Polynya dynamics drive primary production in the Larsen A and B embayments following ice shelf collapse

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 119, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 572-594

  Cape, Mattias R ^a   Vernet, Maria ^a   Kahru, Mati ^a   Spreen, Gunnar ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEMS; PRODUCTIVITY; SATELLITE IMAGERY;

INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; ORGANIC MATTER EXPORTS; PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING; SEA ICE CONCENTRATION; SOUTHERN ANNULAR MODE; SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES; VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS;

SEA ICE;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ANNUAL VARIATION; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; EMBANKMENT; ICE FLOW; ICE SHELF; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; OCEAN COLOR; OPEN WATER; POLYNYA; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SEA ICE; WIND VELOCITY;

ANTARCTICA; LARSEN ICE SHELF; SOUTHERN OCEAN; WEST ANTARCTICA;

EID: 84898989999     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JC009441     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Ackley, S. F., and C. W. Sullivan (1994), Physical controls on the development and characteristics of Antarctic sea ice biological communities-A review and synthesis, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 41(10), 1583-1604, doi:10. 1016/0967-0637(94)90062-0.
2. Ackley, S. F., K. R. Buck, and S. Taguchi (1979), Standing crop of algae in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea region, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 26(3), 269-281, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(79)90024-4.
3. Alderkamp, A.-C., M. M. Mills, G. L. van Dijken, P. Laan, C.-E. Thuróczy, L. J. Gerringa, H. J. de Baar, C. D. Payne, R. J. Visser, and A. G. Buma (2012), Iron from melting glaciers fuels phytoplankton blooms in the Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Phytoplankton characteristics and productivity, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 71, 32-48, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2. 2012.03.005.
4. Andersen, S., R. Tonboe, L. Kaleschke, G. Heygster, and L. T. Pedersen (2007), Intercomparison of passive microwave sea ice concentration retrievals over the high-concentration Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C08004, doi:10.1029/2006JC003543. (Pubitemid 47604120)
5. Arrigo, K. R., and G. L. van Dijken (2003), Phytoplankton dynamics within 37 Antarctic coastal polynya systems, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3271, doi:10.1029/2002JC001739.
6. Arrigo, K. R., A. M. Weiss, and W. O. Smith Jr. (1998a), Physical forcing of phytoplankton dynamics in the southwestern Ross Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C1), 1007-1021, doi:10.1029/97JC02326.
7. Arrigo, K. R., D. Worthen, A. Schnell, and M. P. Lizotte (1998b), Primary production in Southern Ocean waters, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C8), 15,587-15,600, doi:10.1029/98JC00930. (Pubitemid 128499585)
8. Arrigo, K. R., G. L. van Dijken, and S. Bushinsky (2008a), Primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997-2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08004, doi:10.1029/2007JC004551.
9. Arrigo, K. R., G. van Dijken, and M. Long (2008b), Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO2 sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21602, doi:10.1029/2008GL035624.
10. Arrigo, K. R., K. E. Lowry, and G. L. van Dijken (2012), Annual changes in sea ice and phytoplankton in polynyas of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 71, 5-15, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.006.
11. Behrenfeld, M., and P. Falkowski (1997), Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(1), 1-20, doi:10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001. (Pubitemid 27422607)
12. Beran, D. W. (2013), Large amplitude Lee waves and Chinook winds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6(5), 865-877, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1967) 0062.0.CO;2.
13. Berthier, E., T. A. Scambos, and C. A. Shuman (2012), Mass loss of Larsen B tributary glaciers (Antarctic Peninsula) unabated since 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L13501, doi:10.1029/2012GL051755.
14. Bertolin, M. L., and I. Schloss (2009), Phytoplankton production after the collapse of the Larsen A Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Polar Biol., 32(10), 1435-1446-1446, doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0638-x.
15. Boldt, K. V., C. A. Nittrouer, B. Hallet, M. N. Koppes, B. K. Forrest, J. S. Wellner, and J. B. Anderson (2013), Modern rates of glacial sediment accumulation along a 15° S-N transect in fjords from the Antarctic Peninsula to southern Chile, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, doi: 10.1002/jgrf.20145, in press.
