Accumulation and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals in tropical urban soils

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 186, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 2907-2923

  Khillare, P S ^a   Hasan, Amreen ^a   Sarkar, Sayantan ^b,c  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Delhi; Enrichment factors; Index of geoaccumulation; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Principal component analysis; Trace metals

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; COAL COMBUSTION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; FLOODS; HEALTH RISKS; INDUSTRY; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOILS;

DELHI; ENRICHMENT FACTORS; INDEX OF GEO ACCUMULATIONS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); TRACE METAL;

SOIL POLLUTION;

ACENAPHTHYLENE; ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; CADMIUM; CHROMIUM; CHRYSENE; DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHRACENE; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; IRON; NAPHTHALENE; NICKEL; PERYLENE; PHENANTHRENE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PYRENE; TRACE METAL; ZINC;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ENRICHMENT; FLOODPLAIN; GEOACCUMULATION; HEALTH RISK; PAH; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOIL POLLUTION; TRACE METAL;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CANCER RISK; COAL COMBUSTION; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ECOTOXICITY; EXHAUST GAS; FLOOD PLAIN SOIL; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH HAZARD; INDIA; INDUSTRIAL AREA; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; LAND USE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOIL; SOIL ANALYSIS; SOIL POLLUTION; SPATIAL SOIL VARIABILITY; SURFACE SOIL; URBAN AREA; WOOD COMBUSTION;

DELHI; INDIA;

CITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; INDIA; INDUSTRY; METALS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84898861575     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3589-1     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Adachi, K.; Tainosho, Y. (2004). Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust. Environment International, 30(8), 1009-1017.
2. Agarwal, T.; Khillare, P. S.; Shridhar, V.; Ray, S. (2009). Pattern, sources and toxic potential of PAHs in the agricultural soils of Delhi, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2-3), 1033-1039.
3. European Commission (2001). Ambient Air Pollution by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). Position Paper European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/air/pdf/pp-pah.pdf.
4. Awashthi, S. K. (2000). Prevention of Food Adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and State Rules as Amended for 1999 (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Ashoka Law House.
5. Birmili, W.; Allen, A. G.; Bary, F.; Harrison, R. M. (2006). Trace metal concentrations of water solubility in size-fractionated atmospheric particles and influence of road traffic. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 1144-1153.
6. Bixiong, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Mao, T. (2006). Pollution sources identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of soils in Tianjin area, China. Chemosphere, 64, 525-534.
7. Bozlaker, A.; Muezzinoglu, A.; Odabasi, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(3), 1093-1102.
8. Buat-Menard, P.; Chesselet, R. (1979). Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 42, 398-411.
9. Bucheli, T. D.; Blum, F.; Desaules, A.; Gustafsson, O. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland. Chemosphere, 56(11), 1061-1076.
10. Canfield, R. L.; Henderson, C. R.; Cory-Slechta, D. A.; Cox, C.; Jusko, T. A.; Lanphear, B. P. (2003). Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517-1521.
11. Chen, S. C.; Liao, C. M. (2006). Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of the Total Environment, 366, 112-123.
12. Dasaram, B.; Satyanarayanan, M.; Sudarshan, V.; Keshav Krishna, A. (2011). Assessment of soil contamination in Patancheru Industrial Area, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 3(3), 214-220.
13. Dragovic, S.; Mihailovic, N.; Gajic, B. (2008). Heavy metals in soils: distribution, relationship with soil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources. Chemosphere, 72(3), 491-495. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.063.
14. Duval, M. M.; Friedlander, S. K. (1981). Source resolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Los Angeles atmosphere - application of CMB with first order decay. Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA-600/2-81-161.
15. Ferreira-Baptista, L.; De Miguel, E. (2005). Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 4501-4512.
16. Fishbein, L. (1981). Sources, transport and alterations of metal compounds: an overview. I. Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, and Nickel. Environmental Health Perspectives, 40, 43-64.
17. Grygar, T. M.; Elznicova, J.; Vadinova, N. (2013). Natural and anthropogenic enrichments of heavy metals in modern soils: the case study in the Jizera floodplain, Czech Republic. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15, EGU2013-3208-1, European Geophysical Union.
18. Guo, H.; Lee, S. C.; Ho, K. F.; Wang, X. M.; Zou, S. C. (2003). Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 37(38), 5307-5317.
19. Harrison, R. M.; Smith, D. J. T.; Luhana, L. (1996). Source apportionment of atmospheric Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 825-832.
20. Hautala, E. L.; Rekila, R.; Tarhanen, J.; Ruuskanen, J. (1995). Deposition of motor vehicle emissions and winter maintenance along roadside assessed by snow analyses. Environmental Pollution, 87(1), 45-49.
21. Hong, H. S.; Yin, H. L.; Wang, X. H.; Ye, C. X. (2007). Seasonal variation of PM10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China. Atmospheric Research, 85, 429-441.
22. HPA. (2008-2009). http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb-C/ 1236757318774.
23. HPA. (2011). http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb-C/ 1198504591766.
24. IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute). (2013). Available online at http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com-content&view=article&id= 402&Itemid=1152.
25. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2004). http://www.iarc.fr.
26. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2009). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vols. 1-97 (until 2009). Lyon: IARC Publications.
27. Jones, K. C. (1991). Contaminant trends in soils and crops. Environmental Pollution, 69, 311-325.
28. Jones, K. C.; Stratford, J. A.; Tidridge, P.; Waterhouse, K. S.; Johnston, A. E. (1989). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in an agricultural soil: long-term changes in profile distribution. Environmental Pollution, 56, 337-351.
29. Kaushik, A.; Kansal, A.; Santosh, Meena, Kumari, S.; Kaushik, C. P. (2009). Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 265-270.
30. Khalili, N. R.; Scheff, P. A.; Holsen, T. M. (1995). PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 533-542.
31. Khillare, P. S.; Jyethi, D. S.; Sarkar, S. (2012). Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables grown in the vicinity of thermal power plants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 1642-1652.
32. Kipopoulou, A. M.; Manoli, E.; Samara, C. (1999). Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area. Environmental Pollution, 106(3), 369-380.
33. Krishna, A. K.; Govil, P. K. (2005). Heavy metal distribution and contamination in soils of Thane-Belapur industrial development area, Mumbai, Western India. Environmental Geology, 47, 1054-1061.
34. Kulkarni, P.; Venkataraman, C. (2000). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India. Atmospheric Environment, 34(17), 2785-2790.
35. Larsen, R. K.; Baker, J. E. (2003). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(9), 1873-1881.
36. Lee, W. M. G.; Tsay, L. Y. (1994). The partitioning model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon between gaseous and particulate (PM10) phases in urban atmosphere with high humidity. Science of the Total Environment, 145, 163-171.
37. Liao, C. M.; Chiang, K. C. (2006). Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples. Chemosphere, 63, 1610-1619.
38. Lin, C. C.; Chen, S. I.; Huang, K. L.; Hwang, W. I.; Chang-Chien, G. P.; Lin, W. Y. (2005). Characteristics of metals in nano/ultrafine/fine/coarse particles collected beside a heavily trafficked road. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 8113-8122.
39. Liu, C. H.; Tian, F. L.; Chen, J. W.; Li, X. H.; Qiao, X. L. (2010). A comparative study on source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Daliao River, China: positive matrix factorization and factor analysis with non-negative constraints. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55, 915-920. doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-0057-y.
40. Loska, K.; Cebula, J.; Pelczar, J.; Wiechula, D.; Kwapulinski, J. (1997). Use of enrichment and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 93, 347-365.
41. Loska, K.; Cebula, J.; Wiechuła, D. (2002). Analysis of physicochemical properties of bottom sediments from the backwater area of Rybnik dam reservoir in aspects of their use for non-industrial purposes (in Polish). Gosp Wod, 7, 292-294.
42. Loska, K.; Wiechula, D.; Barska, B.; Cebula, E.; Chojnecka, A. (2003). Assessment of arsenic enrichment of cultivated soils in Southern Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(2), 187-192.
