Charge generation measured for fullerene-helical nanofilament liquid crystal heterojunctions

ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 4823-4830

  Callahan, Rebecca A ^a,b   Coffey, David C ^b,c   Chen, Dong ^a   Clark, Noel A ^a   Rumbles, Garry ^a,b   Walba, David M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY   (United States)

^c WARREN WILSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

bulk heterojunction; charge generation; helical nanofilaments; liquid crystal; time resolved microwave conductivity

Indexed keywords

FULLERENES; LIQUID CRYSTALS; NANORODS; PHOTOLYSIS; THIN FILMS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

BULK HETEROJUNCTION; CHARGE GENERATION; CRYSTALLINE LAYERS; LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE; NANOFILAMENTS; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; PHOTO-INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER; TIME-RESOLVED MICROWAVE CONDUCTIVITIES;

HETEROJUNCTIONS;

EID: 84898493833     PISSN: 19448244     EISSN: 19448252     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/am405759d     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Chen, D.; Maclennan, J.; Shao, R.; Yoon, D.; Wang, H.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Glaser, M.; Clark, N. Chirality-Preserving Growth of Helical Filaments in the B4 Phase of Bent-Core Liquid Crystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 12656-12663
2. Chen, D.; Zhu, C.; Wang, H.; Maclennan, J.; Glaser, M.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Rego, J.; Soto-Bustamante, E.; Clark, N. Nanoconfinement of Guest Materials by Helical Nanofilament Networks of Bent-Core Mesogens Soft Matter 2013, 9, 462-471
3. Zhu, C.; Chen, D.; Shen, Y.; Jones, C.; Glaser, M.; Maclennan, J.; Clark, N. Nanophase Segregation in Binary Mixtures of a Bent-Core and a Rodlike Liquid-Crystal Molecule Phys. Rev. E 2010, 81, 011704
4. Chen, D.; Zhu, C.; Shoemaker, R.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Glaser, M.; Maclennan, J.; Clark, N. Pretransitional Orientational Ordering of a Calamitic Liquid Crystal by Helical Nanofilaments of a Bent-Core Mesogen Langmuir 2010, 26, 15541-15545
5. Kim, H.; Lee, S.; Shin, T.; Cha, Y.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Clark, N.; Lee, S.; Yoon, D. Alignment of Helical Nanofilaments on the Surfaces of Various Self-Assembled Monolayers Soft Matter 2013, 9, 6185-6191
6. Yoon, D.; Yi, Y.; Shen, Y.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Smalyukh, I.; Clark, N. Orientation of a Helical Nanofilament (B4) Liquid-Crystal Phase: Topographic Control of Confinement, Shear Flow, and Temperature Gradients Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 1962-1967
7. Araoka, F.; Sugiyama, G.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. Highly Ordered Helical Nanofilament Assembly Aligned by a Nematic Director Field Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 2701-2707
8. Tsai, E.; Richardson, J.; Korblova, E.; Nakata, M.; Chen, D.; Shen, Y.; Shao, R.; Clark, N.; Walba, D. A Modulated Helical Nanofilament Phase Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5254-5257
9. Bialecka-Florjanczyk, E.; Sledzinska, I.; Gorecka, E.; Przedmojski, J. Odd-Even Effect in Biphenyl-Based Symmetrical Dimers with Methylene Spacer-Evidence of the B4 Phase Liq. Cryst. 2008, 35, 401-406
10. Chen, D.; Heberling, M.; Nakata, M.; Hough, L.; Maclennan, J.; Glaser, M.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Watanabe, J.; Clark, N. Structure of the B4 Liquid Crystal Phase Near a Glass Surface ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 155-159
11. Kim, J.; Kim, K.; Ko, S.; Kim, W. Optimum Design of Ordered Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 3021-3024
12. Clarke, T.; Durrant, J. Charge Photogeneration in Organic Solar Cells Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6736-6767
13. Najafov, H.; Lee, B.; Zhou, Q.; Feldman, L.; Podzorov, V. Observation of Long-Range Exciton Diffusion in Highly Ordered Organic Semiconductors Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 938-943
14. Lunt, R.; Benziger, J.; Forrest, S. Relationship Between Crystalline Order and Exciton Diffusion Length in Molecular Organic Semiconductors Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1233-1236
