Perfectly Average : The pursuit of normality in postwar America

Perfectly Average : The PUrsuit of Normality in Postwar America

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-191

  Creadick, Anna G ^a  

^a HOBART AND WILLIAM SMITH COLLEGES   (United States)

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EID: 84898592478     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (538)

1. Sloan Wilson, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955),73.
2. Twenty-eight Private Snafu cartoons were produced by Warner Brothers between 1943 and 1946, and have been collected as The Complete Uncensored Private Snafu (Image Entertainment, 1999).
3. William L. O'Neill, A Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 378;.
4. Ralph Mitchell, 101st Airborne Division's Defense of Bastogne (Bennington, VT: Merriam, 2000), 14.
5. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life (New York: Free Press, 1999).
6. Rena Corman, Close-up of the 'Normal' Wife, New York Times Magazine, 8 September 1963, 52-69.
7. Lennard Davis, Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body (London: Verso, 1995);.
8. Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble with Normal: Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997);.
9. Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling, and the Family in Postwar Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999);.
10. Julian Carter, The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America 1880-1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
11. The term keyword is borrowed from Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
12. Adams, Trouble with Normal, 83-84.
13. O. L. Tinklepaugh debates the inherent contradictions of normal as a scientific category (Science, 19 April 1929, 428).
14. C. Daly King, The Meaning of Normal, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 17 (1944-45): 493-94, .
15. Carl N. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety: America since 1945 (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1975).
16. Lawrence S. Kubie, What Is Normal? Look, 3 May 1955, 51.
17. Walker Percy, The Coming Crisis in Psychiatry, America, 5 January 1957, 391-93;.
18. Walker Percy, The Coming Crisis in Psychiatry: II, America, 12 January 1957, 415-18.
19. Dr. Benjamin Spock's Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1946).
20. Million copies in paperback, while Peyton Place (New York: Julian Messner, 1956).
21. Alice Payne Hackett, 70 Years of Best Sellers, 1895-1965 (New York: R. R. Bowker, 1967), 40-41.
22. Normal Man Pictured as a Contented Bore, Science Digest, September 1961, 16;.
23. Robert Fontaine, Normal as a Fox, Atlantic Monthly, January 1962, 79.
24. Peggy and Pierre Streit, Baffling Search for the 'Normal Man, ' New York Times Magazine, 3 June 1962, 19.
25. Corman, Close-up, 60, 69.
26. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1970).
27. Warren G. Harding, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1921, avalon.law.yale.edu/ 20th- century/harding.asp. 21.
28. Mary Poovey, Making a Social Body, 3.
29. Poovey, Making a Social Body, 3.
30. Lennard J. Davis, whose book Enforcing Normalcy contains the first and best genealogy of the concept normality that I have found. Thanks to Marta Russell, a writer for www.disweb.org, .
31. The online disability studies archive is available at www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/index.html.
32. Russell's work on disability in public discourse, and the social and economic aspects of disablement, including Madmen? (November 11, 2001), www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/995, .
33. Beyond the Ramp: Disability at the End of the Social Contract (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1998).
34. Lennard Davis's Disability Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 1997).
35. Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umanski, eds., The New Disability History: American Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
36. Marta Russell, Madmen?.
37. Davis, Enforcing Normalcy, 48-49.
38. Davis, Enforcing Normalcy, 48.
39. Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner, Sex in Public, Critical Inquiry 24 (Winter 1998): 548.
40. Gayle Rubin, Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality, in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance (Boston: Routledge, 1984), 267-319;.
41. Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (1980): 631-60;.
42. Michael Warner, Fear of a Queer Planet, Social Text 29 (1991): 3-17;.
43. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1995);.
44. John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
45. Carter, Heart of Whiteness, 23-30.
46. Daniel Horowitz, Rethinking Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America, American Quarterly 48 (March 1996): 1-42.
47. Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000).
48. James H. Jones, Dr. Yes, New Yorker, 25 August and 1 September 1997, 101.
49. Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life (New York: Norton, 1997).
50. Catherine Jurca, White Diaspora: The Suburb and the Twentieth-Century American Novel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001);.
51. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety.
52. Enforcing Normalcy, 49.
53. Alan C. Swedlund and Jacqueline Urla, The Anthropometry of Barbie: Unsettling Ideals of the Feminine Body in Popular Culture, in Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture, ed. Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 277-313.
54. Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston (hereafter cited as Dickinson Papers).
55. Harry L. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, Natural History 54 (July 1945): 248-55, .
56. The models have since been discussed by Christina Cogdell in Eugenic Design: Streamlining America in the 1930s (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
57. Julian B. Carter in his introduction to The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America, 1880-1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
58. Dr. Martin Roth and Klaus Vogel, First Foreword, Der Neue Mensch [exhibition catalog] (Ostfildern-Ruit: Cantz, 1999).
59. Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttlesworth, introduction to Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science (New York: Routledge, 1990), 4.
60. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981), .
61. Nicholas Lemann's book The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), .
62. Jacqueline Weaver, Study Finds Similarities in U.S. and Nazi Eugenics Efforts, Yale Bulletin & Calendar, 18 February 2000, 1-2, www.yale.edu/opa/v28.n21/story10.html.
63. Weaver, Study Finds Similarities, 1-2.
64. Virginia Apologises for Eugenics Policy, BBC News, 3 March 2002, news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/americas/newsid-1965000/1965811.stm.
65. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Routledge, 1993), 16.
66. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 252.
67. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 251.
68. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 252.
69. Thomas M. Bills, e-mail to author, 1 March 2002.
70. George W. Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns [New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1941].
