Another middle passage?: The internal slave trade in Brazil

The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades In The Americas

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 291-324

  Graham, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

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EID: 84898565542     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Compare David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark, eds., More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).
2. John Manuel Monteiro, Negros da terra: Indios e bandeirantes nas origens de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1994), pp. 64, 65, 74, 76-79.
3. Joao Capistrano de Abreu, Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 102, 105.
4. David Graham Sweet, "A Rich Realm of Nature Destroyed: The Middle Amazon Valley, 1640-1750, " Ph. D. diss. (University of Wisconsin, 1974), p. 171 n. 19.
5. Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, O trato dos viventes: A formacao do Brasil no Atlantico Sul (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000), pp. 191-96.
6. Alida C. Metcalf, Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaiba, 1580-1822 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 49-54, 66-67, 69, 78.
7. Monteiro, Negros da terra, pp. 147-52, 209-20.
8. Marcus J. M. de Carvalho, "Negros da terra e negros da Guine: Os termos de uma troca, 1535-1630, " Revista do Instituto Historico e Geografico Brasileiro, no. 408 (July-September 2000): 329-42.
9. Fernando A. Novais, Portugal e Brasil na crise do antigo sistema colonial (1777-1808) (Sao Paulo: HUCITEC, 1979), pp. 104-5.
10. Alencastro, Trato dos viventes, pp. 117-119, 126.
11. Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 47-49, 88-89.
12. Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis, " Journal of African History 23, no. 4 (1982): 473-501.
13. David Eltis, "The Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade: An Annual Time Series of Imports into the Americas Broken Down by Region, " Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 1 (February 1987): 109-38.
14. Vicente Salles, O negro no Para sob o regime da escravidao (Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Getúlio Vargas and Universidade Federal do Para, 1971), pp. 42-43.
15. C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), p. 42.
16. Laird W. Bergad, Slavery and the Demographic and Economic History of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1720-1888 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 84.
17. Kathleen J. Higgins, "Licentious Liberty" in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region: Slavery, Gender, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Sabara, Minas Gerais (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 74.
18. Leslie Bethell, The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil, and the Slave Trade Question, 1807-1869, Cambridge Latin American Studies, no. 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
19. Joaquim Nabuco, Um estadista do Imperio, 3rd ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1975), p. 197.
20. Herbert S. Klein, "The Internal Slave Trade in Nineteenth-Century Brazil: A Study of Slave Importations into Rio de Janeiro in 1852, " Hispanic American Historical Review 51, no. 4 (November 1971): 571.
21. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " pp. 577, 579.
22. Robert W. Slenes, "The Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, 1850-1888, " Ph. D. diss. (Stanford University, 1975), p. 616.
23. Amilcar Martins Filho and Roberto B. Martins, "Slavery in a Nonexport Economy: Nineteenth-Century Minas Gerais Revisited, " Hispanic American Historical Review 63, no. 3 (August 1983): 537-68.
24. Sebastiao Ferreira Soares, Notas estatisticas sobre a producao agricola e a carestia dos generos alimenticios no imperio do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Villeneuve, 1860), p. 135.
25. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 568, 583.
26. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " pp. 135-39, 169n39.
27. Robert W. Slenes, "Grandeza ou decadencia? O mercado de escravos e a economia cafeeira da provincia do Rio de Janeiro, 1850-1888, " in Brasil: Historia econōmica e demografica, ed. Iraci del Nero da Costa (Sao Paulo: Instituto de Pesquisas Econōmicas, 1986), pp. 110-33.
28. Robert Edgar Conrad, World of Sorrow: The African Slave Trade to Brazil (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), pp. 179, 181.
29. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 285.
30. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 579n.
31. Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), Also see pp. 169-70.
32. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " p. 145.
33. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 569n.
34. J. H. Galloway, "The Last Years of Slavery on the Sugar Plantations of Northeastern Brazil, " Hispanic American Historical Review 51, no. 4 (November 1971): 589.
35. Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras: A Brazilian Coffee County, 1850-1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958), p. 72.
36. Martins, "Growing in Silence, " p. 243.
37. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, pp. 174-76.
38. Conrad, World of Sorrow, p. 182.
39. Galloway, "Last Years of Slavery, " 601-2.
40. B. J. Barickman, "Persistence and Decline: Slave Labour and Sugar Production in the Bahian Recōncavo, 1850-1888, " Journal of Latin American Studies 28, no. 3 (October 1996): 614-16, 630.
