Optimizing outcome in SLE: Treating-to-target and definition of treatment goals

Autoimmunity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 770-777

  Doria, Andrea ^a   Gatto, Mariele ^a   Zen, Margherita ^a   Iaccarino, Luca ^a   Punzi, Leonardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Damage; Early treatment; SLE; Therapeutic goals

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CORTICOSTEROID;

CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FOLLOW UP; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HEALING; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; ORGAN INJURY; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REMISSION; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; SURVIVAL; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; IMMUNOLOGY; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; METABOLISM;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION INDUCTION;

EID: 84898876959     PISSN: 15689972     EISSN: 18730183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.055     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Mak A., Cheung M.W., Chiew H., et al. Global trend of survival and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from the 1950s to 2000s. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012, 41:830-839.
2. Doria A., Iaccarino L., Ghirardello A., et al. Long-term prognosis and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2006, 119:700-706.
3. Lopez R., Davidson J.E., Beeby M.D., et al. Lupus disease activity and the risk of subsequent organ damage and mortality in a large lupus cohort. Rheumatology 2012, 51:491-498.
4. Iaccarino L., Bettio S., Zen M., Nalotto L., Gatto M., Ramonda R., et al. Premature coronary heart disease in SLE: can we prevent progression?. Lupus 2013, 22:1232-1242.
5. Fei Y., Shi X., Gan F., Li X., Zhang W., Li M., et al. Death causes and pathogens analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus during the past 26years. Clin Rheumatol 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
6. Mak A., Isenberg D., Lau C.S. Global trends, potential mechanisms and early detection of organ damage in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013, 9:301-310.
7. Rahman P., Gladman D.D., Urowitz M.B., et al. Early damage as measured by the SLICC/ACR damage index is a predictor of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2001, 10:93-96.
8. Nived O., Jönsen A., Bengtsson A.A., et al. High predictive value of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for survival in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:1398-1400.
9. Atar D., Birkeland K.I., Uhlig T. 'Treat to target': moving targets from hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes to rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:629-630.
10. Staessen J.A., Wang J.G., Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2001, 358:1305-1315.
11. Graham I., Atar D., Borch-Johnsen K., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2375-2414.
12. Rydèn L., Standl E., Bartnik M., et al. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. Eur Heart 2007, 28:88-136.
13. Schoels M., Knevel R., Aletaha D., et al. Evidence for treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: results of a systematic literature search. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:638-643.
14. Smolen J.S., Aletaha D., Bijlsma J.W., et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:631-637.
15. Nossent J., Kiss E., Rozman B., et al. Disease activity and damage accrual during the early disease course in a multinational inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010, 19:949-956.
16. Yazici Y., Simsek I. Tools for monitoring remission in rheumatoid arthritis: any will do, let's just pick one and start measuring. Arthritis Res Ther 2013, 15:104.
17. Isenberg D.A. BILAG, SLEDAI, SIS, ECLAM, WAM, SLAM . . . thank you MAM. Lupus 2007, 16:849-851.
18. Liang M.H., Socher S.A., Larson M.G., et al. Reliability and validity of six systems for the clinical assessment of disease activity in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 1989, 32:1107-1118.
19. Bombardier C., Gladman D.D., Urowitz M.B., et al. Derivation of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index of lupus patients. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:630-640.
20. Vitali C., Bencivelli W., Isenberg D.A., et al. Disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of the Consensus Study Group of the European Workshop for Rheumatology Research. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992, 10:514-517.
21. Hay E.M., Bacon P.A., Gordon C., et al. The BILAG index: a reliable and valid instrument for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1993, 86:447-458.
22. Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D., Tozman E.C., et al. The lupus activity criteria count (LACC). J Rheumatol 1984, 11:783-787.
23. Smolen J.S. Clinical and serological features. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and experimental aspects 1987, 170-196. Springer Verlag, Berlin. J.S. Smolen, C.C. Zelinksa (Eds.).
24. Griffiths B., Mosca M., Gordon C. Assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the use of lupus disease activity indices. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005, 19:685-708.
25. Luijten K.M., Tekstra J., Bijlsma J.W., et al. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Responder Index (SRI); a new SLE disease activity assessment. Autoimmun Rev 2012, 11:326-329.
26. Barr S.G., Zonana-Nacach A., Magder L.S., et al. Patterns of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:2682-2688.
27. Zen M., Bassi N., Nalotto L., et al. Disease activity patterns in a monocentric cohort of SLE patients: a seven-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012, 30:856-863.
28. Urowitz M.B., Feletar M., Bruce I.N., et al. Prolonged remission in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1467-1472.
29. Laustrup H., Voss A., Green A., et al. SLE disease patterns in a Danish population-based lupus cohort: an 8-year prospective study. Lupus 2010, 19:239-246.
30. Steiman A.J., Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., et al. Prolonged serologically active clinically quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus: frequency and outcome. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:1822-1827.
