Life cycle carbon footprint measurement of Portland cement and ready mix concrete for a city with local scarcity of resources like Hong Kong

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 745-757

  Zhang, Jingliang ^a   Cheng, Jack C P ^a   Lo, Irene M C ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Carbon footprint; Life cycle; Portland cement; Ready mix concrete

Indexed keywords

CEMENT; CONCRETE; FUEL; LIMESTONE; PORTLAND CEMENT; READY MIX CONCRETE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BUILDING MATERIAL; CARBON FOOTPRINT; COMBUSTION; CONSTRUCTION WORK; DECOMPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HONG KONG; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 84899079203     PISSN: 09483349     EISSN: 16147502     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11367-013-0689-7     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. 2e). Climate Action Secretariat (CAS) - glossary, The Government of British Columbia. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/resources/glossary. html. Accessed 11 June 2013
2. Chen C, Habert G, Bouzidi Y, Jullien A (2010) Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes and cement plant variability evaluation. J Clean Prod 18:478-485
3. CEDD (2011) Quarries in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD). http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/publications/ information-notes/doc/IN-2011-01E.pdf. Accessed on 12 September 2013
4. CLCD (2010) Bulk cargo shipping (2500 t)-CN-AP. Chinese Life Cycle Database Version 0.8, Sichuan University; IKE Environmental Technology CO., Ltd
5. CLCD (2008) Clay extraction-CN-AP. Chinese Life Cycle Database Version 0.8, Sichuan University; IKE Environmental Technology CO., Ltd
6. CLCD (2009) Limestone extraction-CN-AP. Chinese Life Cycle Database Version 0.8, Sichuan University, IKE Environmental Technology CO., Ltd
7. CLCD (2011) Sand production-CN-AP. Chinese Life Cycle Database Version 0.8, Sichuan University; IKE Environmental Technology CO., Ltd
8. Cornish A, Yu W, Cheung CW et al (2011) Hong Kong ecological footprint report 2010. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - Hong Kong. http://awsassets.wwfhk. panda.org/downloads/hong-kong-ecological-footprint-report-2010.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
9. CBMA (2011a) Carbon dioxide analysis report: 42 large- and medium-scale cement enterprises in China. China Building Materials Academy (CBMA). http://www.dcement.com/cemdatabase/files/CSI20110630.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
10. CBMA (2011b) Benchmarking and Energy-Saving Tool (BEST) for cement: 42 large- and medium-scale cement enterprises in China. China Building Materials Academy (CBMA). http://www.dcement.com/cemdatabase/files/Best20110630.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
11. 2 accounting and reporting standard for the cement industry. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI). http://www.wbcsdcement.org/pdf/tf1-co2%20protocol%20v3.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
12. 2 accounting and reporting standard for the cement industry. Internet Manual Version 3.04. Line 049b. Emission factor for inbound clinker. Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI). http://www.cement-co2-protocol.org/v3/ Content/Internet-Manual/linebyline.htm#line049b Accessed 11 June 2013
13. Duggal SK (1998) Materials for making concrete - I. Cement. In: Building materials. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 137-138
14. Ecoinvent (2007) Iron ore, 46 % Fe, at mine/GLO S. Ecoinvent System Processes, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories
15. Ecoinvent (2010) Hard coal, at mine/CPA S. Ecoinvent System Processes, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories
16. EMSD (2013) Fuel consumption per distance travelled (litre/100 km). Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD). http://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/ en/indicator-trp.htm. Accessed 11 June 2013
17. Flower DJM, Sanjayan JG (2007) Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture. Int J Life Cycle Assess 12(5):282-288
18. 2" cements. Cem Concr Res 34:1489-1498. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.021
19. Gómez DR, Watterson JD, Americano BB et al (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories vol. 2, chapter 2, stationary combustion. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2-Volume2/ V2-2-Ch2-Stationary-Combustion.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
20. Gupta A and Hopper P (2013) The smaller six: cement prospects and potential. Palladian Publications World Cement. http://www.worldcement.com/news/ cement/articles/Cement-Southeast-Asia-Philippines-Myanmar-Laos-Cambodia-02131. aspx#.UjFrWhJBoUM. Accessed 12 September 2013
21. Hammond G, Jones C (2008) Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 1.6a. Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath
22. Hammond G, Jones C (2011) Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 2.0. Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath
23. Hanle L, Maldonado P, Onuma E et al (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, vol. 3, chapter 2, mineral industry emissions. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3-Volume3/ V3-2-Ch2-Mineral-Industry.pdf Accessed 11 June 2013
24. Harder J (2013) Latest waste heat utilisation trends in cement plants. Conference Presentation in: 2nd Global CemPower Conference & Exhibition 2013, London, UK, 4-5 June. http://www.globalcement.com/images/stories/ documents/cempower/CemPowerPresentations2013/1%20Harder%20CemPower2013.pdf, accessed 19 November 2013
25. HKCSD (2008a) Hong Kong annual digest of statistics. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10100032008AN08B0700.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
26. HKCSD (2008b) Hong Kong merchandise trade statistics - imports. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10200012008MM12B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
27. HKCSD (2009a) Hong Kong Annual digest of statistics. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10100032009AN09B0700.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
28. HKCSD (2009b) Hong Kong merchandise trade statistics - imports. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10200012009MM12B0500.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
29. HKCSD (2010a) Hong Kong Annual digest of statistics. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10100032010AN10B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
30. HKCSD (2010b) Hong Kong merchandise trade statistics - imports. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10200012010MM12B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