71. Jennifer Terry, Anxious Slippages between 'Us' and 'Them': A Brief History of the Scientific Search for Homosexual Bodies, in Deviant Bodies, 167 n41.
72. Terry's An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
73. Thomas M. Bills, telephone interview by author, 24 April 2002.
74. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 251.
75. Are You Norma, Typical Woman? Search to Reward Ohio Winners, Cleveland Plain Dealer 9 September 1945, 1.
76. Josephine Robertson, Norma, Not Faint-Hearted, Makes Health Beauty's Ally, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 14 September 1945, 2.
77. Josephine Robertson, Norma's Husband Better Be Good: Outlook Good if Model Girl Weds Wisely, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 16 September 1945, 9A.
78. Discharge Critics Call Marshall, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 18 September 1945, 2.
79. This article appears directly opposite the Robinson article, Perfect Norma Is High School Goal.".
80. David A. Gerber, Heroes and Misfits: The Troubled Social Reintegration of Disabled Veterans in The Best Years of Our Lives, American Quarterly 46, 4 (December 1994): 545-74.
81. Disabled Veterans in History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), .
82. David Serlin's Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
83. Davis, Enforcing Normalcy, 95.
84. Gerber, Heroes and Misfits, 545, 549.
85. Frankin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy as presidents whose disabilities were erased (Enforcing Normalcy, 91-99).
86. Josephine Robertson, Nation's Ideal Boy and Girl Come to City-in Sculpture, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 6 July 1945, 1.
87. Christina Cogdell, Eugenic Design, 196.
88. The Dickinson-Belskie Models-Aids to Healthier Sex Education, Museum News (Cleveland Health Museum, 1945), 3, .
89. Robert L. Dickinson, annual luncheon address, Cleveland Health Museum, 27 November 1945, .
90. G. W. Lasker, Introduction: The Place of Anthropometry in Human Biology, in Anthropometry: The Individual and the Population, ed. S. J. Ulijaszek and C. G. N. Mascie- Taylor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 2-3.
91. N. G. Norgan, Anthropometry and Physical Performance, in Ulijaszek and Mascie- Taylor, Anthropometry, 141.
92. Urla and Swedund, The Anthropometry of Barbie, 289-90.
93. Lasker, Introduction: The Place of Anthropometry, 2-3.
94. C. J. Marsh, Anniversary of the Normal Curve, Science, n.s., 77 (16 June 1933): 583.
95. The Best War Ever (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 78.
96. Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire (New York: Penguin/Plume, 1990), .
97. Claire C. Gordon and Karl E. Friedl, Anthropometry in the U.S. Armed Forces, in Ulijaszek and Mascie-Taylor, Anthropometry, 178.
98. Army Makes a Study of Head Shapes, New York Times, 3 June 1945, E9.
99. Gordon and Friedl, Anthropometry in the U.S. Armed Forces, 179.
100. Ron Rosenbaum, The Great Ivy League Nude Posture Photo Scandal: How Scientists Coaxed America's Best and Brightest Out of Their Clothes, New York Times, 15 January 1995, 26.
101. William Herbert Sheldon, with C. Wesley Dupertuis and Eugene McDermott, Atlas of Men: A Guide for Somatotyping the Adult Male at All Ages (New York: Harper, 1954), 3.
102. Christina Carroll, Posture and Photographs, Vassar Encyclopedia, Vassar College, vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/Posture-and-Photographs.
103. Sheldon, Atlas of Men, 11.
104. Sheldon, Atlas of Men, 3.
105. Carroll, Posture and Photographs, and Rosenbaum, The Great Ivy League. 41.
106. The R. L. Dickinson Sculptural Models Acquired by Cleveland Health Museum, New York Medicina, 5 August 1945, .
107. Introduction, Dickinson Papers; Josephine Robertson, Health Museum's Sex Work Hailed, New York Physician Praises Frank, Decorous Attitude, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 28 November 1945, .
108. Bruno Gebhard, M.D., From Cincinnati's Western Museum to Cleveland's Health Museum, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, October 1950, 9-14, .
109. Cogdell, Eugenic Design, 123.
110. Laura L. Lovett, Conceiving the Future: Pronatalism, Reproduction, and the Family in the United States, 1890-1938 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 142-44, .
111. Gebhard, From Cincinnati's 45.
112. Museum History, video installation, Cleveland Health Museum, Cleveland, Ohio, September 2001. In January 2007, .
113. Gebhard, From Cincinnati's, 10-12;.
114. Cogdell, Eugenic Design, 87-89.
115. Cogdell, Eugenic Design, 94.
116. Cogdell, Eugenic Design, 196.
117. The Dickinson-Belskie Collection-and Facilities for Its Multiple Reproduction, Medical Times, September 1945, 23.
118. Minutes (typescript), Cleveland Health Museum, 26 November 1945, .
119. Urla and Swedlund, Anthropometry of Barbie.".
120. Harry L. Shapiro (CBS/AMNH American Museum of Natural History Production, 15 November 1953, .
121. Here Are Tips on Measuring Figure for 'Norma' Contest, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 10 September 1945, 1, .
122. Gosh, Norma, You're Gaining Already! editorial cartoon, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 16 September 1945, 1.
123. World Ending So Soon? Poor Norma! Cleveland Plain Dealer, 18 September 1945, 1.
124. Cleveland Plain Dealer, 17 September 1945, 3;.
125. Cleveland Plain Dealer Picture Page, 18 September 1945, 20.
126. Norma in '45 Styles, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 17 September 1945, 3.
127. Daniel P. Quiring, qtd. in Robertson, Norma's Husband, 9A.
128. Josephine Robertson, High Schools Show Norma New Way to Physical Fitness, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 18 September 1945, 1.