16. Boyd, P. (2004), Ironing out algal issues in the Southern Ocean, Science, 304(5669), 396-397, doi:10.1126/science.1092677. (Pubitemid 38495924)
17. Boyd, P. W., and M. J. Ellwood (2010), The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 3(10), 675-682, doi:10.1038/ngeo964.
18. Brachfeld, S., E. Domack, C. Kissel, C. Laj, A. Leventer, S. Ishman, R. Gilbert, A. Camerlenghi, and L. B. Eglinton (2003), Holocene history of the Larsen-A Ice Shelf constrained by geomagnetic paleointensity dating, Geology, 31(9), 749-752, doi:10.1130/G19643.1. (Pubitemid 37216610)
19. Bromwich, D. H., and D. D. Kurtz (1984), Katabatic wind forcing of the Terra Nova Bay polynya, J. Geophys. Res., 89(C3), 3561-3572, doi:10.1029/JC089iC03p03561.
20. Campbell, J., et al. (2002), Comparison of algorithms for estimating ocean primary production from surface chlorophyll, temperature, and irradiance, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(3), 1035, doi:10.1029/ 2001GB001444.
21. Carr, M.-E., et al. (2006), A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 53(5-7), 741-770, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.028. (Pubitemid 43884791)
22. Comiso, J. C., and C. L. Parkinson (2008), Arctic sea ice parameters from AMSR-E data using two techniques and comparisons with sea ice from SSM/I, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S05, doi:10.1029/2007JC004255.
23. Cook, A., A. Fox, D. Vaughan, and J. G. Ferrigno (2005), Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century, Science, 308(5721), 541-544, doi:10.1126/science.1104235. (Pubitemid 40570582)
24. Cook, A. J., and D. G. Vaughan (2010), Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years, Cryosphere, 4(1), 77-98, doi:10.5194/tc-4-77-2010.
25. Dayton, P. K., and J. S. Oliver (1977), Antarctic soft-bottom benthos in oligotrophic and eutrophic environments, Science, 197(4298), 55-58, doi:10.1126/science.197.4298.55. (Pubitemid 8128341)
26. Dierssen, H., M. Vernet, and R. Smith (2000), Optimizing models for remotely estimating primary production in Antarctic coastal waters, Antarct. Sci., 12(1), 20-32. (Pubitemid 30184046)
27. Dierssen, H., R. Smith, and M. Vernet (2002), Glacial meltwater dynamics in coastal waters west of the Antarctic peninsula, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99(4), 1790-1795, doi:10.1073/pnas.032206999. (Pubitemid 34168969)
28. Domack, E., D. Duran, A. Leventer, S. Ishman, S. Doane, S. McCallum, D. Amblas, J. Ring, R. Gilbert, and M. Prentice (2005), Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch, Nature, 436(7051), 681-685, doi:10.1038/nature03908. (Pubitemid 41117267)
29. Ferrigno, J. G., A. Cook, A. M. Mathie, R. J. Williams, C. Swithinbank, K. M. Foley, A. Fox, J. W. Thomson, and J. Sievers (2008a), Coastalchange and glaciological map of the Larsen Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica : 1940-2005, U.S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Invest. Ser. Map I-2600-B, (1 map sheet), 28 p. [Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2600-b/.]
30. Ferrigno, J. G., A. J. Cook, K. M. Foley, R. S. Williams Jr., C. Swithinbank, A. Fox, J. W. Thomson, and J. Sievers (2008b), Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Trinity Peninsula area and South Shetland Islands, Antarctica- 1843-2001, U.S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Invest. Ser., Map I-2600-A, 32 p. [Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/A/.].
31. Fischer, G., R. Gersonde, and G. Wefer (2002), Organic carbon, biogenic silica and diatom fluxes in the marginal winter sea-ice zone and in the Polar Front Region: Interannual variations and differences in composition, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49(9-10), 1721-1745, doi:10.1016/ S0967-0645(02)00009-7. (Pubitemid 34565021)
32. Fraser, A. D., R. A. Massom, K. J. Michael, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, and J. L. Lieser (2013), East Antarctic landfast sea ice distribution and variability, 2000-08, J. Clim., 25(4), 1137-1156, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-10-05032.1.