31. Gladman D.D., Urowitz M.B., Goldsmith C.H., Fortin P., Ginzler E., Gordon C., et al. The reliability of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:809-813.
32. Chambers S.A., Allen E., Rahman A., Isenberg D. Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10years. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:673-675.
33. Nossent J., Cikes N., Kiss E., et al. Current causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe, 2000-2004: relation to disease activity and damage accrual. Lupus 2007, 16:309-317.
34. Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D., Tom B.D., Ibañez D., Farewell V.T. Changing patterns in mortality and disease outcomes for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:2152-2158.
35. Thamer M., Hernán M.A., Zhang Y., et al. Prednisone, lupus activity, and permanent organ damage. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:560-564.
36. Stoll T., Sutcliffe N., Mach J., et al. Analysis of the relationship between disease activity and damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus - a 5-yr prospective study. Rheumatology 2004, 43. (1039-4).
37. Gladman D.D., Urowitz M.B., Rahman P., Ibañez D., Tam L.S. Accrual of organ damage over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1955-1959.
38. Zonana-Nacach A., Barr S.G., Magder L.S., Petri M. Damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:1801-1808.
39. Mok C.C., Ho C.T., Wong R.W., Lau C.S. Damage accrual in southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1513-1519.
40. Danila M.I., Pons-Estel G.J., Zhang J., Vilá L.M., Reveille J.D., Alarcón G.S. Renal damage is the most important predictor of mortality within the damage index: data from LUMINA LXIV, a multiethnic US cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:542-545.
41. Becker-Merok A., Nossent H.C. Damage accumulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to disease activity and mortality. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:1570-1577.
42. Gilboe I.M., Kvien T.K., Husby G. Disease course in systemic lupus erythematosus: changes in health status, disease activity, and organ damage after 2years. J Rheumatol 2001, 28:266-274.
43. Alarcón G.S., Roseman J.M., McGwin G., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XX. Damage as a predictor of further damage. Rheumatology 2004, 43:202-205.
44. Toloza S.M., Roseman J.M., Alarcón G.S., McGwin G., Uribe A.G., Fessler B.J., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort(LUMINA): XXII. Predictors of time to the occurrence of initial damage. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:3177-3186.
45. Urowitz M.B., Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., Fortin P.R., Bae S.C., Gordon C., et al. Evolution of disease burden over five years in a multicenter inception systemic lupus erythematosus cohort. Arthritis Care Res 2012, 64:132-137.
46. Ruiz-Irastorza G., Danza A., Khamashta M. Glucocorticoid use and abuse in SLE. Rheumatology 2012, 51:1145-1153.
47. Petri M., Purvey S., Fang H., et al. Predictors of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:4021-4028.
48. Steiman A.J., Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., et al. Outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without a prolonged serologically active clinically quiescent period. Arthritis Care Res 2012, 64:511-518.
49. Alarcón G.S., McGwin G., Bartolucci A.A., Roseman J., Lisse J., Fessler B.J., et al. Reveille JD; LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in minority populations, nature versus nurture. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. IX. Differences in damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:2797-2806.
50. Ad Hoc Working Group on Steroid-Sparing Criteria in Lupus Criteria for steroid-sparing ability of interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of a consensus meeting. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:3427-3431.
51. Zeher M., Doria A., Lan J., et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus 2011, 20:1484-1493.
52. Appel G.B., Contreras G., Dooley M.A., et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:1103-1112.
53. Ginzler E.M., Dooley M.A., Aranow C., et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2219-2228.
54. Sung Y.K., Hur N.W., Sinskey J.L., Park D., Bae S.C. Assessment of damage in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2007, 34:987-991.
55. Stoll T., Sutcliffe N., Klaghofer R., Isenberg D.A. Do present damage and health perception in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus predict extent of future damage?: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2000, 59:832-835.
56. Manger K., Manger B., Repp R., et al. Definition of risk factors for death, end stage renal disease, and thromboembolic events in a monocentric cohort of 338 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2002, 61:1065-1070.
57. Urowitz M.B., Bookman A.A., Koehler B.E., Gordon D.A., Smythe H.A., Ogryzlo M.A. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1976, 60:221-225.
58. Thumboo J., Fong K.Y., Chan S.P., et al. A prospective study of factors affecting quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:1414-1420.
59. Kiani A.N., Strand V., Fang H., Jaranilla J., Petri M. Predictors of self-reported health-related quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013, 52:1651-1657.
60. Panopalis P., Petri M., Manzi S., et al. The systemic lupus erythematosus tri-nation study: longitudinal changes in physical and mental well-being. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005, 44:751-755.
61. Rinaldi S., Doria A., Salaffi F., Ermani M., Iaccarino L., Ghirardello A., et al. Health-related quality of life in Italian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Relationship between physical and mental dimension and impact of age. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:1574-1579.
62. Doria A., Rinaldi S., Ermani M., et al. Health-related quality of life in Italian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Role of clinical, immunological and psychological determinants. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:1580-1586.
