No boundaries: Transnational latino gangs and american law enforcement

No Boundaries: Transnational Latino Gangs and American Law Enforcement

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-341

  Diaz, Tom ^a   Swecker, Chris ^b  

^a Violence Policy Center   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898173045     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

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145. Grant D. Ashley, assistant director, Criminal Investigative Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, "The Safe Streets Violent Crimes Initiative, " statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee, September 17, 2003, http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress03/ashley091703.htm.
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158. U.S. General Accounting Office, Violent Crime: Federal Law Enforcement Assistance in Fighting Los Angeles Gang Violence, Report to the Attorney General, GAO/GGD-96-150 (Washington, DC, 1996), 5.
159. Jim Newton, "U.S. Mounts Sweeping Crackdown on L.A. Gangs, " Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1992.
160. Somini Sengupta, "$3-Million Grant to Help Authorities in Gang Crackdown, " Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1992.
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162. Paul Lieberman and Richard O'Reilly, "Most Looters Endured Lives of Crime, Poverty, " Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1993.
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189. Jerry Belcher, "Police Target Aliens in Gangs for Deportation, " Los Angeles Times, September 5, 1986.
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193. Sheryl Stolberg, "Some Crime Witnesses Pay High Price for Civic Duty, " Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1992.
194. Robert J. Lopez and Rich Connell, "Gang Turns Hope to Fear, Lives to Ashes, " Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1996.
195. Bob Sipchen and Darrell Dawsey, "Neighborhood Has Learned Coexistence Secret, " Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1989;.
196. Maria Newman and Louis Sahagun, "1 Killed, 7 Wounded in Major Turf Battle, " Los Angeles Times, November 25, 1989.
197. U.S. Department of Justice, Attorney General's Report to Congress on the Growth of Violent Street Gangs in Suburban Areas (Washington, DC, 2008), 7-8.
198. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Drug Control: U.S. Assistance Has Helped Mexican Counternarcotics Efforts but Tons of Illicit Drugs Continue to Flow into the United States, Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO-07-1018 (Washington, DC, 2007), 10.
199. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2007 (Johnstown, PA, 2006), 54.
200. U.S. Department of Justice, Attorney General's Report to Congress on the Growth of Violent Street Gangs, 8.
201. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, Los Angeles High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis (Johnstown, PA, 2007), 2.
202. Anthony Millican, "For Pico-Union Vendors, It's Marked Turf, " Los Angeles Times, December 20, 1992;.
203. Marc Lacey, "Extortion Patrols Hit Streets on Foot, Bikes, " Los Angeles Times, December 28, 1992.
204. State of California, Office of the Inspector General, press release, March 14, 2006.
205. Robert J. Lopez and Jesse Katz, "Mexican Mafia Tells Gangs to Halt Drive-Bys, " Los Angeles Times, September 26, 1993.
206. Jim Newton, "William P. Gray; U.S. Judge Ruled on Jail Overcrowding, " Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1992.
207. William Overend, "U.S. Atty.'s Office Gets 'Cream of the Crop, '" Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1986.
208. Joe Mozingo, "Attorney's Offices' Staffing is Decried, " Los Angeles Times, July 25, 2006.
209. United Press International, "Alien Gang Member Given 8 Years for Reentering U.S., " January 7, 1993.
210. Robert J. Lopez and Rich Connell, "Police Shortcomings Stymie Efforts to Contain Gang, " Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1996.
211. http://wolf.house.gov.
212. "The MS-13 Threat: A National Assessment, " January 14, 2008, http:/www.fbi.gov/page2/jan08/MS13-011408.html.
213. Mike Ward, "Gang's Violent Grip: Group with Central American Roots Leaves Bloody Trail across U.S., " Austin (TX) American- Statesman, January 22, 2006.
214. Hector J. Alfonso, presentation at the National Summit on Gang Violence, a gang training seminar, in Arlington, Virginia, June 2, 2006.
215. David Johnston, "Government Is Quickly Using Power of New Immigration Law, " New York Times, October 22, 1996;.
216. Jonathan S. Landay, "Legal Immigrants Deported If They Have a Criminal Past, " Christian Science Monitor, September 5, 1996;.