129. Josephine Robertson, Theater Cashier, 23, .
130. Wins Title of 'Norma, ' Besting 3, 863.
131. Entries, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 23 September 1945, 1, .
132. Thomas M. Bills, email correspondence, 1 March 2002;.
133. Robertson, Theater Cashier, 1.
134. Robertson, Theater Cashier, 1.
135. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 249.
136. Crafty Plugz/Catch Music Group/Draft Records, 2006.
137. Harry L. Shapiro, The American Figure Figured Out by Science, American Weekly, 3 February 1946, 26-27, .
138. Shapiro, The American Figure Figured Out, 27.
139. Thomas M. Bills, email correspondence, 1 March 2002.
140. Shapiro, A Portrait of the American People, 252;.
141. Robertson, Theater Cashier, 1.
142. Josephine Robertson, High Schools Show, 1-2.
143. Josephine Robertson, 3, 700 Send Measurements in Ohio Search for Norma, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 20 September 1945, 1.
144. Urla and Swedlund, Anthropometry of Barbie, 290.
145. Robertson, High Schools Show, 1.
146. Josephine Robertson, Norma Wants Her Posture to Be Perfect, Cleveland Plain Dealer 13 September 1945, 1, .
147. Eleanor Metheny, Body Dynamics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), 134, v, 184.
148. Andrew Dowdy, The Films of the Fifties (New York: Morrow, 1973), 193;.
149. Marjorie Rosen, Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies and the American Dream (New York: Avon, 1973), 282-83.
150. The tensions over masculinity and sexuality are even greater in the novel Shrinking Man by Richard Matheson (New York: Doubleday, 1956), .
151. Irving Shulman, Amboy Dukes (1947; New York: Bantam, 1965), 11-12.
152. Joshua Lambert, American Jewish Fiction (New York: Jewish Publication Society, 2009), 59-60.
153. Shulman, Amboy Dukes, 191-92.
154. Marsha Bentley Hale, From Plaster to Fiberglass, in Body Attitudes: Abstract Mannequins, Fashion Windows, www.fashionwindows.com/mannequin-history/ 043body-attitudes.asp.
155. Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, Mannequins: Our Fantasy Figures of High Fashion, Smithsonian, April 1991, 66-78.
156. Mary Bellis, Barbie Dolls, inventors.about.com/library/inventors/ blbarbiedoll. htm.
157. M. G. Lord, Forever Barbie: The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll (New York: Avon, 1995).
158. the AP story It's Splitsville for Barbie and Ken, CNN.com, 12 February 2004, www.cnn.com/2004/US/02/12/offbeat.barbie.breakup.ap.
159. Getting Back to Normal, Collier's, 20 August 1949, 74.
160. Urla and Swedlund, The Anthropometry of Barbie, 289-90.
161. Philip Gleason, World War II and the Development of American Studies. American Quarterly 36, 3 (1984): 343-58.
162. Clark W. Heath et al., What People Are: A Study of Normal Young Men (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945);.
163. Earnest Hooton, Young Man, You Are Normal: Findings from a Study of Students (New York: Putnam, 1945).
164. E. B. Garside, Yardstick for Youth, rev. of Young Man, You Are Normal by Earnest Hooton, New York Times Book Review, 16 September 1945, 7.
165. William T. Grant Foundation, Foundation History, www.wtgrantfoundation. org/about-us/foundation-history.
166. William Cromie, UHS Celebrates a Century, Harvard Gazette, 19 November 1998, www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/11.19/uhs.html.
167. Henry F. Hubbard, ed., Research Projects and Methods in Educational Sociology: A Five-Year Study of Healthy and Active Students, Journal of Educational Sociology 14, 5 (January 1941): 314-16, 315;.
168. Heath, What People Are, 10.
169. Hubbard, Research Projects, 315.
170. George E. Vaillant, Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 17.
171. Hubbard, Research Projects, 316.
172. Heath, What People Are, dust jacket.
173. C. Daly King's The Meaning of Normal, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 17 (1944-45): 493-501.
174. C. Daly King, A Note on the Meaning of Normal, Science 1104 (26 July 1945): 88.
175. Vaillant, Aging Well, 327.
176. Craig Lambert's cover story, The Talent for Aging Well, Harvard Magazine, March-April 2001, harvardmagazine. com/2001/03/the-talent-for-aging-wel.html.
177. A Harvard physical anthropologist famous for his scholarly and popular press books linking primatology and criminology (including Up from the Ape, 1931);.
178. Apes, Men, and Morons, 1937;.
179. The American Criminal: An Anthropological Study, 1939;.
180. Twilight of Man, 1939;.
181. Why Men Behave like Apes and Vice Versa, 1940;.
182. Man's Poor Relations, 1942.
183. Earnest Hooton was also a regular voice in more popular newspapers, magazines, and radio, and even the focus of a six-page Life magazine feature, Hooton of Harvard, in August 1939 (60-66).
184. Nicole Rafter, Earnest A. Hooton and the Biological Tradition in American Criminology, Criminology 42, 3 (2004): 735-71.
185. During college almost half of the men were on scholarship and/or had to work during the academic year (Aging Well, 18-19).
186. John F. Kennedy's questionnaires and reports, 1940-63.".
187. Robert Dallek, The Medical Ordeals of JFK, Atlantic Monthly, December 2002, 49-61.
188. Lennard Davis's fuller discussion of the erasure of Kennedy's disabilities in Enforcing Normalcy, 91-99.
189. Hubbard, Research Projects, 315.
190. Vaillant, Aging Well, 328.
191. Robert H. Bohlke in his Social Mobility, Stratification Inconsistency and Midde Class Delinquency, Social Problems 8, 4 (Spring 1961): 351-63.
192. Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 11.
193. Bohlke, Social Mobility, 353-54.
194. Lois Banner, Fashion and History [Review], Journal of Interdisciplinary History 13.2 (Autumn 1982): 311-15, 315.
195. Christine Boydell, Fashioning Identities [Review], Journal of Contemporary History 39.1 (January 2004): 137-46, .
196. C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), ix.
197. Anne Hollander, Sex and Suits: The Evolution of Modern Dress (New York: Kodansha, 1994), 153.
198. Whyte, Organization Man, 299.
199. Edith Efron, New Plumage for the Male Animal, New York Times Magazine, 9 September 1945, 16, .
200. Shane White and Graham White, Stylin': African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 254.
201. Edward Escobar, Zoot-Suiters and Cops: Chicano Youth and the L.A. Police Dept. during WWII, in The War in American Culture: Society and Consciousness During World War II, ed. Lewis A. Erenberg and Susan Hirsch (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996), 284-309.
202. White and White, Stylin', 254.
203. Stuart Cosgrove, The Zoot-Suit and Style Warfare, History Workshop Journal 18 (Autumn 1984): 77-91, www.edc.org/CCT/lemcen/u7sf/u7materials/ cosgrove.html;.
204. Escobar, Zoot-Suiters and Cops; Candida Taylor, Zoot Suit: Breaking the Cold War's Dress Code, in Containing America: Cultural Production and Consumption in 1950s America, ed. Nathan Abrams and Julie Hughes (Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham Press, 2000), 63-75;.
205. George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory And American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990);.
206. Angela McRobbie, ed., Zoot Suits and Second Hand Dresses (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1989);.
207. White and White, Stylin'.
208. Anthony Macías, Bringing Music to the People: Race, Urban Culture, and Municipal Politics in Postwar Los Angeles, American Quarterly 56.3 (2004): 693-717, .
209. Maruicio Mazón, The Zoot Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988), 75.
210. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952; New York: Vintage, 1972), 474.
211. Cosgrove, The Zoot-Suit, 77-91.
212. Taylor, Zoot Suit, 65;.
213. Lipsitz, Time Passages, 120.
214. Schoeffler Warns Men's Wear Trades, New York Times, 17 July 1945, 16.
215. Sloan Wilson, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955; rpt., New York: Cardinal/Pocket Books, 1956), 7-8.
216. Vets Happy to Discard Uniforms, New York Times, 11 November 1945, 39.
217. White Shirts Found for Truman, New York Times, 1 July 1945, 10.
218. Fashion Note, New York Times, 8 July 1945, 27.
219. Veterans Favored in Apparel Pinch, New York Times, 29 October 1945, 24, .
220. New York Times, 10 April 1946, 16.
221. New York Times, 4 April 1946, 29.
222. Samuel A. Tower, Outlook Decidedly Foggy for Clothes-Hungry Men, New York Times, 28 April 1946, E7.
223. John Hudson, Gleam of Hope, editorial cartoon from the Erie Dispatch-Herald, rpt. in New York Times, 28 April 1946, E7.
224. David Kuchta, The Three-Piece Suit and Modern Masculinity: England, 1550- 1850 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002).
225. Hollander, Sex and Suits.
226. Hollander, Sex and Suits, 152.
227. Fred Miller Robinson, The Man in the Bowler Hat (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 26.
228. Hollander, Sex and Suits, 166-67.
229. Kuchta, Three-Piece Suit, chap. 7.
230. Hollander, Sex and Suits.
231. [J. K. Galbraith], The Business Suit: A Short and Possibly Tactless Essay on the Costuming of American Enterprise, Fortune, July 1948, 103.
232. Hobson Galbraith, The Business Suit, 104, 126.
233. The cartoon, by Brad Anderson, ran in the April 1957 issue of Ladies' Home Journal.
234. Can You Sell Conformity? Tide, 9 May 1958, 20, 21.
235. Wilson, Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, jacket copy, Simon and Schuster first edition, 1955.
236. Orville Prescott, Books of the Times, rev. of The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, New York Times Book Review, 18 July 1955, 19.
237. John McNulty, Tom Rath, Commuter, rev. of The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, New York Times Book Review, 16 September 1955, 18.
238. Nunnally Johnson, with Gregory Peck, Jennifer Jones, and Frederick March (Twentieth Century-Fox, 1956).
239. The expression the problem with no name is Betty Friedan's catchphrase for the ennui and frustration of postwar middle-class, suburban women in The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963).
240. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor, 1983), 30.
241. Richard Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1985), 187-88.
242. Horowitz, Betty Friedan. Kevin S. Reilly has unearthed interesting information on the almost entirely female research staff behind much of the social criticism published by Fortune magazine;.
243. Corporate Stories: Fortune Magazine and the Making of a Modern Managerial Culture (Ph.D. diss., Department of History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2004).
244. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), .
245. The Hollow Men: A Portrayal to Ponder, rev. of White Collar by C. Wright Mills, New York Times Book Review, 16 September 1951, 4.
246. Orville Prescott, Books of the Times, rev. of The Organization Man, New York Times, 14 December 1950, 27.
247. Jean A. Flexner and Anna-Stina Ericson, White-Collar Employment and Income: Trends and Current Status of Employment and Income for a Large but Diverse Group of Workers, Monthly Labor Review 79.4 (April 1956): 401-9.
248. Mirra Komarovsky with Jane H. Philips, Blue-Collar Marriage (1962; New York: Vintage, 1967).
249. By making the dilemmas of the middle class more visible in a pulp paperback formula, works like Vance Packard's Status Seekers (1959; New York: Pocket Books, 1964).
