission auctions, offering derivative contracts on four type of carbon units including CER, EUA, EUAA and ERU. The data used in the graph is derived from the Historical data packages/All Futures End of Day Historical Package Full Access/ICE ECX CER daily Futures/Settlement Price. Prices are in EUR. Available as csv file after registering on http://data.theice.com (accessed on 19 December 2013).
61. Wani, S.P.; Chander, G.; Sahrawat, K.; Srinivasa Rao, C.; Raghvendra, G.; Susanna, P.; Pavani, M. Carbon sequestration and land rehabilitation through Jatropha curcas (L.) plantation in degraded lands. Agric.Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 161, 112-120.
62. Firdaus, A.S.; Hanif, H.M.; Safiee, S.; Ismail, R. Carbon sequestration potential in soil and biomass of jatropha curcas. In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010.
63. Lederer, M. From CDM to REDD+ what do we know for setting up effective and legitimate carbon governance? Ecol. Econ. 2011, 70, 1900-1907.
64. Zoomers, A. Introduction: Rushing for land: Equitable and sustainable development in africa, asia and latin america. Development 2011, 54, 12-20.
65. Leach, M.; Fairhead, J.; Fraser, J. Green grabs and biochar: Revaluing African soils and farming in the new carbon economy. J. Peasant Stud. 2012, 39, 285-307.
66. UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. Available online: http://cdmpipeline.org/ (accessed on 5 December 2013). Jatropha related projects only appear in this overview if they have registered and mention jatropha in the project title.