217. S. L. Bachman, "Legal Immigrants Face Terror in Terrorism Law: Deportation, " San Jose Mercury News, June 3, 1996;.
218. "U.S. Efforts to Expand and Strengthen the Fight against Illegal Immigration, " remarks of President William J. Clinton, Dispatch (U.S. Department of State) 6, no. 7 (February 7, 1995): 88.
219. Deborah Sontag, "U.S. Deports Felons but Can't Keep Them Out, " New York Times, August 11, 1997.
220. Mary Helen Johnson, "National Policies and the Rise of Transnational Gangs, " Migration Information Source, April 2006, http://www. migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=394.
221. Ana Arana, "How the Street Gangs Took Central America, " Foreign Affairs 84, no. 3 (May/June 2005): 98-110;.
222. S. Lynne Walker, "Gang Members Deported from U.S. Take Deadly Culture to Their Home Countries, " Copley News Service, January 18, 2005;.
223. Scott Wallace, "You Must Go Home Again: Deported Los Angeles Gang Members Are Crime Problem in El Salvador, " Harper's Magazine, August 1, 2001, 47;.
224. Margaret H. Taylor and T. Alexander Aleinikoff, "Deportation of Criminal Aliens: A Geopolitical Perspective" (working paper, Inter-American Dialogue, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, 1998), www.igloo.org/libraryservices/download-nocache/Library/subjects/peacesec/ domestic/deportat.
225. Kevin Sullivan, "Mexico Battles Infiux of Violent Gangs, " Washington Post, January 21, 2005.
226. Ginger Thompson, "Shuttling between Nations, Latino Gangs Confound the Law, " New York Times, September 26, 2004.
227. Ron Sylvester, "Border a Revolving Doorway for Authorities, Illegal Immigrants, " Wichita Eagle, October 29, 2006;.
228. Pauline Arrillaga, "AP Investigation: 'Catch and Release' Policy Frees Illegal Immigrants to Move about U.S., " Associated Press, July 5, 2005;.
229. Randall Richard, "An AP Investigation: Deportees from the U.S. Bring Gang Warfare to Central America, " Associated Press, November 1, 2003 (quoting Dr. Louise Shelley, director of the Transnational Crime and Corruption Center at American University in Washington, DC).
230. Richard, "Honduras: Brutal Murders as Street Gangs Show Strength, " Latin News Daily, September 1, 2003.
231. Elvis Guzmán, "Dos pagaran la masacre, " La Prensa (Honduras), February 21, 2007;.
232. Freddy Cuevas, "Honduras: 2 Gang Members Convicted in 2004 Bus Attack That Killed 28, " Associated Press Worldstream, February 21, 2007;.
233. Susan Carroll, "Blame Passed in Escape of Gang Leader, " Houston Chronicle, February 11, 2007;.
234. Zeke Minaya and Harvey Rice, "Reputed Honduran MS-13 Leader to Be Deported, " Houston Chronicle, July 9, 2005;.
235. Brian Chasnoff, "Ranchers Fear Violent Gang Moving across Region, " San Antonio Express-News, June 7, 2005;.
236. Dave Montgomery, "Gang Leader in Custody, Officials Say, " Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 25, 2005;.
237. Hernan Rozemberg, "Hondurans Laud Arrest of Man in South Texas, " San Antonio Express-News, February 25, 2005;.
238. Jeorge Zarazua and Macarena Hernandez, "Massacre Suspect Held in Texas, " San Antonio Express- News, February 24, 2005;.
239. Suzanne Gamboa, "Suspect in Honduras Bus Massacre Arrested in Texas, " Associated Press, February 24, 2005;.
240. "L 400 mil por Culiche y Snoopy, " La Prensa (Honduras), May 1, 2005, (accessed online at http://www.laprensahn.com;.
241. "Capturan a 'cerebro' de matanza en Chamelecon, " El Heraldo (Honduras), February 24, 2005 (accessed online at http://www.elheraldo.hn);.