33. Froneman, P. W., E. A. Pakhomov, and M. G. Balarin (2004), Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass, production and biogenic carbon flux in the eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in late austral summer 1997-1998, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 51(22-24), 2715-2729, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2002.09.001. (Pubitemid 39569126)
34. Garibotti, I. A., M. Vernet, W. A. Kozlowski, and M. E. Ferrario (2003), Composition and biomass of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal Antarctic waters: A comparison of chemotaxonomic and microscopic analyses, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 247, 27-42, doi:10.3354/meps247027. (Pubitemid 36229856)
35. Gerringa, L. J. A., A.-C. Alderkamp, P. Laan, C.-E. Thuróczy, H. J. W. de Baar, M. M. Mills, G. L. van Dijken, H. V. Haren, and K. R. Arrigo (2012), Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 71-76(0), 16-31, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007.
36. Glasser, N. F., T. A. Scambos, J. Bohlander, M. Truffer, E. Pettit, and B. J. Davies (2011), From ice-shelf tributary to tidewater glacier: Continued rapid recession, acceleration and thinning of Rohss Glacier following the 1995 collapse of the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 57(203), 397-406.
37. Gordon, A. L., and J. C. Comiso (1988), Polynyas in the Southern Ocean, Sci. Am., 258(6), 90-97.
38. Gutt, J., et al. (2011), Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58(1-2), 74-83, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024.
39. Gutt, J., M. Cape, W. Dimmler, L. Fillinger, E. Isla, V. Lieb, T. Lundalv, and C. Pulcher (2013), Shifts in Antarctic megabenthic structure after ice-shelf disintegration in the Larsen area east of the Antarctic Peninsula, Polar Biol., 36(6), 895-906, doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1315-7.
40. Hart, T. J. (1934), On the phytoplankton of the southwest Atlantic and the Bellingshausen Sea, 1929-1931, Discovery Rep., 8, 1-286.
41. Hoppema, M., L. Goeyens, and E. Fahrbach (2000), Intense nutrient removal in the remote area off Larsen Ice Shelf (Weddell Sea), Polar Biol., 23(2), 85-94, doi:10.1007/s003000050012. (Pubitemid 30096224)
42. Johnson, R., P. G. Strutton, S. W. Wright, A. McMinn, and K. M. Meiners (2013), Three improved satellite chlorophyll algorithms for the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 3694-3703, doi:10.1002/jgrc. 20270.
43. Kahru, M., and B. G. Mitchell (2010), Blending of ocean colour algorithms applied to the Southern Ocean, Remote Sens. Lett., 1(2), 119-124, doi:10.1080/01431160903547940.
44. Kaleschke, L., G. Heygster, C. Lupkes, A. Bochert, H. J. Hartmann, J. Haarpaintner, and T. Vihma (2001), SSM/I sea ice remote sensing for mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction analysis, Can. J. Remote Sens., 27(5), 526-537. (Pubitemid 33700423)
45. Kern, S., G. Spreen, L. Kaleschke, S. de La Rosa, and G. Heygster (2007), Polynya signature simulation method polynya area in comparison to AMSR-E 89 GHz sea-ice concentrations in the Ross Sea and off the Adelie Coast, Antarctica, for 2002-2005: First results, Ann. Glaciol., 46(1), 409-418, doi:10.3189/172756407782871585.
46. King, J. C., and J. C. Comiso (2003), The spatial coherence of interannual temperature variations in the Antarctic Peninsula, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), 1040, doi:10.1029/2002GL015580.
47. Klinck, J. M. (1998), Heat and salt changes on the continental shelf west of the Antarctic Peninsula between January 1993 and January 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C4), 7617-7636, doi:10.1029/98JC00369.
48. Kurtz, N. T., and T. Markus (2012), Satellite observations of Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C08025, doi:10.1029/ 2012JC008141.
49. Lancelot, C., S. Mathot, C. Veth, and H. Baar (1993), Factors controlling phytoplankton ice-edge blooms in the marginal ice-zone of the northwestern Weddell Sea during sea ice retreat 1988: Field observations and mathematical modelling, Polar Biol., 13(6), 377-387, doi: 10.1007/BF01681979. (Pubitemid 24415341)
50. Lin, H., and B. S. Twining (2012), Chemical speciation of iron in Antarctic waters surrounding free-drifting icebergs, Mar. Chem., 128, 81-91, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.10.005.
51. Maaß, N., and L. Kaleschke (2010), Improving passive microwave sea ice concentration algorithms for coastal areas: Applications to the Baltic Sea, Tellus, Ser. A, 62(4), 393-410, doi :10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00452.x.
