Legislative, executive, and judicial institutions: A synthesis

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Governance in Federal Countries

Volumn 3, Issue , 2006, Pages 344-384

  Saunders, Cheryl ^a  

^a International Association of Constitutional Law   (Canada)

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EID: 84898217025     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (28)

1. For the complete list, see Forum of Federations, List of Federal Countries, , viewed 22 February 2006.
2. 2005 CIA World Factbook, , viewed 24 May 2006.
3. Of the federations in this volume, Canada and India are examples of a combination of aggregation and devolution. For elaboration of this distinction, and its application in other cases, see Ronald L. Watts, "Comparing Forms of Federal Partnerships," Theories of Federalism: A Reader, ed. Dimitrios Karmis and Wayne Norman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 233, 249.
4. A table detailing the subdivision is provided in Ignatius Akaayar Ayua and Dakas C.J. Dakas, "Federal Republic of Nigeria," Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, ed. John Kincaid and G. Alan Tarr (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005), 253.
5. Cheryl Saunders, "Budgetary Federalism: Balancing Federalism and Representative Government," Mensch und Staat: Festschrift for Thomas Fleiner, ed. Peter Hanni (Freiburg: Universitatsverlag Freiburg Schweiz, 2003), 175-199.
6. See Michael Burgess, Comparative Federalism, Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 2006), 140-144.
7. Brendan O'Leary, "Power-Sharing, Pluralist Federation, and Federacy," The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, ed. Brendan O'Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 49. O'Leary identifies "pluri-national" federations as states "in which there are multiple recognised nations, whose respective nationals may be both concentrated and dispersed," in contrast with multinational federations, "often interpreted as indicating spatially discrete and homogeneously adjacent nations."
8. Will Kymlicka, "Federalism, Nationalism and Multiculturalism," Theories of Federalism: A Reader, ed. Dimitrios Karmis and Wayne Norman (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005), 276.
9. Thomas Fleiner, Walter Kalin, Wolf Linder, and Cheryl Saunders, "Federalism, Decentralisation and Conflict Management in Multicultural Societies," Federalism in A Changing World: Learning from Each Other, ed. Raoul Blindenbacher and Arnold Koller (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002), 227-258
10. Thomas Fleiner, "The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity to Federalism," Le Fédéralisme dans tous ses États, ed. Jean-Francois Gaudreault-DesBiens and Fabien Gélinas (Québec: Editions Yvon Blais, 2005), 184.
11. For a critical analysis of the difficulties of asymmetry in these circumstances, see Kymlicka, "Federalism, Nationalism and Multiculturalism," 269-292.
12. Louisiana, with its civil-law system, makes the United States technically a mixed legal system. In this context, however, the exception is too minor to cause the categorization to be altered. Even so, the use of a French run-off system of election in Louisiana, in contrast to the rest of the country, is a development of some interest for present purposes. See Louisiana, Revised Statutes, title 18, secs. 481, 511.
13. Johanne Poirier, "Les Ententes Intergouvernementales et la Gouvernance Fédérale: Aux Confins du Droit et du Non-Droit," in Gaudreault-DesBiens and Gélinas, Le Fédéralisme dans tous ses États, 463-472.
14. In the wake of the contested results in the 2002 presidential election Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act, 2002. See also, Century Foundation Working Group on State Implementation of Election Reform, Balancing Access and Integrity (Washington: Century Foundation, 2005) , viewed 5 March 2006.
15. Allan R. Brewer-Carias, "Some Problems of the Centralised Federation and Subnational Constitutionalism in Venezuela," , viewed 12 May 2006. Other federations without bicameral national legislatures are St Kitts-Nevis, Micronesia, Comoros, and the United Arab Emirates.
16. See, however, Burgess, Comparative Federalism, drawing on Federalist 62 to argue that, whatever the origins of the notion, "Equality of representation was ultimately a circumstantial compromise," 196.
17. In February 2006 Chancellor Angela Merkel and the premiers of the Länder reached agreement on a package of federalism reforms that would reduce the authority of the Bundesrat in return for greater policy authority to the states in relation to, for example, education. German Info, "Long-Sought Deal Paves Way for Federalism Reform," 24 February 2006, , viewed 24 May 2006.
18. Printz v. United States, 521 us 898 (1997)
19. New York v. United States, 505 us 144 (1992).
20. R v. Hughes 202 clr 535 (2000).
21. South Dakota v. Dole, 483 us 203 (1987)
22. State of Victoria v. Commonwealth (1957) 99 clr 575.
23. German Info, "Long-Sought Deal Paves Way for Federalism Reform," 24 February 2006, , viewed 24 May 2006. The proposed changes were still under consideration in May 2006, with an expectation that at least some of them would be made by the end of the calendar year.
24. Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I.
25. Ref re Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I. [1997] 3 scr; Kable.
26. Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 4th ed. (Toronto, on: Carswell, 1997), 90-92.
27. For a discussion of the significance of these developments, see Nico Steytler, ed., The Place and Role of Local Government in Federal Systems (Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2005).
28. See the important distinction drawn by Stepan between federal institutions that are "demos-enabling" and "demos-constraining" in Alfred Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics of Federalism, Multinationalism and Democracy," E.L. Gibson, ed., Federalism and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 29.