41. Martins, "Growing in Silence, " p. 209.
42. Barickman, "Persistence and Decline, " 595.
43. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " pp. 208-13.
44. Hebe Maria Mattos de Castro, Das cores do silencio: Os significados da liberdade no sudeste escravista-Brasil, seculo xix (Rio de Janeiro: Arquivo Nacional, 1995), pp. 104-6, 121.
45. Erivaldo Fagundes Neves, "Sampauleiros traficantes: Comercio de escravos do alto sertao da Bahia para o oeste cafeeiro paulista, " Afro-asia, no. 24 (2000): 110-11.
46. Sandra Lauderdale Graham, "Slavery's Impasse: Slave Prostitutes, Small-Time Mistresses, and the Brazilian Law of 1871, " Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 4 (October 1991): 669-94.
47. Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, Negros, estrangeiros: Os escravos libertos e sua volta a Africa (Sao Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985), p. 96.
48. Katia M. de Queiros Mattoso, Bahia: A cidade de Salvador e seu mercado no seculo XIX, Colecao Estudos Brasileiros, no. 12 (Sao Paulo and Salvador: HUCITEC and Secretaria Municipal de Educacao e Cultura, 1978), p. 279n.
49. Cunha, Negros, estrangeiros, p. 97.
50. Dale T. Graden, "An Act 'Even of Public Security': Slave Resistance, Social Tensions, and the End of the International Slave Trade to Brazil, 1835-1856, " Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 2 (May 1996): 269.
51. Gloria Garcia, La Esclavitud desde la Esclavitud: La vision de los siervos (Mexico, D. F.: Centro de Investigacion Cientifica Ingeniero Jorge L. Tamayo, 1996).
52. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " p. 207.
53. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 574-75.
54. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 285.
55. Jose Flavio Motta and Renato Leite Marcondes, "O comercio de escravos no vale do Paraiba paulista: Guaratingueta e Silveiras na deecada de 1870, " Estudos Econōmicos 30, no. 2 (April-June 2000): 282-90.
56. David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 105-13.
57. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 571.
58. Conrad, World of Sorrow, p. 175.
59. Lauderdale Graham, "Slavery's Impasse, " 671-72, 681 (quotation at 680).
60. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade, " 572.
61. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 61n.
62. Neves, "Sampauleiros traficantes, " 102.
63. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " pp. 155-57.
64. Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Documentos Historicos (Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional, 1928-60), vol. 87 (1950), pp. 34-35.
65. Higgins, "Licentious Liberty", pp. 32-36.
66. Jornal da Bahia, 4 Feb. 1854, p. 3.
67. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 66.
68. Paula Beiguelman, A formacao do povo no complexo cafeeiro: Aspectos politicos, 2nd ed. (Sao Paulo: Pioneira, 1977), pp. 33-38.
69. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, pp. 170-71.
70. Celia Maria Marinho de Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco: O negro no imaginario das elites-seculo XIX (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987), pp. 112-13.
71. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " p. 161.
72. Robert Brent Toplin, The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (New York: Atheneum, 1972), pp. 60, 188, 233.
73. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " p. 123.
74. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, pp. 224, 234, 292.
75. Conrad, World of Sorrow, pp. 178, 180, 183.
76. Neves, "Sampauleiros traficantes, " 108.
77. Stein, Vassouras, pp. 72-73.
78. Klein, "Internal Slave Trade" 578-79.
79. Slenes, "Demography and Economics of Brazilian Slavery, " pp. 150, 174-75.
80. Conrad, World of Sorrow, pp. 171-79.
81. Soares, Notas estatisticas, p. 135.
82. Nabuco, Um estadista do Imperio, p. 209.
83. Sandra Lauderdale Graham, House and Street: The Domestic World of Servants and Masters in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 20.
84. Sidney Chalhoub, Visoes da liberdade: Uma historia das ultimas decadas da escravidao na corte (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1990), pp. 44-45.
85. Sidney Chalhoub, Visoes da liberdade: Uma historia das ultimas decadas da escravidao na corte (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1990), pp. 44-45.
86. Sud Menucci, O precursor do abolicionismo no Brasil (Luiz Gama) (Sao Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1938).
87. Elciene Azevedo, Orfeu de carapinha: A trajetoria de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de Sao Paulo (Campinas: Editora Unicamp and Centro de Pequisa em Historia Social da Cultura, 1999).