250. Daniel Horowitz's Vance Packard and American Social Criticism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
251. Fred Miller Robinson, Man in the Bowler Hat, 26.
252. The Wife of the Man in the Gray Flannel Suit [speech at American Association of Advertising Agencies convention], rpt. in Tide, 23 May 1958, 38-39.
253. Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), .
254. Regina Lee Blaszczyk, ed. Producing Fashion: Commerce, Culture, and Consumers (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
255. A Suit of Importance (fashion feature), Ladies' Home Journal, April 1957, 82.
256. Adams, Best War Ever, 84.
257. Paul Starr, Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, 105.
258. D'Emilio, The Homosexual Menace;.
259. Freedman, 'Uncontrolled Desires;.
260. Terry, An American Obsession.
261. Bérubé, Coming Out, 259;.
262. D'Emilio, The Homosexual Menace.".
263. Bérubé, Coming Out, 6; 257-58.
264. Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993);.
265. John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 38-39.
266. D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, 58 n2. As recently as 2003, .
267. Chauncey, Gay New York, 22, 13.
268. John Howard's study Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1999).
269. Chauncey, Gay New York, 15-16.
270. Chauncey also notes that gay author Donald Webster Cory's 1951 book on homosexuality, The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach (New York: Greenberg), .
271. Gay New York, 379 n44.
272. Mary Louise Adams, The Trouble With Normal, 8-9;.
273. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 54-55.
274. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 92.
275. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 55.
276. Bérubé, Coming Out, 6.
277. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 96;.
278. Chauncey, Gay New York, 16.
279. Alexander Doty, There's Something Queer Here, in Out in Culture: Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Essays on Popular Culture, ed. Corey K. Creekmur and Alexander Doty (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), 72-73.
280. Caleb Crain, Pleasure Principles: Queer Theorists and Gay Journalists Wrestle over the Politics of Sex, Lingua Franca, October 1997, www.linguafranca.com/9710/crain.html.
281. Michael Warner, ed., Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
282. Warner, Fear of A Queer Planet, xxvi.
283. Sexual behaviors and sexual identity were more separate in the early twentieth century, according to the evidence in George Chauncey's Gay New York.
284. Bérubé and D'Emilio, qtd. in Chauncey, Gay New York, 10.
285. Bill Osgerby, Muscular Manhood and Salacious Sleaze: The Singular World of the 1950s Macho Pulps, in Abrams and Hughes, Containing America, 125-50.
286. Bérubé, Coming Out, 272, .
287. Janice Radway, A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month-Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 308-51.
288. Robert E. Cantwell, James Jones: Another Eternity? Newsweek, 23 November 1953, 106.
289. George Garrett, James Jones (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1984), xix, .
290. James Jones, letter to Lowney Handy, New York, 16 November 1947, .
291. James Jones, letter to Ben W. Griffith Jr., June 13, 1954, .
292. George Hendrick, ed. To Reach Eternity: The Letters of James Jones (New York: Random House, 1989), 203.
293. Orville Prescott, Books of the Times, New York Times, 26 February 1951, 21.
294. Beth Bailey and David Farber, The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii (NewYork: Free Press/Macmillan, 1992), 19.
295. James Jones, Some Came Running (New York: Scribner, 1957);.
296. James Jones, letter to Robert Cantwell, qtd. in Hendrick, To Reach Eternity, 227.
297. Masculinity and Male Power in James Jones's From Here to Eternity, part of her book-length study Best-Sellers and Their Film Adaptations in Postwar America (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 29-68.
298. Although other scholars deal with Jones's risky sexual content and his theme of masculinity, they apply these discussions to his later novels, especially Go to the Widow-Maker (New York: Delacorte, 1967).
299. The Merry Month of May (New York: Delacorte, 1971).
300. Gay New York, 88.
301. Enloe's Bananas Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 81.
302. Bérubé, Coming Out, 214.
303. Bérubé, Coming Out, chap. 8, .
304. Fighting Another War, esp. 218-22.
305. According to Chauncey, the metaphor of the closeted homosexual does not become historically meaningful in the United States prior to around midcentury (Gay New York, 6-7).
306. D'Emilio, The Homosexual Menace.".
307. David Dempsey, Tough and Tormented, This Was the Army to Mr. Jones, rev. of From Here to Eternity by James Jones, New York Times Book Review, 25 February 1951, 55.
308. Osgerby, Muscular Manhood;.
309. Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men.
310. This concept and phrase comes from Michael S. Sherry's study of postwar militarization, In the Shadow of War: The U.S. since the 1930s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
311. Dempsey, Tough and Tormented, 5;.
312. Prescott, Books of the Times, 26 February 1951, 21.
313. James Jones, Letter to Burroughs Mitchell, 29 March, 1950, .
314. Hendrick, To Reach Eternity, 163.
315. James Jones, Letter to Jeff Jones, 3 October 1950, .
316. Hendrick, To Reach Eternity, 173-74.
317. Robert B. Westbrook, 'I Want a Girl, Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James': American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in World War II, American Quarterly 42 (December 1990): 587-614;.
318. Elaine Tyler May's Explosive Issues: Sex, Women, and the Bomb, in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 154-70.
319. Pamela Haag's discussion of the case in Consent: Sexual Rights and the Transformation of American Liberalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
320. Ronald T. Y. Moon, The Case for Judicial Independence, Social Science Association Conference, 1 June 1998, rpt. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 24 July 1999, www.starbulletin.com/1999/07/24/editorial/special2.html;.
321. DeSoto Brown, Tiki Time: Hawai'i in American Pop Culture, Honolulu Weekly, 10 October 2001, www.honoluluweekly.com/archives/coverstory%202001/10- 17-01%20Tiki/10-17-01%20tiki.html.