43. Maliszewska-Kordybach, B.; Smreczak, B.; Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A.; Terelak, H. (2008). Monitoring of the total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils in Poland. Chemosphere, 73(8), 1284-1291.
44. Masih, A.; Taneja, A. (2006). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India. Chemosphere, 65(3), 449-456.
45. Meharg, A.; Wright, J.; Dyke, H.; Osborn, D. (1998). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dispersion and deposition to vegetation and soil following a large scale chemical fire. Environmental Pollution, 99(1), 29-36.
46. Mehra, A.; Farago, M. E. F.; Banerjee, D. K. (1998). Impact of fly ash from coal-fired power stations in Delhi, with particular reference to metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 50, 15-35.
47. Muller, G. (1981). The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of Neckars and its tributary: a stocktaking. Chemische Zeit, 105, 157-164.
48. Nadal, M.; Schuhmacher, M.; Domingo, J. L. (2004). Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona County, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 132(1), 1-11.
49. 2.5 and elemental composition: heterogeneous associations in 19 European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4595-4602.
50. Nriagu, J. O.; Pacyna, J. M. (1988). Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333(6169), 134-139.
51. Odabasi, M.; Vardar, N.; Sofuoglu, A.; Tasdemir, Y.; Holsen, T. M. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] in Chicago air. Science of the Total Environment, 227, 57-67.
52. Orecchio, S. (2010). Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a Natural Reserve (Isola delle Femmine) (Italy) located in front of a plant for the production of cement. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1-3), 358-368.
53. Pacyna, J. M.; Pacyna, E. G. (2001). An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environmental Reviews, 9(4), 269-298.
54. Planning Department. (2006). Economic survey of Delhi 2005-2006. Government of NCT of Delhi. http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT-Planning/ planning/economic+survey+of+dehli/content3/industrial+development.
55. Ray, S.; Khillare, P. S.; Agarwal, T.; Shridhar, V. (2008). Assessment of PAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156(1-3), 9-16.
56. Rost, H.; Loibner, A. P. (2002). Behavior of PAHs during cold storage of historically contaminated soil samples. Chemosphere, 49, 1239-1246.
57. Samara, C.; Kouimtzis, T.; Katsoulos, G. (1994). Characterization of airborne particulate matter in Thessaloniki, Greece: Part III. Comparison of two multivariate modeling approaches for the source apportionment of heavy metal concentrations within total suspended particles. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 44, 147-160.
58. Sandroni, V.; Smith, C. M. M.; Donovan, A. (2003). Microwave digestion of sediment, soils and urban particulate matter for trace metal analysis. Talanta, 60(4), 715-723.
59. Smith, D. J. T.; Edelhauser, E. C.; Harrison, R. M. (1995). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in road dust and soil samples collected in the United Kingdom and Pakistan. Environmental Technology, 16, 45-53.
60. Srinivasa, G. S.; Ramakrishna Reddy, M.; Govil, P. K. (2010). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174, 113-121.
61. Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39(6), 611.
62. Transport Department. (2012). Total vehicles registered up to 30-Sep-2012. Government of NCT of Delhi. Available online at http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit-transport/Transport/Home/ Vehicle+Registration/Total+Vehicle+Registered.
63. Tsai, P. J.; Shih, T. S.; Chen, H. L.; Lee, W. J.; Lai, C. H.; Liou, S. H. (2004). Assessing and predicting the exposures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 333-343.
64. Turekian, K. K.; Wedephol, K. H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth crust. Bulletin of Geological Society of America, 72, 175-192.
65. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: vol. I, Human health evaluation manual. EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ ragsa/index.htm.
66. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1991). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. I, Human health evaluation manual. Part B. Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals (Interim), PB92-963333. Publication 9285.7-01B. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
67. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1996). Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document. EPA/540/R-95/128. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/soil/toc.htm#pl.
68. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2001). Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites. OSWER 9355.4-24. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC, Available from: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/ soil/ssgmarch01.pdf.
69. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2002). Polycyclic organic matter. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/polycycl.html.
70. Voutsa, D.; Samara, C. (1998). Dietary intake of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via vegetables grown in an industrial Greek area. Science of the Total Environment, 218, 203-216.
71. Wang, Z. (2007). Regional study on soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Liaoning: patterns, sources and cancer risks. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology.
72. Wang, Z.; Chen, J.; Qiao, X.; Yang, P.; Tian, F.; Huang, L. (2007). Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: a case study in Dalian, China. Chemosphere, 68(5), 965-971.
73. Wang, W.; Huang, M.; Kang, Y.; Wang, H.; Leung, A.; Cheung, K. C.; et al. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban surface dust of Guangzhou, China: status, sources and human health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 4519-4527.
74. Wild, S. R.; Jones, K. C. (1992). Organic chemicals in the environment: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptake by carrots grown in biosolids-amended soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 21, 217-225.
75. Wild, S. R.; Berrow, M. L.; McGrath, S. P.; Jones, K. C. (1992). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in crops from long term field experiments amended with sewage sludge. Environmental Pollution, 76(1), 25-32.
76. Yan, W.; Chi, J.; Wang, Z.; Huang, W.; Zhang, G. (2009). Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China. Environmental Pollution, 157(6), 1823-1830.
77. Yang, S. Y. N.; Connell, D. W.; Hawker, D. W.; Kayal, S. I. (1991). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air, soil and vegetation in the vicinity of an urban roadway. Science of the Total Environment, 102, 229-240.
78. Yang, G. P.; Liu, X. L.; Zhang, J. W. (1998). Distribution of dibenzothiophene in the sediments of the South China Sea. Environmental Pollution, 101, 405-414.
79. Yang, Y.; Cajthaml, T.; Hofmann, T. (2008). PAH desorption from river floodplain soils using supercritical fluid extraction. Environmental Pollution, 156, 745-752.
80. Yaylali-Abanuz, G. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of surface soil around Gebze industrial area, Turkey. Microchemical Journal, 99, 82-92.
81. Yunker, M. B.; Macdonald, R. W.; Vingarzan, R.; Mitchell, R. H.; Goyette, D.; Sylvestrec, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33, 489-515.
82. Zhang, H. B.; Luo, Y. M.; Wong, M. H.; Zhao, Q. G.; Zhang, G. L. (2006). Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environmental Pollution, 141(1), 107-114.
83. Zhang, L.; Bai, Z.; You, Y.; Wu, J.; Feng, Y.; Zhu, T. (2009). Chemical and stable carbon isotopic characterization for PAHs in aerosol emitted from two indoor sources. Chemosphere, 75, 453-461.