88. Lauderdale Graham, "Slavery's Impasse, " 669-83.
89. Lauderdale Graham, "Slavery's Impasse, " 669-83.
90. Chalhoub, Visoes da liberdade, pp. 54-56.
91. Chalhoub, Visoes da liberdade, pp. 54-56.
92. Mattos de Castro, Das cores do silencio, pp. 124-27.
93. Felipe Francisco Serra quoted by Reis, Slave Rebellion, p. 226.
94. Lauderdale Graham, House and Street, pp. 81-82.
95. Chalhoub, Visões da liberdade, p. 51.
96. Lauderdale Graham, House and Street, pp. 81, 166n76.
97. Carlos Eugenio Libano Soares, A capoeira escrava e outras tradicoes rebeldes no Rio de Janeiro (1808-1850) (Campinas, Sao Paulo: Unicamp, 2001), pp. 358, 418n58.
98. Reis, Slave Rebellion, p. 222.
99. Silvia Hunold Lara, Campos da violencia: Escravos e senhores na capitania do Rio de Janeiro, 1750-1808 (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1988), pp. 69-70, 158-63.
100. Chalhoub, Visoes da liberdade, pp. 68-73, 76-78.
101. Gomes, Historias de quilombolas, pp. 346-49.
102. Joao Jose Reis, "Escravos e coiteiros no quilombo do Oitizeiro: Bahia, 1806, " in Liberdade por um fio: Historia dos quilombos no Brasil, ed. Joao Jose Reis and Flavio dos Santos Gomes (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1996), 355-58.
103. Reis, Slave Rebellion, p. 223.
104. Costa, Da senzala a colōnia, pp. 60-62.
105. Pierre Monbeig, Pionniers et planteurs de Sao Paulo, Collection des Cahiers de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, no. 28 (Paris: Colin, 1952).
106. Mattos de Castro, Das cores do silencio, pp. 129-33.
107. Soares, Capoeira escrava, pp. 355-91, esp. p. 390.
108. Instruccoes para a commissao permanente nomeada pelos fazendeiros do municipio de Vassouras (Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Episcopal de Guimaraes, 1854).
109. Salles, O negro no Para, p. 52.
110. Dean, Rio Claro, p. 137.
111. Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, p. 117.
112. Lana Lage da Gama Lima, Rebeldia negra e abolicao (Rio de Janeiro: Achiame, 1981), p. 98.
113. Slenes, "Grandeza ou decadencia, " 136.
114. Dean, Rio Claro, pp. 60, 127.
115. Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, pp. 188, 190.
116. Maria Helena Machado, O plano e o panico: Os movimentos sociais na decada da abolicao (Sao Paulo: Editora UFRJ/EDUSP, 1994).
117. Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, pp. 116-18, 180-99.
118. Gomes, Historias de quilombolas, pp. 329-34.
119. Stuart B. Schwartz, "Resistance and Accomodation in Eighteenth-Century Brazil: The Slaves' View of Slavery, " Hispanic American Historical Review 57, no. 1 (February 1977): 79.
120. Flavio dos Santos Gomes, "Jogando a rede, revendo as malhas: Fugas e fugitivos no Brasil escravista, " Tempo: Revista do Departamento de Historia da UFF 1 (April 1996): 89-90.
121. Evaristo de Moraes, A campanha abolicionista (1879-1888) (Rio de Janeiro: Leite Ribeiro, 1924), p. 313.
122. Renato Mendonca, Um diplomata na cōrte da Inglaterra: ao barao do Penedo e sua epoca, Brasiliana, no. 219 (Sao Paulo: Editōra Nacional, 1942), p. 397.
123. Moraes, Campanha abolicionista.
124. Costa, Da senzala a colōnia, pp. 300-29, esp. 321-29.
125. Cleveland Donald Jr., "Slavery and Abolition in Campos, Brazil: 1830-1888, " Ph. D. diss. (Cornell University, 1973).
126. Cleveland Donald Jr., "Slave Resistance and Abolitionism in Brazil: The Campista Case, 1879-1888, " Luso-Brazilian Review 13, no. 2 (Winter 1976): 182-93.
127. Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, pp. 203-14.
128. Dean, Rio Claro, p. 144.
129. Machado, O plano e o panico.
130. Lima, Rebeldia negra, pp. 98.
131. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 294.
132. Eisenberg, "Abolishing Slavery, " 587.
133. Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, p. 285.
134. Richard Graham, "Landowners and the Overthrow of the Empire, " Luso-Brazilian Review 8, no. 2 (Winter 1970): 44-56.