Cross-cultural differences in tourism: A strategy for tourism marketers

Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 79-106

  Reisinger, Yvette ^a   Turner, Lindsay ^b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b VICTORIA UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899144587     PISSN: 10548408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J073v07n04_05     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Amir, Y. (1969). Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71(5): 319-342.
2. Argyle, M. (1986). Rules for social relationships in four cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(8): 309-318.
3. Arjona, A.Q. (1956). An Experimental Study of the Adjustment Problems of a Group of Foreign Graduate Students and Group of American Students at Indiana University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Indiana University.
4. Asar, P.G. (1952). Images of India and America Held by Students from India at MSU. Unpublished master’s thesis. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Michigan State College.
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], (1995). Catalogue No 3401.0 year ended May 1995. Canberra.
6. Australian Tourist Commission [ATC], (1990). Japanese Holiday Satisfaction Study. Sydney.
7. Australian Tourist Commission [ATC], (1994). Market Potential Targets 1994-2004. Sydney.
8. Bagby, P.H. (1953). Culture and the causes of culture. American Anthropologist, 55: 535-554.
9. Bettelheim, B. (1943). Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38: 417-452.
10. Biddlecomb, C.Z. (1981). Pacific Tourism: Contrasts in Values and Expectations. Pacific Conference Churches. Suva, Fiji: Lota Pasifica Productions.
11. Bloom, L. (1971). The Social Psychology of Race Relations. London: Allen and Unwin.
12. Bochner, S. (1982). Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
13. Boissevain, J. (1979). The impact of tourism on a dependent island: Gozo, Malta. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(1): 76-90.
14. Boissevain, J. & Inglott, P. (1979). Tourism in Malta. In E. DeKadt (Ed.), Tourism: Passport to Development? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Brewer, J.D. (1984). Tourism and ethnic stereotypes: Variation in a Mexican town. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3): 487-501.
16. Brewer, J.D. & Campbell, D.T. (1976). Elhnocentrism and Intergroup Attitudes: East African Evidence. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
17. Brislin, R.W. (1981). Cross-Cultural Encounters: Face to Face Interaction. New York: Pergamon Press.
18. Bureau of Tourism Research [BTR], (1995). International Visitor Survey. Canberra.
19. Cohen, E. (1971). Arab boys and tourist girls in a mixed Jewish-Arab community. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 12(4): 217-233.
20. DeMente, B. (1991). Korean Etiquette and Ethics in Business. Chicago, IL: NTC Business Books.
21. Dimanche, F. (1994). Cross-cultural tourism marketing research: An assessment and recommendations for future studies. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 6(4): 123-134. In M. Uysal (Ed.), Global Tourist Behavior (pp. 123-134). New York; London; Norwood: International Business Press.
22. Doxey, G.V. (1976). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants, methodology, and research inferences. In The Impact of Tourism (pp. 95-198). Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Association, San Diego.
23. Elashmawi, F. (1991). Multicultural management: New skills for global success. Tokyo Business Today, 59(2): 54-56.
24. Encel, S. (1970). Equality and Authority. London: Tavistock.
25. Farrell, B. (1982). Hawaii: The Legend that Sells. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
26. Feather, N.T. (1975). Values in Education and Society. New York: Free Press.
27. Feather, N.T. (1976). Value systems of self and Australian expatriates as perceived by indigenous students in Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Psychology, 11: 101-110.
28. Feather, N.T. (1980a). Similarity of value systems within the same nation: Evidence from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Australian Journal of Psychology,32(1): 17-30.
29. Feather, N.T. (1980b). Value systems and social interaction: A field study in a newly independent nation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(1): 1-19.
30. Feather, N. T. (1985). Australian Psychology: Review of Research. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
31. Feather, N.T. (1986a). Value systems across cultures: Australia and China. International Journal of Psychology, 21: 697-715.
32. Feather, N.T. (1986b). Cross-cultural studies with the Rokeach Value Survey: The Flinders program of research on values. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(3): 269-283.
33. Fisher, R.J. & Price, L.L. (1991). International pleasure travel motivations and post-vacation cultural attitude change. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(3): 193-208.
34. Fulbright, F.W. (1976). The most significant and important activity I have been privileged to engage in during my years in the senate. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 424: 1-5.
35. Furnham, A. (1979). Assertiveness in three cultures: Multidimensionality and cultural differences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35: 522-527.
36. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books.
37. Hall, E. T. (1959). The Silent Language. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Fawcett Company.
38. Hall, E. T. (1977). Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Press.
39. Hall, E.T. (1983). The Dance of Life: The Other Dimensions of Time. New York: Doubleday.
40. Harris, M. (1968). The Rise of Cultural Theory. New York: Crowell.
41. Hofstede, G. (1980a). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
42. Hofstede, G. (1980b). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? In G. Hofstede (Ed.), Organization Dynamics. AMA-COM, a division of American Management Association.