52. Marrari, M., C. Hu, and K. Daly (2006), Validation of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a concentrations in the Southern Ocean: A revisit, Remote Sens. Environ., 105(4), 367-375, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.008. (Pubitemid 44779692)
53. Marshall, G. J. (2003), Trends in the southern annular mode from observations and reanalyses, J Clim., 16(24), 4134-4143, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0442(2003)0162.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38119570)
54. Marshall, G. J., A. Orr, N. P. M. van Lipzig, and J. C. King (2006), The impact of a changing southern hemisphere annular mode on Antarctic peninsula summer temperatures, J. Clim., 19(20), 5388-5404, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3844.1. (Pubitemid 44712448)
55. Martin, J. H., R. M. Gordon, and S. E. Fitzwater (1990a), Iron in Antarctic waters, Nature, 345(6271), 156-158, doi:10.1038/345156a0.
56. Martin, J. H., S. E. Fitzwater, and R. M. Gordon (1990b), Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4(1), 5-12, doi:10.1029/GB004i001p00005.
57. Martin, P. J., and D. A. Peel (1978), The spatial distribution of 10 m temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 20, 311-317.
58. McClintic, M. A., D. J. DeMaster, C. J. Thomas, and C. R. Smith (2008), Testing the FOODBANCS hypothesis: Seasonal variations in nearbottom particle flux, bioturbation intensity, and deposit feeding based on Th-234 measurements, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 55(22-23), 2425-2437, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.06.003.
59. Mitchell, B. G., E. A. Brody, O. Holm-Hansen, C. McClain, and J. Bishop (1991), Light limitation of phytoplankton biomass and macronutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36(8), 1662-1677.
60. Montes-Hugo, M., S. C. Doney, H. W. Ducklow, W. Fraser, D. Martinson, S. E. Stammerjohn, and O. Schofield (2009), Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western Antarctic peninsula, Science, 323(5920), 1470-1473, doi:10.1126/science.1164533.
61. O'Reilly, J. E., S. Maritorena, B. G. Mitchell, D. A. Siegel, K. L. Carder, S. A. Garver, M. Kahru, and C. McClain (1998), Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C11), 24937-24953, doi:10.1029/98JC02160.
62. O'Reilly, J. E., et al. (2000), Ocean color chlorophyll a algorithms for Sea- WiFS, OC2 and OC4: Version 4, SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibr. Valid. Anal., 11(3), 8-22.
63. Orr, A., D. Cresswell, G. Marshall, J. Hunt, J. Sommeria, C. Wang, and M. Light (2004), A "low-level" explanation for the recent large warming trend over the western Antarctic Peninsula involving blocked winds and changes in zonal circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06204, doi:10.1029/2003GL019160.
64. Orr, A., G. J. Marshall, J. C. R. Hunt, J. Sommeria, C.-G. Wang, N. P. M. van Lipzig, D. Cresswell, and J. C. King (2008), Characteristics of summer airflow over the Antarctic Peninsula in response to recent strengthening of westerly circumpolar winds, J. Atmos. Sci., 65(4), 1396-1413, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2498.1. (Pubitemid 351888716)
65. Peck, L. S., D. K. A. Barnes, A. J. Cook, A. H. Fleming, and A. Clarke (2010), Negative feedback in the cold: Ice retreat produces new carbon sinks in Antarctica, Global Change Biol., 16(9), 2614-2623, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009. 02071.x.
66. Petrich, C., H. Eicken, J. Zhang, J. Krieger, Y. Fukamachi, and K. I. Ohshima (2012), Coastal landfast sea ice decay and breakup in northern Alaska: Key processes and seasonal prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02003, doi:10.1029/2011JC007339.
67. Rott, H., P. Skvarca, and T. Nagler (1996), Rapid collapse of northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Science, 271(5250), 788-792.
68. Rott, H., W. Rack, P. Skvarca, and H. De Angelis (2002), Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Further retreat after collapse, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 277-282. (Pubitemid 34866120)
69. Sakshaug, E., D. Slagstad, and O. Holm-Hansen (1991), Factors controlling the development of phytoplankton blooms in the Antarctic Ocean: A mathematical model, Mar. Chem., 35(1-4), 259-271, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(09)90021-4.
