Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 348, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Steinberg, Benjamin A ^a,b   Piccini, Jonathan P ^a,b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DUKE CLINICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; APIXABAN; DABIGATRAN; EDOXABAN; RIVAROXABAN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EMBOLISM; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SCORING SYSTEM; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BENZIMIDAZOLES; BETA-ALANINE; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MORPHOLINES; PYRAZOLES; PYRIDONES; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE; THIOPHENES; WARFARIN;

EID: 84898978138     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g2116     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study. JAMA 2001;285: 2370-5. (Pubitemid 32424106)
2. Conen D, Chae CU, Glynn RJ, Tedrow UB, Everett BM, Buring JE, et al. Risk of death and cardiovascular events in initially healthy women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2011;305: 2080-7.
3. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998;98: 946-52. (Pubitemid 28446646)
4. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE Jr, Kannel WB. Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. Neurology 1978;28: 973-7. (Pubitemid 8401525)
5. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147: 1561-4. (Pubitemid 17138836)
6. Lin HJ, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Beiser AS, Kase CS, Benjamin EJ, et al. Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Study. Stroke 1996;27: 1760-4. (Pubitemid 26332500)
7. Tu HT, Campbell BC, Christensen S, Collins M, De Silva DA, Butcher KS, et al. Pathophysiological determinants of worse stroke outcome in atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010;30: 389-95.
8. McGrath ER, Kapral MK, Fang J, Eikelboom JW, O'Conghaile A, Canavan M, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation with mortality and disability after ischemic stroke. Neurology 2013;81: 825-32.
9. Go AS, Hylek EM, Chang Y, Phillips KA, Henault LE, Capra AM, et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? JAMA 2003;290: 2685-92. (Pubitemid 37475596)
10. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146: 857-67. (Pubitemid 351650486)
11. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N, et al. Thirty-day mortality after ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on and off anticoagulants. Stroke 2012;43: 1795-9.
12. Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 study. Circulation 2014;129: 837-47.
13. Lloyd-Jones DM. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004;110: 1042-46. (Pubitemid 39319000)
14. Piccini JP, Hammill BG, Sinner MF, Jensen PN, Hernandez AF, Heckbert SR, et al. Incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation and associated mortality among Medicare beneficiaries, 1993-2007. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012;5: 85-93.
15. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Paisley study. Heart 2001;86: 516-21. (Pubitemid 32999861)
16. Dewland TA, Olgin JE, Vittinghoff E, Marcus GM. Incident atrial fibrillation among Asians, Hispanics, blacks, and whites. Circulation 2013;128: 2470-7.
17. Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation. 30-year follow-up in the Framingham study. JAMA 1985;254: 3449-53. (Pubitemid 16148410)
18. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22: 983-8.
19. Anderson DC, Kappelle LJ, Eliasziw M, Babikian VL, Pearce LA, Barnett HJ. Occurrence of hemispheric and retinal ischemia in atrial fibrillation compared with carotid stenosis. Stroke 2002;33: 1963-7. (Pubitemid 34840050)
20. Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in highrisk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation investigators committee on echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 1998;128: 639-47.
21. Uno M, Tsuji H, Sawada S, Toyoda T, Nakagawa M. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels in atrial fibrillation and the effects of heparin administration. Jpn Circ J 1988;52: 9-12. (Pubitemid 18093676)
22. Mitusch R, Siemens HJ, Garbe M, Wagner T, Sheikhzadeh A, Diederich KW. Detection of a hypercoagulable state in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and the effect of anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1996;75: 219-23. (Pubitemid 26081470)
23. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2001;285: 2864-70. (Pubitemid 32537350)
24. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML, Hansen PR, Tolstrup JS, Lindhardsen J, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2011;342:d124.
25. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 2010;137: 263-72.
26. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY. A novel userfriendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010;138: 1093-100.
27. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: 395-401.
28. Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish atrial fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J 2012;33: 1500-10.
29. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010;31: 2369-429.
30. Keogh C, Wallace E, Dillon C, Dimitrov BD, Fahey T. Validation of the CHADS2 clinical prediction rule to predict ischaemic stroke. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2011;106: 528-38.
31. Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, Waterman AD, Culverhouse R, Rich MW, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation (NRAF). Am Heart J 2006;151: 713-9. (Pubitemid 43290267)
32. Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Net clinical benefit of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Swedish atrial fibrillation cohort study. Circulation 2012;125: 2298-307.
33. Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, et al. 2012 focused update of the ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2012;33: 2719-47.
34. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343: 687-91.
35. Design of a multicenter randomized trial for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke 1990;21: 538-45.
36. Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, Carliner NH, Colling CL, Gornick CC, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327: 1406-12.
37. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B. Placebocontrolled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet 1989;1: 175-9. (Pubitemid 19038801)
38. Ezekowitz MD, Levine JA. Preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA 1999;281: 1830-5. (Pubitemid 29231134)
39. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, Pfeffer M, Hohnloser S, Chrolavicius S, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367: 1903-12.
40. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361: 1139-51.
41. Boehringer-Ingelheim. Dabigatran prescribing information. Secondary dabigatran prescribing information 2010. http:// bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim. com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet. ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/ Prescribing%20Information/PIs/ Pradaxa/Pradaxa.pdf.
42. Boehringer-Ingelheim. Dabigatran prescribing information for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation in the United Kingdom. 2013. www.pradaxa. co.uk/downloads/pi-spaf.pdf.
43. Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD, Alings M, Flather M, Franzosi MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet 2010;376: 975-83.
44. Hart RG, Diener HC, Yang S, Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Reilly PA, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial. Stroke 2012;43: 1511-7.
45. Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Douketis J, Wallentin L, Oldgren J, Yang S, et al. Peri-procedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared to warfarin: results from the RE-LY randomized trial. Circulation 2012;126: 343-8.
46. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, Granger CB, Kappetein AP, Mack MJ, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 2013;369: 1206-14.
47. Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Ezekowitz MD, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Reilly PA, et al. The long-term multicenter observational study of dabigatran treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (RELY-ABLE) study. Circulation 2013;128: 237-43.
48. Uchino K, Hernandez AV. Dabigatran association with higher risk of acute coronary events: meta-analysis of noninferiority randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012;172: 397-402.
49. Larsen TB, Rasmussen LH, Skjoth F, Due KM, Callreus T, Rosenzweig M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate and warfarin in "real-world" patients with atrial fibrillation: a prospective nationwide cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: 2264-73.
50. Southworth MR, Reichman ME, Unger EF. Dabigatran and postmarketing reports of bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013;368: 1272-4.
51. Sorensen R, Gislason G, Torp-Pedersen C, Olesen JB, Fosbol EL, Hvidtfeldt MW, et al. Dabigatran use in Danish atrial fibrillation patients in 2011: a nationwide study. BMJ Open 2013;3:2758.
52. ROCKET AF Study Investigators. Rivaroxaban-Once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study. Am Heart J 2010;159: 340-47.
53. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365: 883-91.
54. Fox KA, Piccini JP, Wojdyla D, Becker RC, Halperin JL, Nessel CC, et al. Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Eur Heart J 2011;32: 2387-94.
55. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, Flaker G, Commerford P, Franzosi MG, et al. Benefit of oral anticoagulant over antiplatelet therapy in atrial fibrillation depends on the quality of international normalized ratio control achieved by centers and countries as measured by time in therapeutic range. Circulation 2008;118: 2029-37.
56. Morgan CL, McEwan P, Tukiendorf A, Robinson PA, Clemens A, Plumb JM. Warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation: observing outcomes associated with varying levels of INR control. Thromb Res 2009;124: 37-41.
57. Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC, van der Meer FJ, Briet E. A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1993;69: 236-9. (Pubitemid 23069000)
58. Food and Drug Administration. FDA draft briefing document for the cardiovascular and renal drugs advisory committee (CRDAC): rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. 2011. www.fda.gov/ downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/ CommitteesMeetingMaterials/drugs/ CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/ ucm270796.pdf.
59. Patel MR, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, Piccini JP, Zhang Z, Mohanty S, et al. Outcomes of discontinuing rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: analysis from the ROCKET AF trial (Rivaroxaban Once-Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: 651-8.
60. Mahaffey KW, Hellkamp AS, Patel MR, Hannan KL, Schwabe K, Nessel CC, et al. End of study transition from study drug to open-label vitamin K antagonist therapy: the ROCKET AF experience. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6: 470-8.
61. Lopes RD, Garcia DA, Wojdyla D, Dorian P, Alexander JH, Wallentin L, et al. Use of apixaban and warfarin in patients undergoing invasive procedures: insights from ARISTOTLE. Eur Heart J 2013;34(suppl 1): doi:10.1093/ eurheartj/eht307.P535.
62. Hori M, Matsumoto M, Tanahashi N, Momomura S, Uchiyama S, Goto S, et al. Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study. Circ J 2012;76: 2104-11.
63. Pharmaceuticals J. Rivaroxaban prescribing information. Secondary rivaroxaban prescribing information 2011. www.xareltohcp.com/sites/ default/files/pdf/xarelto-0.pdf#zoom=100.
64. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, Diener HC, Hart R, Golitsyn S, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;364: 806-17.
65. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365: 981-92.
66. Al-Khatib SM, Thomas L, Wallentin L, Lopes RD, Gersh B, Garcia D, et al. Outcomes of apixaban vs warfarin by type and duration of atrial fibrillation: results from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34: 2464-71.
67. Wallentin L, Lopes RD, Hanna M, Thomas L, Hellkamp A, Nepal S, et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin at different levels of predicted international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2013;127: 2166-76.
68. Lopes RD, Al-Khatib SM, Wallentin L, Yang H, Ansell J, Bahit MC, et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to patient risk of stroke and of bleeding in atrial fibrillation: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380: 1749-58.
69. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2013;369: 2093-104.