242. AFP, "En el baño de la penitenciaria encuentran ahorcado el 'marero' acusado de matanza en Honduras, " Washington Hispanic, January 21, 2005 (accessed online at http://www.washingtonhispanic.com);.
243. "Aparece muerto en prisión sospechoso de masacre de 28 personas, " El Nacional (Honduras), January 20, 2005 (accessed online at http://www.elnacionalnews.com);.
244. "Ni 12 horas duro 'El Pájaro' en la PN, " El Heraldo (Honduras), January 19, 2005 (accessed online at http://www.heraldohn.com);.
245. Freddy Cuevas, "One of the Alleged Masterminds of Honduran Bus Attack Found Dead in Prison, " Associated Press Worldstream, January 19, 2005;.
246. "Testigo hunde a 'La Pantera, '" El Heraldo (Honduras), January 12, 2005 (accessed online at http://www.elheraldo.hn);.
247. Associated Press, "President: Honduran Police Arrest Presumed Leader of Gang Responsible for Massacre on Public Bus, " January 3, 2005;.
248. Associated Press Worldstream, "Honduran Police Say Two Dozen Gang Members Linked to Attack, " December 31, 2004;.
249. Michael A. W. Ottery, "Many Hondurans Say Guerrillas, Not Gangs, Were Behind Massacre, " Miami Herald, December 30, 2004;.
250. Chris Kraul, "Hondurans See Massacre as a Warning, " Los Angeles Times, December 27, 2004;.
251. El Nuevo Diario (Nicaragua), December 26, 2004 (accessed online at http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni);.
252. Chris Kraul and Alex Renderos, "Tensions High in Honduras after Bus Massacre, " Los Angeles Times, December 25, 2004;.
253. Ginger Thompson, "Gunmen Kill 28 on Bus in Honduras, " New York Times, December 25, 2004;.
254. Freddy Cuevas, "Assailants Gun Down 28 People on Public Bus in Northern Honduras, " Associated Press, December 24, 2004;.
255. Sergio de Leon, "Attack That Killed 28 on Honduran Bus Escalates Criminals' War with Government, " Associated Press, December 24, 2004.
256. "Brooks County, " The Handbook of Texas Online, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/BB/hcb16.html.
257. "Falfurrias, Texas, " The Handbook of Texas Online, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/FF/hff1.html.
258. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Brooks County, Texas, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48047.html.
259. James Pinkerton, "Border's Eyes Focusing on Bloody Gang, " Houston Chronicle, August 26, 2005;.
260. Mary Jo McConahay, "They Die in Brooks County, " Texas Observer, June 1, 2007, http://www.texasobserver.org/article.php?aid=2509.
261. David McLemore, "For Witness to MS- 13 Crimes, Betrayal Was a Death Sentence, " Dallas Morning News, October 29, 2006;.
262. Chris Kraul, Robert J. Lopez, and Rich Connell, "L.A. Violence Crosses the Line, " Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2005;.
263. "Arlington Area Briefs, " Fort Worth Star-Telegram, April 23, 2003;.
264. Robert Tharp, "Convict Pleads to Murder, " Dallas Morning News, April 5, 2003;.
265. Tim Wyatt, "Salvadoran Gang Suspected in Spree, " Dallas Morning News, December 2, 2002;.
266. Staishy Bostick Siem, "Suspected Gang Member Held in Dallas Man's Death, " Dallas Morning News, October 5, 2002.
267. La Voz de la Familia, 2005 Bachman Area Community Assessment, http://www.injurypreventioncenter.org/pdf/2005-bachman-assessment.pdf.
268. Wikipedia, "Bachman Lake, " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Bachman-Lake.
269. Holly Yan, "Robberies Worry Bachman Lake Visitors, " Dallas Morning News, July 12, 2007;.
270. Drake Witham, "Teens Held in Woman's Death, " Dallas Morning News, May 12, 2000.
271. Jamie Stockwell, "Convicted Gang Members Urged to Help Teens, " Washington Post, September 10, 2005;.
272. Mark Sherman, "Witness Protection a World of Closely Held Secrets, " Associated Press, July 18, 2006;.
273. Jerry Markon, "MS-13 Jury Hoped to Deter Others, " Washington Post, June 16, 2005;.
274. Jamie Stockwell and Jerry Markon, "2 Get Life in Slaying of MS-13 Witness, " Washington Post, June 15, 2005;.
275. Jerry Markon, "Protecting a Witness Who Doesn't Want Protection, " Washington Post, June 12, 2005;.
276. Matthew Barakat, "Prosecutors Ask Jury for Death Sentence in Gang Slaying, " Associated Press State and Local Wire, June 9, 2005;.