322. DeSoto Brown, Tiki Time.".
323. Base Women, in Enloe, Bananas Beaches and Bases, 65-92.
324. Westbrook, 'I Want a Girl, Just Like the Girl, 592, 599.
325. Enloe, Base Women.".
326. Frank MacShane, Into Eternity: The Life of James Jones, American Writer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), 36-37.
327. Jones, letter to Burroughs Mitchell, 2 December 1950, .
328. Hendrick, To Reach Eternity, 178.
329. MacShane, Into Eternity, 132.
330. From Here to Eternity (Columbia Pictures, 1953), .
331. The scene was parodied only a few months after the film's 1953 premiere, by Imogene Coca and Sid Caesar on Your Show of Shows as From Here to Obscurity, and then again in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot (United Artists, 1959).
332. MacShane, Into Eternity, 129.
333. J. E. Smyth, James Jones, Columbia Pictures, and the Historical Confrontations of From Here to Eternity, in Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History, ed. Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2008), 283-317.
334. MacShane, Into Eternity, 129.
335. James R. Giles, James Jones (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981), 28.
336. The rest, except Frank [Sinatra], who was fine, seemed to fade when they got off the screen with him and I suddenly realized they were actors. July 31, 1953, .
337. MacShane, Into Eternity, 131.
338. Jones, letter to Lowney Handy, 13 February 1952, .
339. Henrick, To Reach Eternity, 185.
340. Judi Hoffman, Candidates for the National Film Registry: From Here To Eternity, remarks before the National Film Preservation Board, Mary Pickford Theater, Library of Congress, 29 July 1998, www.loc.gov/film/judihoff.html.
341. Fred Zinnemann, Hoffman, Candidates for the National Film Registry.".
342. Chauncey, Gay New York, 357.
343. MacShane, Into Eternity, 131.
344. John T. Frederick, Fiction of the Second World War, College English 17 (January 1956): 197-204, .
345. Garrett, James Jones, 100.
346. Coming Out, 273.
347. Michael Sherry, Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
348. Grace Metalious, Peyton Place (1956; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999), 16.
349. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 155.
350. John Keats, The Crack in the Picture Window (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 18.
351. Friedan, Feminine Mystique, 233.
352. Benedict Anderson coined this notion of imagined communities in Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983), 7.
353. Raymond A. Mohl, Race and Housing in the Postwar City: An Explosive History, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 94 (Spring 2001): 8-30, .
354. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Back Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Vintage, 1991).
355. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 170.
356. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 208-9.
357. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 197-98;.
358. Delores Hayden, Redesigning the American Dream (New York: Norton, 1986), 74.
359. Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983).
360. The House We Live In (California Newsreel, 2003). Transcript available at www.newsreel.org/transcripts/race3.htm.
361. President Truman's 1947 Committee on Civil Rights included recommendations for an end to residential segregation in its report To Secure These Rights (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947).
362. 1955 the Congressional Committee on Race and Housing was formed, and in 1958 the committee issued Where Shall We Live? Report of the Commission on Race and Housing (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958), .
363. Cindy I-Fen Cheng, Out of Chinatown and into the Suburbs: Chinese Americans and the Politics of Cultural Citizenship in Early Cold War America, American Quarterly 58.4 (2006): 1067-90, .
364. Reracializing the Ordinary American Family: Raisin in the Sun, in Visions of Belonging, esp. 285-88.
365. Matthew Frye Jacobsen, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
366. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 164-66.
367. Andrew Weise, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003);.
368. Cheng, Out of Chinatown;.
369. Mohl, Race and Housing, 8.
370. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 166;.
371. Max Herman, Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967, Cornwall Center Publication Series, Rutgers University, July 2002, 9, www.cornwall.rutgers.edu/pdf/Herman-July%202002- Report.pdf.
372. Katherine K. Gordon and Max Gunther, The Split-Level Trap (1960; repr., New York: Dell, 1961), 20.
373. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 164.
374. Joel Kotkin, Suburban Development [Levittown Turns 60], Wall Street Journal, 23 November 2007, www.opinionjournal.com/taste/?id=110010895;.
375. Clifford E. Clark Jr., Ranch-House Suburbia: Ideals and Realities, in May, Recasting America, 183;.
376. William Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 117.
377. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier;.
378. Lynn Spigel, Welcome to the Dreamhouse: Popular Media and Postwar Suburbs (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001);.
379. Jurca, White Diaspora.
380. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, eds., The New Suburban History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
381. Clark, Ranch House Suburbia, 185.
382. Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, Psyche 4 [1924]: 293-332, 294.
383. George P. Murdock, Anthropology and Human Relations, Sociometry 4 (1941): 146.
384. Clark, Ranch House Suburbia, 174, 179.
385. Keats, Crack in the Picture Window, 21.
386. Whyte, Organization Man, 389.
387. Witold Rybczynski, The Ranch House Anomaly, from Last Harvest: How a Cornfield Became New Daleville, excerpted in Slate online, www.slate.com/id/ 2163970/?nav=navoa#b.
388. Lynn Spigel, Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 32, .
389. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 174.
390. Spigel, Make Room for TV, 32.
391. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 187.
392. Spigel, Make Room for TV, 158.
393. Mary Beth Haralovich, Sit-coms and Suburbs: Positioning the 1950s Homemaker, in Private Screenings: Television and the Female Consumer, ed. Lynn Spigel and Denise Mann (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 112, 114-15.
394. Love Lucy, included The Goldbergs, 1949-55;.
395. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, 1952-66 (started on radio 1944);.