70. Hashimoto T, Suzuki K, Kihara Y, Iwatsubo T, Miyashita A, Heeringa M, et al. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of darexaban (YM150), a new direct factor Xa inhibitor in humans. Xenobiotica 2013;43: 534-47.
71. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Dorian P, Hohnloser SH, Gretler DD, Sinha U, et al. Betrixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: results of a phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging study (Explore-Xa). Eur Heart J 2013;34: 1498-505.
72. Johansson S, Cullberg M, Eriksson UG, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of AZD0837, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in young healthy male subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;49: 258-67.
73. Bartus K, Han FT, Bednarek J, Elg M, Duner K, Jensen E, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage suture ligation using the LARIAT device in patients with atrial fibrillation: initial clinical experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62: 108-18.
74. Bartus K, Bednarek J, Myc J, Myc J, Kapelak B, Sadowski J, et al. Feasibility of closed-chest ligation of the left atrial appendage in humans. Heart Rhythm 2011;8: 188-93.
75. Reddy VY, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, Neuzil P, Huber K, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: 2.3-year follow-up of the PROTECT AF (Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) trial. Circulation 2013;127: 720-9.
76. Reddy VY, Holmes D, Doshi SK, , Neuzil P, Kar S. Safety of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: results from the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with AF (PROTECT AF) clinical trial and the continued access registry. Circulation 2011;123: 417-24.
77. Landmesser U, Holmes DR Jr. Left atrial appendage closure: a percutaneous transcatheter approach for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2012;33: 698-704.
78. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuunemann HJ; American College of Chest Physicians Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Panel. Executive summary: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis (9th ed). American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(suppl 2):7S- 47S.
79. Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Fang MC, Go AS, Halperin JL, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th ed). Chest 2008;133(suppl 6):546S-92S. (Pubitemid 351892972)
80. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2013; published 4 Dec.
81. Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M, Antz M, Hacke W, Oldgren J, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace 2013;15: 625-5.
82. Squibb B-M. Apixaban prescribing information. Secondary apixaban prescribing information 2012. http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi-eliquis. pdf.
83. Perzborn E, Roehrig S, Straub A, Kubitza D, Misselwitz F. The discovery and development of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10: 61-75.
84. Eriksson BI, Quinlan DJ, Weitz JI. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009;48: 1-22.
85. Pinto DJ, Orwat MJ, Koch S, Rossi KA, Alexander RS, Smallwood A, et al. Discovery of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl)- 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1H -pyrazolo[3, 4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (apixaban, BMS-562247), a highly potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. J Med Chem 2007;50: 5339-56. (Pubitemid 350057846)
86. Lip GY, Larsen TB, Skjoth F, Rasmussen LH. Indirect comparisons of new oral anticoagulant drugs for efficacy and safety when used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60: 738-46.
87. Dogliotti A, Paolasso E, Giugliano RP. Current and new oral antithrombotics in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis of 79 808 patients. Heart 2013; published online 5 Sep.
88. Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Chang Y, Singer DE, Lokhnygina Y, Go AS, et al. Renal dysfunction as a predictor of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: validation of the R(2)CHADS(2) index in the ROCKET AF (Rivaroxaban Once-daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation) and ATRIA (AnTicoagulation and Risk factors In Atrial fibrillation) study cohorts. Circulation 2013;127: 224-32.
89. Beasley BN, Unger EF, Temple R. Anticoagulant options-why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. N Engl J Med 2011;364: 1788-90.
90. Limone BL, Baker WL, Kluger J, Coleman CI. Novel anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of cost-effectiveness models. PLoS One 2013;8:e62183.
91. Eerenberg ES, Kamphuisen PW, Sijpkens MK, Meijers JC, Buller HR, Levi M. Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation 2011;124: 1573-9.
92. Garcia DA, Regan S, Henault LE, Upadhyay A, Baker J, Othman M, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with short-term interruption of warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 63-9.
93. Wysokinski WE, McBane RD, Daniels PR, Litin SC, Hodge DO, Dowling NF, et al. Periprocedural anticoagulation management of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83: 639-45. (Pubitemid 351810563)
94. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, Mayr M, Jaffer AK, Eckman MH, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis (9th ed). American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(suppl 2):e326S-50S.
95. Marlu R, Hodaj E, Paris A, Albaladejo P, Crackowski JL, Pernod G. Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban: a randomised crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost 2012;108: 217-24.
96. Sherwood MW, Douketis JD, Patel MR, Piccini JP, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, et al. Outcomes of temporary interruption of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: results from ROCKET AF. Circulation 2014; published online 19 Feb.
97. Bauer KA. Reversal of antithrombotic agents. Am J Hematol 2012;87(suppl 1):S119-26.
98. Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ, Karbarz MJ, Abe K, Lee G, et al. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Nat Med 2013;19: 446-51.
99. Majeed A, Hwang HG, Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW, Ezekowitz MD, Wallentin L, et al. Management and outcomes of major bleeding during treatment with dabigatran or warfarin. Circulation 2013;128: 2325-32.
100. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2011;123:e269-367.