43. Hui, C. & Triandis, H. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17: 225-248.
44. Jackson, I. (1989). An Introduction to Tourism. Melbourne: Hospitality Press.
45. Joreskog, K. G. & Sorbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications, 2nd ed., Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
46. Kim, Q.Y. (1988). Korea’s Confucian heritage and social change. Journal of Developing Societies, 4(2): 255-269.
47. Kim, Y. & Gudykunst, W. (1988). Theories in Intercultural Communication. International and Intercultural Communication Annual 12. London: Sage Publications.
48. Kiuckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value orientations in the theory of action. In T. Parsons & E. Shilds (Eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action (pp. 388-433). Cambridge, Mass: Harward University Press.
49. Kiuckhohn, F. & Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in Value Orientations. New York: Harper and Row.
50. Landis, D. & Brislin, R.W. (1983). Handbook of Intercultural Training 2 and 3: Issues in Training Methodology. New York: Pergamon Press.
51. Levine, D. (1979). Simmel at a distance. On the history and significance of the sociology of the stranger. In W. Shack & E.P. Skinner (Eds.), Strangers in African Societies (pp. 21-36). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
52. Lind, M.C. & Lind, I.Y. (1986). Visitors as victims: Crimes against tourists in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(2): 167-181.
53. Lipset, S. (1963). The value patterns of democracy: A case study in comparative analysis. American Sociological Review, 28: 515-531.
54. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge: Cambridge, Mass.
55. Malinowski, B. (1939). The group and the individual in functional analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 44: 938-964.
56. Mitchell, T. (1968). People in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
57. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. & Berry, L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for further research. Journal of Marketing, 49 (Fall): 41-50.
58. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. & Berry, L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-scale item for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64 (Spring): 12-40.
59. Pearce, P.L. (1980). Tourism’s human conflicts. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(1): 21-134.
60. Pearce, P.L. (1982). The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
61. Pearce, P.L. (1988). The Ulysses Factor: Evaluating Visitors in Tourist Settings. New York: Springer Verlag.
62. Peterson, J.A. & Neumyer, M.H. (1948). Problems of foreign students. Sociology and Social Research, 32: 787-797.
63. Petit-Skinner, S. (1977). Tourism and acculturation in Tahiti. The social and economic impact of tourism on Pacific communities. In S. Bochner (Ed.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction. New York: Pergamon Press.
64. Pi-Sunyer, O. (1978). Through native eyes: Tourists and tourism in a Catalan maritime community. In V.L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
65. Pi-Sunyer, O. (1982). The cultural costs of tourism. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 6(3): 7.
66. Pizam, A. & Sussman, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4): 901-917.
67. Potter, C.C. (1989). What is culture: And can it be useful for organizational change agents? Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 10(3): 17-24.
68. Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1957). A Natural Science of Society. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press: 295-306.
69. Reisinger, Y. and Waryszak, R. (1994a). Assessment of service quality for international tourists in hotels: An exploratory study of Japanese tourists in Australia. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 1(2): 11-15.
70. Reisinger, Y. and Waryszak, R. (1994b). Catering to Japanese tourists: What service do they expect from food and drinking establishments in Australia? International Journal of Restaurant and Foodservice Marketing, 1(3/4): 53-72.
71. Reisinger, Y. and Waryszak, R. (1994c). Tourists’ perceptions of service in shops: Japanese tourists in Australia. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 22(5): 20-28.
72. Reisinger, Y. and Waryszak, R. (1994d). Japanese tourists’ perceptions of their tour guides: Australian experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1(1): 28-40.
73. Robinson, J.W. & Preston, J.D. (1976). Equal status contact and modification of racial prejudice: A re-examination of the contact hypothesis. Social Forces, 54(4): 911-924.
74. Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
75. Samovar, L.A. & Porter, R.E. (1988). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
76. Selltie, C., Hopson, A.L. & Cook, S.W. (1956). The effects of situational factors on personal interaction between foreign students and Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 12(1): 33-44.
77. Sharp, I. (1992). Culture Shock-A Guide to Customs and Etiquette: Australia. Singapore: Times Books International.
78. Smith, V.L. (1977). Eskimo tourism: Micro-models and marginal men. In V.L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
79. Stringer, P.E. (1981). Hosts and guests: The bed and breakfast phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(3): 357-376.
80. Sutton, W. (1967). Travel and understanding: Notes on the social structure of tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8(2): 218-223.
81. Taft, R. (1977). Coping with unfamiliar cultures. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology 1. London: Academic Press.
82. Tajfel, H. & Dawson, J.L. (1965). Disappointed Guests. London: Oxford University Press.
83. Triandis, H.C. (1972). The Analysis of Subjective Culture. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
84. Triandis, H. (1977). Subjective culture and interpersonal relations across cultures. In L. Loeb-Adler (Ed.), Issues in Cross-Cultural Research (pp. 418-434). New York: Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 285.
85. Urriola, O. (1989). Culture in the context of development. World Marxist Review, 32: 66-69.