277. Jerry Markon, "MS-13 Members Should Die, Prosecutors Tell Jury, " Washington Post, May 24, 2005;.
278. Paul Bradley, "Penalty Phase to Begin in Trial, " Richmond Times Dispatch, May 22, 2005;.
279. Paul Bradley, "Arguments End in Gang Members Murder Trial, " Richmond Times Dispatch, May 11, 2005;.
280. Jamie Stockwell, "For Girls in Gangs, a Risky 'Obsession, '" Washington Post, May 8, 2005;.
281. Jamie Stockwell and Jerry Markon, "Gang Member Says He Saw Va. Slaying, " Washington Post, May 5, 2005;.
282. Paul Bradley, "Defense Rests in Gang Members' Trial, "Richmond Times Dispatch, May 6, 2005;.
283. Paul Bradley, "'I Did Not Kill Miss Paz, '" Richmond Times Dispatch, May 5, 2005;.
284. Paul Bradley, "Defendants to Testify in Trial, " Richmond Times Dispatch, May 4, 2005;.
285. Paul Bradley, "Prosecutors Rest Case against Gang Members, " Richmond Times Dispatch, May 3, 2005;.
286. Jerry Markon, "Authorities Blamed in Killing of Va. Witness, " Washington Post, May 3, 2005;.
287. Paul Bradley, "Witness Ties Boyfriend to Killing, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 28, 2005;.
288. Paul Bradley, "'To Me, She Was A Snitch, '" Richmond Times Dispatch, April 22, 2005;.
289. Paul Bradley, "Calls from Jail Described, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 27, 2005;.
290. Paul Bradley, "Another Teardrop Has Been Earned, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 21, 2005;.
291. Paul Bradley, "It Was Like an Obsession, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 20, 2005;.
292. Paul Bradley, "Witness: Gang Members Who Snitch Die, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 19, 2005;.
293. Paul Bradley, "Crime Scene Described in MS-13 Trial, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 14, 2005;.
294. Arlo Wagner, "Slain Girl Disliked Safe House, " Washington Times, April 13, 2005;.
295. Paul Bradley, "Gang Member's Story Is Recounted, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 13, 2005;.
296. Jerry Markon and Jamie Stockwell, "Oversight of Slain Witness Faulted, " Washington Post, April 13, 2005;.
297. Paul Bradley, "Driven Out, Only to Be Drawn Back, " Richmond Times Dispatch, April 10, 2005;.
298. Mark Sherman, "Witness Protection Rolls Stretching, Number of Protectors Shrinking, " Associated Press, March 14, 2005;.
299. Matthew Brzezinski, "Hillbangers, " New York Times, August 15, 2004;.
300. Jerry Markon and Maria Glod, "Four N. Va. Gang Members Charged in Slaying of Witness, " Washington Post, June 25, 2004;.
301. Paul Bradley, "Gang Members Charged in Woman's Death, " Richmond Times Dispatch, June 25, 2004;.
302. Maria Glod, "Guardian of Slain Woman Replaces Her as Witness, " Washington Post, November 7, 2003;.
303. Maria Glod, "Prosecutors Describe Gang-Style Execution as MS-13 Trial Opens, " Washington Post, November 6, 2003;.
304. Jerry Markon and Maria Glod, "Slaying Trial Marks Gang Crackdown, " Washington Post, November 3, 2003;.
305. Maria Glod, "Gang Trial Judge Allows Statements, " Washington Post, October 7, 2003;.
306. Jerry Markon and Maria Glod, "Prosecutors Hope to Quote Dead Witness, " Washington Post, August 16, 2003;.
307. Jerry Markon and Maria Glod, "Giving Up a New Life for a Gang Death, " Washington Post, August 10, 2003;.
308. David C. Greene and Paul Adams, "Reagan National Sets to Reopen Tomorrow, " Baltimore Sun, October 3, 2001;.
309. Craig Timberg and Spencer S. Hsu, "National Can't Reopen Soon, Officials Say, " Washington Post, September 17, 2001.