396. Make Room for Daddy (renamed The Danny Thomas Show after its third season), 1953-64;.
397. The Honeymooners, 1955-56;.
398. Father Knows Best, 1954-63;.
399. Leave It to Beaver, 1957-63;.
400. The Donna Reed Show, 1958-66.
401. Ben Glenn, What Happened to the Classic Sitcom Houses? www.tvparty.com/myshomes.html.
402. Lennard Davis makes a similar point about the normalizing function of the novel in Enforcing Normalcy, 49.
403. Clark, Ranch House Suburbia, 183;.
404. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 164.
405. Sidonie M. Gruenberg, Homogenized Children of New Suburbia, New York Times Magazine, 19 September 1954, 42, 47.
406. Suburbia, Ltd., New York Times Magazine, 10 October 1954, 4.
407. Gruenberg, Homogenized Children, 47, .
408. Degler, Affluence and Anxiety, 164.
409. Ehrenreich, The Gray Flannel Dissidents, in Hearts of Men. Although their critique was launched in the late 1950s, they did not find a mass readership until the early-to-mid-1960s.
410. Keats, Crack in the Picture Window, 24, 26, 61.
411. Friedan, Feminine Mystique.
412. Keats, Crack in the Picture Window, 193.
413. Keats, Crack in the Picture Window, 193, 50-51, .
414. Gordon and Gunther, Split-Level Trap, 13, 20.
415. Clark, Ranch House Suburbia, 186-87.
416. Carlos Baker, Small Town Peep Show, rev. of Peyton Place, New York Times Book Review, 23 September 1956, .
417. Outsiders Don't Know, Time, 24 September 1956, 100.
418. Sterling North, Shocker Written by a Village Wife, rev. of Peyton Place, New York World Telegram, 29 September 1956.
419. George Metalious and June O'Shea, The Girl from Peyton Place (New York: Dell, 1965), 101.
420. Hackett, 70 Years of Best Sellers, 202;.
421. Emily Toth, Inside Peyton Place: The Life of Grace Metalious (1981; Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 187-96.
422. Peyton Place, Encyclopedia of Pop Culture (New York: Harper, 1992), 381-83.
423. Ardis Cameron's introduction to the 1999 edition of Peyton Place, Open Secrets: Rereading Peyton Place (Boston: Northeastern University Press), viii, xxi, .
424. Patricia Carbine, Peyton Place, Look, 18 March 1958, 108;.
425. Obituary Notes, Publishers' Weekly, 9 March 1964, 44;.
426. Toth, Inside Peyton Place, 207;.
427. Toth, Inside Peyton Place, 131-32.
428. Laura Secor, Amazing Grace, Lingua Franca, April 1999, B59-B61, .
429. Metalious and O'Shea, Girl from Peyton Place, 36.
430. Leo E. Litwak, Visit to a Town of the Mind, New York Times Magazine, 4 April 1965, 46-64, .
431. The term Momism was first coined by Philip Wylie in his screed Generation of Vipers (1942; New York: Rinehart, 1959).
432. 'Do You Love Mother, Norman?': Faulkner's 'A Rose for Emily' and Metalious's Peyton Place as Sources for Robert Bloch's Psycho, Journal of Popular Culture 40.3 (June 2007): 454-67.
433. Randall D. Larson, PSYCHO: An Interview with Robert Bloch, Fandom Unlimited 1.1 (1971), .
434. The cup inverted over Allison at the beginning and end of the novel is very like the image Sylvia Plath used seven years later to describe Esther Greenwood's sense of being in the world in The Bell Jar (London: Heinemann, 1963; rpt., New York: Bantam, 1971).
435. Eric F. Goldman, The Crucial Decade (New York: Vintage, 1960), 324.
436. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; New York: Bantam, 1965), 45.
437. David Riesman, Nathan Glazer, and Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950).
438. Whyte, Organization Man, 6, 12;.
439. Riesman, Lonely Crowd, 37.
440. Normal Isn't as Normal Does, America, 8 September 1956, 520-21.
441. Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 120;.
442. Kaledin, Mothers and More, 12.
443. Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 121.
444. Gibson Winter, The Suburban Captivity of the Churches (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1961).
445. Andrew Greeley, The Church in the Suburbs (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1959).
446. Kaledin, Mothers and More, 13.
447. Bellah, Civil Religion in America (1968) in Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).
448. Cameron, Open Secrets, xviii.
449. Dan Einstein et al., Source Guide to TV Family Comedy, Drama, and Serial Drama, 1946-70, ".
450. Spigel and Mann, Private Screenings, 266.
451. Otto Friedrich, Farewell to Peyton Place, Esquire, December 1971, 168.
452. Mora Luckett, A Moral Crisis in Prime Time: Peyton Place and the Rise of the Single Girl, in Television, History, and American Culture: Feminist Critical Essays, ed. Mary Beth Haralovich and Lauren Rabinovitz (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 75-97, 77.
453. John Okada's No-No Boy (1957), Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man (1952).
454. Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963), .
455. J. D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye (1951), .
456. Harriet Arnow's The Dollmaker (1954), .
457. Walker Percy's The Moviegoer (1961), .
458. Gwendolyn Brooks's Maud Martha (1953), .
459. John Updike's Rabbit Run (1961), .
460. Kurt Vonnegut, Mother Night (1961; New York: Dell, 1966), v. 1.
461. Streit, Baffling Search, 18-19, 82-83.
462. De Beauvoir, Second Sex, 45.
463. Julian Carter, The Heart of Whiteness, 27-29.
464. Davis, Enforcing Normalcy, 6-27.
465. Lennard Davis, The word 'norm' in the modern sense has only been in use since around 1855, and 'normality' and 'normalcy' appeared in 1849 and 1857 respectively.".