31. HKCSD (2011a) Hong Kong Annual digest of statistics. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10100032011AN11B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
32. HKCSD (2011b) Hong Kong merchandise trade statistics - imports. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10200012011MM12B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
33. HKCSD (2012a) Hong Kong Annual digest of statistics. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10100032012AN12B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
34. HKCSD (2012b) Hong Kong merchandise trade statistics - imports. Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department (HKCSD). http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/ B10200012012MM12B0100.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
35. HKEPD (2010a) Guidelines to account for and report on greenhouse gas emissions and removals for buildings (commercial, residential or institutional purposes) in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD). http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/climate-change/files/Guidelines-English-2010. pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
36. HKEPD (2010b) Agreement no. CE 17/2011 (GE) Identification of new quarry sites in Hong Kong - feasibility study. Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD). http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/SEA/eng/files/ Quarry%20Study%20Brief%20(Part%20Version%20covering%20SEA).pdf. Accessed 12 September 2013
37. Houghton JT, Filho LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A, Maskell K. (Eds) (1995) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, climate change 1995: the science of climate change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Cambridge University Press
38. ISO (2006) Environmental management - life cycle assessment - principles and framework. International Standard Organization. ISO14040: 2006
39. JEMAI (2011) Mining - limestone. Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) Database Basic data, Japanese Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI). http://www.cfp-japan.jp/calculate/verify/data.html. Accessed 11 June 2013
40. JEMAI (2012) Marine shipping - non canal. Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) Database CFP Distance Data. Japanese Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI). http://www.cfp-japan.jp/calculate/verify/data.html Accessed 11 June 2013
41. JEMAI (2010a) Portland cement. Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) Database Basic data, Japanese Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI). http://www.cfp-japan.jp/calculate/verify/data.html. Accessed 12 September 2013
42. JEMAI (2010b) Ready-mixed concrete. Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) Database Basic data, Japanese Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI). Accessed 12 September 2013
43. Jiang R, Wang HT (2010) Life cycle assessment of Chinese cement industry. Chem Eng Equip 4:183-187. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0735.2010.04.066
44. Josa A, Aguado A, Heino A, Byars E, Cardim A (2004) Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU. Cem Concr Res 34(8):1313-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.020
45. Josa A, Aguado A, Cardim A, Byars E (2007) Comparative analysis of the life cycle impact assessment of available cement inventories in the EU. Cem Concr Res 37:781-788. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.004
46. Khattak Z, Ahmad Khan J, Ahmad A, Shah S, Masaud S (2012) Co-generation of power through waste heat recovery - a cement plant case study. In: 2012 International Conference on Future Electrical Power and Energy Systems (ICFEPES 2012), Sanya, China, 21-22 February
47. KEITI (2002) Portland cement-type 1. Korea Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and Ministry of Environment (KEITI)
48. KEITI (2008) Ready-mixed concrete. Korea Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and Ministry of Environment (KEITI)
49. 2 emissions due to cement manufacture. Mater Sci Forum 685:181-187. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.685.181
50. Liu XL, Wang HT, Chen J, He Q, Zhang H, Jiang R, Chen XX, Hou P (2010a) Method and model for development of Chinese reference life cycle database of fundamental industries. Acta Sci Circumst 30(10):2136-2144
51. Liu Y, Nie ZR, Sun BX, Wang ZH, Gong XZ (2010b) Development of Chinese characterization factors for land use in life cycle impact assessment. Sci China Tech Sci 53(6):1483-1488. doi: 10.1007/s11431-010-0159-4
52. Mineral Products Association (2011) Specifying sustainable concrete. Mineral Products Association, The Concrete Centre
53. 2 emissions of European chemical transport. European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic). http://cefic-staging.amaze.com/Documents/Media%20Center/News/McKinnon- Report-Final-230610.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
54. Nawy EG (2004) Concrete. In: Richard CD (ed) The engineering handbook, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton
55. Owaid HM, Hamid RB, Taha MR (2012) A review of sustainable supplementary cementitious materials as an alternative to all-Portland cement mortar and concrete. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6(9):287-303
56. Pachauri RK, Reisinger A (eds) (2007) Climate change 2007: synthesis report summary for policymakers, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4-syr-spm.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2013
57. SAC (2007) GB16780-2007: the norm of energy consumption per unit product of cement. Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SCA)
58. Toutanji H, Delatte N, Aggoun S, Duval R, Danson A (2004) Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the compressive strength and durability of short-term cured concrete. Cem Concr Res 34:311-319. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.017
59. Van den Heede P, De Belie N (2012) Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and 'green' concretes: literature review and theoretical calculations. Cem Concr Compos 34:431-442
60. 2 emission factors by weight distance, watercraft - shipping - very large bulk carrier (70,000 tonnes deadweight). Emission Factors from Cross-Sector Tools, World Resources Institute (WRI)
61. Worrell E, Price L, Martin N, Hendriks C, Meida LO (2001) Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry. Annu Rev Energy Environ 26:303-329. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303
62. Zhang H (2011) Cement. In: Building materials in civil engineering. Woodhead, Cambridge, pp 46-47