310. Neil A. Lewis, "Man in the News; A Man Made for Law Enforcement- Robert Swan Mueller III, " New York Times, July 6, 2001.
311. Earnest Winston, "Real Prize: Catching Terrorists, " Charlotte Observer, September 28, 2004.
312. John Arquila and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001);.
313. Moisés Naim, Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy (New York: Doubleday, 2005);.
314. John Robb, Brave New War: The Next Stage of Terrorism and the End of Globalization (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2007).
315. Jerry Markon, "Anti-Human Trafficking Bill Would Send FBI Agents on Trail of Pimps, " Washington Post, November 29, 2007.
316. George Gedda, "US, Greece Attempt to End Mistrust, " Associated Press Online, September 7, 2000.
317. Katherine McIntire Peters, "Success Begets Success: FBI Agent Robert Clifford Worked Meticulously to Help Dismantle a Greek Terrorist Organization, " Atlantic Monthly, December 1, 2004.
318. Nicholas Gage, "Race against Terror, " Vanity Fair, January 2007, 64.
319. www/lasuperiorcourt.org/OnlineServices/criminalindex/index.asp.
320. Tom Jackman, "Gangs Pushed beyond Turf Battles, " Washington Post, August 1, 2004;.
321. Edward Gutierrez, "Arriaza Chicas regresa a la policía, " El Diario de Hoy, April 19, 2004 (accessed online at http:/www. elsalvador.com);.
322. David Marroquín, "El polémico caso de falsas pruebas, " La Prensa Grafica, November 21, 2003 (accessed online at http://archive.laprensa.com.sv);.
323. Alberto López and Maria T. Pérez, "PNC suspende a Arriaza Chicas por seis meses, " El Diario de Hoy, July 15, 2000 (accessed online at http://www.elsalvador.com).
324. John Pain, "Device Can Detect Heart Failure Symptoms, " Associated Press Online, December 16, 2004.
325. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, FY 2002 Budget Summary- Salaries and Expenses, http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/2002summary/html/dea-sal-and-exp.htm.
326. Chris Swecker, statement before the House Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, April 20, 2005.
327. Theo Milonopoulos, "Operation Targets Gang Members, " Los Angeles Times, October 10, 2007.
328. Nina Bernstein, "Immigrant Workers Caught in Net Cast for Gangs, " New York Times, November 25, 2007.
329. Michael Amon, "Immigration; The Political Debate: Gridlock in the Halls of Power, " Newsday, October 14, 2007;.
330. "Ice Breakers; Raids by Immigration Agents Were Hamfisted Attempts at Law Enforcement, " Newsday, October 5, 2007, editorial; Frank Eltman, .
331. "186 People Captured in Long Island Immigration Raids, " Associated Press State and Local Wire, October 1, 2007.
332. Rachel Uranga, "Immigration Arrests Jump; Critics Contend Raids Target More than Criminals, " Daily News of Los Angeles, November 3, 2007.
333. Rich Connell and Robert J. Lopez, "Gang Sweeps Result in 103 Arrests, " Los Angeles Times, March 15, 2005.
334. Arian Campo-Flores, "The Most Dangerous Gang in America, " Newsweek, March 28, 2005, 22.
335. http://www.azcorrections.gov/adc/divisions/support/stg/nmm.asp.