63. Lau C.S., Mak A. The socioeconomic burden of SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009, 5:400-404.
64. Ware J.E., Sherbourne C.D. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992, 30:473-483.
65. Abu-Shakra M., Mader R., Langevitz P., et al. Quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled study. J Rheumatol 1999, 26:306-309.
66. Mok C.C., Ho L.Y., Cheung M.Y., Yu K.L., To C.H. Effect of disease activity and damage on quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2-year prospective study. Scand J Rheumatol 2009, 38:121-127.
67. Rinaldi S., Ghisi M., Iaccarino L., et al. Influence of coping skills on health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 55:427-433.
68. Clarke A.E., Petri M.A., Manzi S., et al. An international perspective on the well being and health care costs for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tri-Nation Study Group. J Rheumatol 1999, 26:1500-1511.
69. Doria A., Amoura Z., Cervera R., et al. Annual direct medical cost of active systemic lupus erythematosus in five European countries. Ann Rheum Dis 2014, 73:154-160.
70. Sutcliffe N., Clarke A.E., Taylor R., Frost C., Isenberg D.A. Total costs and predictors of costs in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:37-47.
71. Bertoli A.M., Fernández M., Alarcón G.S., Vilá L.M., Reveille J.D. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort LUMINA (XLI): factors predictive of self-reported work disability. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66:12-17.
72. Mok C.C., Cheung M.Y., Ho L.Y., Yu K.L., To C.H. Risk and predictors of work disability in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2008, 17:1103-1107.
73. Al Dhanhani A.M., Gignac M.A., Su J., Fortin P.R. Work disability in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 61:378-385.
74. Doria A., Zen M., Canova M., et al. SLE diagnosis and treatment: when early is early. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 10:55-60.
75. Chen Y.E., Korbet S.M., Katz R.S., et al. Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3:46-53.
76. Moroni G., Quaglini S., Gallelli B., et al. The long-term outcome of 93 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007, 22:2531-2539.
77. Mosca M., Bombardieri S. Assessing remission in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006, 24(6 Suppl. 43):S99-S104.
78. Petri M., Genovese M., Engle E., et al. Definition, incidence, and clinical description of flare in systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:937-944.
79. Ruperto N., Hanrahan L.M., Alarcón G.S., et al. International consensus for a definition of disease flare in lupus. Lupus 2011, 20:453-462.
80. Tozman E.C.S., Urowtiz M.B., Gladman D.D. Prolonged complete remission in previously severe SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 1982, 41:39-40.
81. Moroni G., Gallelli B., Quaglini S., et al. Withdrawal of therapy in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis: long-term follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:1541-1548.
82. Mosca M., Tani C., Aringer M., et al. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:1269-1274.
83. Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., Ruiz I., et al. Recommendations for frequency of visits to monitor systemic lupus erythematosus in asymptomatic patients: data from an observational cohort study. J Rheumatol 2013, 40:630-633.
84. Zahr Z.A., Fang H., Magder L.S., Petri M. Predictors of corticosteroid tapering in SLE patients: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Lupus 2013, 22:697-701.
85. Wallace D.J., Gudsoorkar V.S., Weisman M.H., et al. New insights into mechanisms of therapeutic effects of antimalarial agents in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012, 8:522-533.
86. Bertsias G.K., Tektonidou M., Amoura Z., et al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012, 71:1771-1782.
87. Bertias G., Ioannidis J.P., Boletis J., et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis 2008, 67:195-205.
88. Bertias G., Ioannidis J.P., Aringer M., et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:2074-2082.
89. Hahn B.H., McMahon M.A., Wilkinson A., et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012, 64:797-808.
90. Esdaile J.M., Joseph L., MacKenzie T., et al. The benefit of early treatment with immunosuppressive agents in lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:2046-2051.
91. Faurschou M., Starklint H., Halberg P., et al. Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis: diagnostic and therapeutic delay increases the risk of terminal renal failure. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:1563-1569.
92. Ciruelo E., de la Cruz J., López I., et al. Cumulative rate of relapse of lupus nephritis after successful treatment with cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:2028-2034.
93. Ioannidis J.P., Boki K.A., Katsorida M.E., et al. Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int 2000, 57:258-264.
94. Petri M., Orbai A.M., Alarcón G.S., et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:2677-2686.
95. Petri M. Review of classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005, 31:245-254.
96. Pons-Estel G.J., Wojdyla D., McGwin G., et al. The American College of Rheumatology and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification criteria in two multiethnic cohorts: a commentary. Lupus 2014, 23:3-9.
97. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69:89-95.
98. Gatto M., Zen M., Ghirardello A., et al. Emerging and critical issues in the pathogenesis of lupus. Autoimmun Rev 2013, 12:523-536.
99. Herbst R., Liu Z., Jallal B., et al. Biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 2012, 15:433-444.
100. Niewold T.B., Clark D.N., Salloum R., Poole B.D. Interferon alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010, 2010:948364.
101. Celhar T., Magalhães R., Fairhurst A.M. TLR7 and TLR9 in SLE: when sensing self goes wrong. Immunol Res 2012, 53:58-77.
102. Manzi S., Navratil J.S., Ruffing M.J., et al. Measurement of erythrocyte C4d and complement receptor 1 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:3596-3604.
103. Pisetsky D.S. Antinuclear antibodies in rheumatic disease: a proposal for a function-based classification. Scand J Immunol 2012, 76:223-228.