70. Sane, E., E. Isla, A. Gremare, J. Gutt, G. Vetion, and D. J. DeMaster (2011a), Pigments in sediments beneath recently collapsed ice shelves: The case of Larsen A and B shelves, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Sea Res., 65(1), 94-102, doi:10.1016/j.seares.2010.07.005.
71. Sane, E., E. Isla, A. M. Pruski, M. A. Barcena, G. Vetion, and D. DeMaster (2011b), Diatom valve distribution and sedimentary fatty acid composition in Larsen Bay, Eastern Antarctica Peninsula, Cont. Shelf Res., 31(11), 1161-1168, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2011.04.002.
72. Sane, E., E. Isla, D. Gerdes, A. Montiel, and J. M. Gili (2012), Benthic macrofauna assemblages and biochemical properties of sediments in two Antarctic regions differently affected by climate change, Cont. Shelf Res., 35, 53-63, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2011.12.008.
73. Sane, E., E. Isla, M. Angeles Barcena, and D. J. DeMaster (2013), A shift in the biogenic silica of sediment in the Larsen B continental shelf, off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula, resulting from climate change, PLoS ONE, 8(1), e52632, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052632.
74. Scambos, T. A., C. Hulbe, M. Fahnestock, and J. Bohlander (2000), The link between climate warming and break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 46(154), 516-530, doi:10.3189/172756500781833043. (Pubitemid 32065360)
75. Scambos, T. A., C. Hulbe, and M. Fahnestock (2003), Climate-induced ice shelf disintegration in the Antarctic Peninsula, in Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, edited by E. Domack et al., pp. 79-92, AGU, Washington, D. C., doi: 10.1029/AR079p0079.
76. Scambos, T. A., J. A. Bohlander, C. A. Shuman, and P. Skvarca (2004), Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18402, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020670. (Pubitemid 39660803)
77. Scambos, T. A., T. M. Haran, M. A. Fahnestock, T. H. Painter, and J. Bohlander (2007), MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data sets: Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size, Remote Sens. Environ., 111(2-3), 242-257, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020. (Pubitemid 350001197)
78. Sedwick, P. N., and G. R. DiTullio (1997), Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic Shelf Waters by the release of iron from melting sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(20), 2515-2518, doi:10.1029/97GL02596.
79. Sedwick, P. N., G. R. DiTullio, and D. J. Mackey (2000), Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters, J. Geophys. Res., 105(C5), 11,321-11,336, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC000256.
80. Shadwick, E. H., S. R. Rintoul, B. Tilbrook, G. D. Williams, N. Young, A. D. Fraser, H. Marchant, J. Smith, and T. Tamura (2013), Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 904-909, doi:10.1002/grl.50178.
81. Shuman, C. A., E. Berthier, and T. A. Scambos (2011), 2001-2009 elevation and mass losses in the Larsen A and B embayments, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 57(204), 737-754, doi:10.3189/ 002214311797409811.
82. Skvarca, P., W. Rack, H. Rott, and T. I. Donángelo (1999), Climatic trend and the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula: An overview, Polar Res., 18(2), 151-157, doi:10.1111/j. 1751-8369.1999.tb00287.x. (Pubitemid 30196932)
83. Smith, C. R., S. Mincks, and D. J. DeMaster (2006), A synthesis of benthopelagic coupling on the Antarctic shelf: Food banks, ecosystem inertia and global climate change, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 53(8-10), 875-894, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.02.001. (Pubitemid 44177715)
84. Smith, R., et al. (1995), The Palmer LTER: A long-term ecological research program at palmer station, Antarctica, Oceanography, 8(3), 77-86, doi:10.5670/oceanog.1995.01. (Pubitemid 126019599)
85. Smith, R. C., et al. (1999), Marine ecosystem sensitivity to climate change, BioScience, 49(5), 393-404. (Pubitemid 29198460)
86. Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell (1997), Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277(5334), 1956-1962. (Pubitemid 27449130)
87. Smith, W. O., and D. M. Nelson (1985), Phytoplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea: Spatial coherence with the density field, Science, 227(4683), 163-166, doi:10.1126/science.227.4683.163. (Pubitemid 16271604)
88. Smith, W. O., Jr., and D. M. Nelson (1986), Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean, BioScience, 36(4), 251-257, doi:10.2307/1310215.