15. Ohno, A.; Haruyama, A.; Kurotaki, K.; Hanna, J. Charge-Carrier Transport in Smectic Mesophases of Biphenyls J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102, 083711
16. Iino, H.; Ohno, A.; Hanna, J. Hole Mobility and Lifetime in a Smectic Liquid Crystalline Photoconductor of a 2-Phenylnaphthalene Derivative J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 244701
17. Wu, J.; Usui, T.; Hanna, J. Synthesis of a Novel Smectic Liquid Crystalline Glass and Characterization of its Charge Carrier Transport Properties J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 8045-8051
18. Eccher, J.; Faria, G.; Bock, H.; von Seggern, H.; Bechtold, I. Order Induced Charge Carrier Mobility Enhancement in Columnar Liquid Crystal Diodes ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 11935-11943
19. Hayashi, H.; Nihashi, W.; Umeyama, T.; Matano, Y.; Seki, S.; Shimizu, Y.; Imahori, H. Segregated Donor-Acceptor Columns in Liquid Crystals That Exhibit Highly Efficient Ambipolar Charge Transport J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 10736-10739
20. Meiss, J.; Merten, A.; Hein, M.; Schuenemann, C.; Schafer, S.; Tietze, M.; Uhrich, C.; Pfeiffer, M.; Leo, K.; Riede, M. Fluorinated Zinc Phthalocyanine as Donor for Efficient Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 405-414
21. Olson, D.; Lee, Y.; White, M.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S.; Ginley, D.; Voigt, J.; Hsu, J. Effect of Polymer Processing on the Performance of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/ZnO Nanorod Photovoltaic Devices J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16640-16645
22. Pisula, W.; Zorn, M.; Chang, J.; Mullen, K.; Zentel, R. Liquid Crystalline Ordering and Charge Transport in Semiconducting Materials Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009, 30, 1179-1202
23. Akutagawa, T.; Matsunaga, Y.; Yasuhara, K. Mesomorphic Behavior of 1,3-Phenylene Bis[4-(4-alkoxyphenylimonomethyl)benzoates] and Related-Compounds Liq. Cryst. 1994, 17, 659-666
24. Ferguson, A.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S.; Rumbles, G. Quenching of Excitons by Holes in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 9865-9871
25. Hough, L.; Jung, H.; Kruerke, D.; Heberling, M.; Nakata, M.; Jones, C.; Chen, D.; Link, D.; Zasadzinski, J.; Heppke, G.; Rabe, J.; Stocker, W.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D.; Glaser, M.; Clark, N. Helical Nanofilament Phases Science 2009, 325, 456-460
26. Mens, R.; Chambon, S.; Bertho, S.; Reggers, G.; Ruttens, B.; D'Haen, J.; Manca, J.; Carleer, R.; Vanderzande, D.; Adriaensens, P. Description of the Nanostructured Morphology of [6,6]-Phenyl-C-61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) by XRD, DSC and Solid-State NMR Magn. Reson. Chem. 2011, 49, 242-247
27. Coffey, D.; Larson, B.; Hains, A.; Whitaker, J.; Kopidakis, N.; Boltalina, O.; Strauss, S.; Rumbles, G. An Optimal Driving Force for Converting Excitons into Free Carriers in Excitonic Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 8916-8923
28. Dicker, G.; de Haas, M.; Siebbeles, L.; Warman, J. Electrodeless Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity Study of Charge-Carrier Photogeneration in Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Thin Films Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 045203
29. Dayal, S.; Kopidakis, N.; Rumbles, G. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Composites of Conjugated Polymers and Dendrimers with Branched Colloidal Nanoparticles Faraday Discuss. 2012, 155, 323-337
30. Reid, O.; Malik, J.; Latini, G.; Dayal, S.; Kopidakis, N.; Silva, C.; Stingelin, N.; Rumbles, G. The Influence of Solid-State Microstructure on the Origin and Yield of Long-Lived Photogenerated Charge in Neat Semiconducting Polymers J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2012, 50, 27-37
31. Hoofman, R.; vanderLaan, G.; deHaas, M.; Tanigaki, K. Charge Migration in Pulse-Irradiated Undoped C60 Powder Studied with the Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity Technique Synth. Met. 1997, 86, 2355-2356
32. de Haas, M.; Warman, J.; Anthopoulos, T.; de Leeuw, D. The Mobility and Decay Kinetics of Charge Carriers in Pulse-Ionized Microcrystalline PCBM Powder Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 2274-2280