466. Enforcing Normalcy, 24.
467. Davis, Enforcing Normalcy, 30.
468. Normality, Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), www.oed.com.
469. Lois W. Banner, American Beauty (New York: Knopf, 1983), 255.
470. Julian Carter, Heart of Whiteness.
471. Warren G. Harding, Inaugural Address, 4 March 1921, avalon.law.yale.edu/ 20th- century/harding.asp.
472. Gabrielle Studenmund, Are Your Bodies Sexually Compatible? Mademoiselle, June 2001, 98-102.
473. My thanks to Mae Creadick for this resource. 13. Associated Press, .
474. Palin Says She Represents 'Joe Six-Pack, ' 1 October 2008, USA Today, www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-10-01-473685378-x.htm.
475. Jack Garigliano, Column: GOP Stoops Too Low for Joe Six-Pack to Stomach, CBS News, 30 October 2008, www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/01/politics/uwire/ main4562692.shtml.
476. Jacobsen, Whiteness of a Different Color;.
477. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995);.
478. Burton Bledstein and Robert Johnson, eds., The Middling Sorts: Explorations in the History of the American Middle Class (New York: Routledge, 2001).
479. Mary P. Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983);.
480. Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
481. Cornel West, Race Matters (New York: Vintage, 1994), 57, .
482. West, Race Matters, 54.
483. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie (1957; New York: Collier Books, 1962). 52.
484. Men's Fall Fashions: Well-dressed Males Take Color Cue from Nature, Ebony, October 1957, 105-7.
485. Botany 500 advertisement, Ebony, October 1958, 110.
486. Great Western Tailoring advertisement, Ebony, March 1957, 113;.
487. Progress Tailoring advertisement, Ebony, February 1958, 87;.
488. Stone-Field Corporation advertisement, Ebony, October 1958, 119.
489. Barbara Ehrenreich, Early Rebels: The Gray Flannel Dissidents, in Hearts of Men, 28-41;.
490. Graham McCann, Rebel Males: Clift, Brando, and Dean (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
491. Karal Ann Marling's discussion of Elvis in As Seen on TV (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
492. Packard, Status Seekers.
493. Establishment, OED online, 2nd ed. (1989; Oxford University Press, 2002), www.oed.com.
494. Farid Chenoune, A History of Men's Fashion (Paris: Flammarion, 1993), 236-37.
495. David Dalton, James Dean: The Mutant King (New York: St. Martin's, 1974), 333.
496. John Francis Kreidl, Nicholas Ray (Boston: Twayne, 1977), 92.
497. Dalton, James Dean, 229.
498. Dalton, James Dean, 332.
499. Dan Weiner, Commuters, Park Forest, Illinois, 1953.
500. Archive: Just Passing Through, rpt. in Fortune, 18 September 1995, 248.
501. Robert E. L. Faris, The Middle Class from a Sociological Viewpoint, Social Forces 39.1 (October 1960): 1-5, .
502. Bohlke, Social Mobility, 358.
503. The metaphor of postwar gender and sexual containment was proposed most convincingly by Elaine Tyler May in her 1988 study Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books), .
504. Joanne Meyerowitz's 1994 edited collection Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple Universuty Press).
505. John D'Emilio, The Homosexual Menace: The Politics of Sexuality in Cold War America, in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 226-40;.
506. Estelle B. Freedman, 'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960, in Passion and Power, 199- 225;.
507. Lisa Duggan, Sex Panics, in Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture, ed. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter (New York: Routledge, 1995), 74-79;.
508. Gayle Rubin, Thinking Sex;.
509. Terry, An American Obsession.
510. Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995).
511. Alison Redick on the 1955 establishment of the Intersex Protocols: What Happened at Hopkins: The Creation of the Intersex Management Protocols, Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender 12 (2005): 289-96.
512. Joanne Meyerowitz's 2002 history How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
513. Bérubé, Coming Out, 1-7.
514. Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male was published in 1948 (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders), .
515. Sarah E. Igo, The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), .
516. Miriam G. Reumann, American Sexual Character: Sex, Gender, and National Identity in the Kinsey Reports (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
517. Paul Robinson, The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1976; Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989);.
518. Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002);.
519. Karen Winkler, Kinsey, Sex Research, and the Body of Knowledge, WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 33, 3-4 (Fall/Winter 2005) 285-313;.
520. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy's biography, Sex, the Measure of All Things: A Life of Alfred C. Kinsey (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
521. Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 469.
522. Miriam Reumann, American Sexual Character, 52-53 and 155-56;.
523. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 97.
524. James Jones, From Here to Eternity (1951; New York: Avon Books, 1975).
525. The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction (1978; New York: Vintage, 1990).
526. Wilson and D. H. Lawrence and Erskine Caldwell and James M. Cain. The models he refers to-Caldwell, Lawrence, Cain-were also some of the top-selling paperbacks of the postwar years.
527. John Updike, Updike's Rabbit, Penguin Classics, 5 July 2008, www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/shared/WebDisplay/0, 214908-1-0, 00.html.
528. Mothers and More: American Women in the 1950s (Boston: Twayne, 1984), 13.
529. Kenneth C. Davis, Two-Bit Culture: The Paperbacking of America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).
530. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 81.
531. Elizabeth Lunbeck's The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
532. Mona Gleason, Normalizing the Ideal, for a comparative perspective on psychology's postwar construction of the normal Canadian family.
533. Bérubé, Coming Out, 19.
534. Coming Out, 174.
535. Minton, Departing from Deviance, 100.
536. Adams, Best War Ever, 78.
537. Bérubé, Coming Out, 19;.
538. Bérube;rubé, Coming Out, 33;.