89. Smith, W. O., V. Asper, S. Tozzi, X. Liu, and S. E. Stammerjohn (2011), Surface layer variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica as assessed by in situ fluorescence measurements, Prog. Oceanogr., 88(1-4), 28-45, doi:10.1016/j. pocean.2010.08.002.
90. Speirs, J. C., D. F. Steinhoff, H. A. McGowan, D. H. Bromwich, and A. J. Monaghan (2010), Foehn winds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: The origin of extreme warming events, J. Clim., 23(13), 3577-3598, doi:10.1175/ 2010JCLI3382.1.
91. Speirs, J. C., H. A. McGowan, D. F. Steinhoff, and D. H. Bromwich (2013), Regional climate variability driven by foehn winds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Int. J. Climatol., 33(4), 945-958, doi:10.1002/joc.3481.
92. Spreen, G., L. Kaleschke, and G. Heygster (2008), Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89-GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S03, doi:10.1029/2005JC003384.
93. Stammerjohn, S., R. Massom, D. Rind, and D. Martinson (2012), Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06501, doi:10.1029/2012GL050874.
94. Stammerjohn, S. E., D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith, and R. A. Iannuzzi (2008), Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: Spatiotemporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 55, 2041-2058, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.026.
95. Sverdrup, H. (1953), On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton, J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 18(3), 287-295, doi:10.1093/icesjms/ 18. 3.287.
96. Takahashi, T., et al. (2002), Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49(9-10), 1601-1622, doi:10.1016/ S0967-0645(02)00003-6. (Pubitemid 34565015)
97. Takahashi, T., et al. (2009), Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO(2), and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56(8-10), 554-577, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12. 009.
98. Thompson, D. W. J. (2002), Interpretation of recent southern hemisphere climate change, Science, 296(5569), 895-899, doi:10.1126/science. 1069270. (Pubitemid 34464892)
99. Tréguer, P., and G. Jacques (1992), Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton, and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Ocean, Polar Biol., 12(2), 149-162, doi:10.1007/BF00238255. (Pubitemid 23403228)
100. Vaillancourt, R. D., R. N. Sambrotto, S. Green, and A. Matsuda (2003), Phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic competency in the summertime Mertz Glacier Region of East Antarctica, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 50(8-9), 1415-1440, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(03) 00077-8. (Pubitemid 36755492)
101. van den Broeke, M. (2005), Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12815, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023247. (Pubitemid 41398480)
102. van den Broeke, M., D. van As, C. Reijmer, and R. van de Wal (2005), Sensible heat exchange at the Antarctic snow surface: A study with automatic weather stations, Int. J. Climatol., 25(8), 1081-1101, doi:10.1002/ joc.1152. (Pubitemid 40974592)
103. van Lipzig, N. P. M., G. J. Marshall, A. Orr, and J. C. King (2008), The relationship between the southern hemisphere annular mode and Antarctic Peninsula summer temperatures: Analysis of a high-resolution model climatology, J. Clim., 21(8), 1649-1668, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1695.1. (Pubitemid 351753174)
104. Vaughan, D. G., and C. S. M. Doake (1996), Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, Nature, 379(6563), 328-331, doi:10.1038/379328a0.
105. Vernet, M., D. Martinson, R. Iannuzzi, S. Stammerjohn, W. Kozlowski, K. Sines, R. Smith, and I. Garibotti (2008), Primary production within the sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula: I : Sea ice, summer mixed layer, and irradiance, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 55, 2068-2085, doi :10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05. 021.
106. Vernet, M., W. A. Kozlowski, L. R. Yarmey, A. T. Lowe, R. M. Ross, L. B. Quetin, and C. H. Fritsen (2012), Primary production throughout austral fall, during a time of decreasing daylength in the western Antarctic Peninsula, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 452, 45-61, doi:10.3354/meps09704.
107. Walsh, J. J., D. A. Dieterle, and J. Lenes (2001), A numerical analysis of carbon dynamics of the Southern Ocean phytoplankton community: The roles of light and grazing in effecting both sequestration of atmospheric CO2 and food availability to larval krill, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48(1), 1-48, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00032-7.
108. Wang, S., and J. K. Moore (2012), Variability of primary production and air-sea CO2 flux in the Southern Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB1008, doi:10.1029/2010GB003981.