336. Scott Sandlin, "8 Plead Guilty in Car Theft, Drug Case, " Albuquerque Journal, December 17, 2005;.
337. Beth DeFalco, "8 Offer Pleas in Mexican Mafia Case, " Associated Press State and Local Wire, December 16, 2005;.
338. Dennis Wagner, "Prison Gang Members to Plead Guilty in Murders, " Arizona Republic, December 15, 2005;.
339. Dennis Wagner, "Murder Trial Shifting to Phoenix, " Arizona Republic, September 29, 2003;.
340. Scott Sandlin, "Judge OKs Moving Trial in Guard's Killing to Arizona, " Albuquerque Journal, September 17, 2003;.
341. Guillermo Contreras, "Alleged Double Life Ends, " Albuquerque Journal, January 27, 2003;.
342. Guillermo Contreras, "Trail of Blood: Witnesses Linked to Mob Keep Dying, " Albuquerque Journal, January 26, 2003.
343. Dana Milbank, "Ashcroft and the Night Visitors, " Washington Post, May 16, 2007.
344. Jamie S. Gorelick, "A New Agenda for Justice, " Washington Post, August 28, 2007;.
345. Stuart Taylor Jr., "Another Gonzales Horror Story, " National Journal, May 19, 2007.
346. Justice Sutherland in Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).
347. Justin Gillis and Bill Miller, "In D.C.'s Simple City, Complex Rules of Life and Death, " Washington Post, April 20, 1997.
348. Robert E. Pierre, "D.C. Anti-Gang Efforts Marked by Frustration, " Washington Post, March 9, 1997.
349. Avis Thomas-Lester and Philip P. Pan, "4 Arrested in Deaths of D.C. Brothers, " Washington Post, September 10, 1996.
350. Avis Thomas-Lester, "Mother, in Sadness and Gratitude, Honors Those Who Caught Killers, " Washington Post, October 9, 1998.
351. P. Kevin Carwile, chief of the Gang Squad, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice;.
352. Selwynn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's, 2005), 108-53;.
353. Thomas A. Reppetto, Bringing Down The Mob: The War against the American Mafia (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 67-85;.
354. U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for United States Attorneys, "Interview with Deputy Assistant Attorney General John C. 'Jack' Keeney, " USA Bulletin (Washington, DC), March 1999, 4, 6-7;.
355. Associated Press, "Mafia Prosecutors Quitting as Strike Forces Disband, " New York Times, January 4, 1990;.
356. Bill McAllister, "Prosecutors Taking Over Strike Forces, " Washington Post, December 28, 1989;.
357. Michael Wines, "Details Are Given on New Crime Plan, " New York Times, June 20, 1989.
358. Federal News Service, "Justice Department Briefing, Efforts to Combat Gang Violence, " January 16, 2007.
359. "Gang Leader's Wife Gets 10-Year Term, " Chicago Tribune, September 16, 2000;.
360. Matt O'Connor, "Jailed Gang Leader Is Put Away for Life, " Chicago Tribune, May 23, 2000;.
361. Joseph T. Hallinan, "Inmates Dial Up Dollars for Illinois, " Chicago Tribune, August 25, 1999;.
362. Matt O'Connor, "U.S. to Beef Up Drug Fight in City, " Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1998;.
363. Abdon M. Pallasch, "Man Guilty of Being Gang Boss from Prison, " Chicago Tribune, July 23, 1998;.
364. Abdon M. Pallasch, "Witness Takes Jury on Visit to Gang Boss, " Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1998;.
365. Abdon M. Pallasch, "Jury Is Told Tapes Reveal Inmate Ran Drug Deals, " Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1998;.
366. Matt O'Connor, "Ex-Member Perils Gang's Alleged Drug Network, " Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1998;.
367. Dirk Johnson, "A Jailed Chicago Gang Leader Is Charged as a Drug Criminal, " New York Times, September 21, 1997;.
368. Gary Marx and Mark S. Warnick, "Latin King Leader and 13 Others Indicted, " Chicago Tribune, September 19, 1997;.
369. Michael Gillis, "Gang Boss Given Round Trip to Jail, " Chicago Sun-Times, September 19, 1997;.
370. Gary Marx, "Power Struggle behind Bars, " Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1996.
371. Gary Marx and Jeff Coen, "Gang Kingpins Disappearing in Chicago, " Chicago Tribune, December 10, 2007;.
372. Gary Marx, "State Tries to Turn Its Top Gang Inmates, " Chicago Tribune, January 10, 2000.
373. James W. Wagner and Kate Curran Kirby, eds., The Chicago Crime Commission Gang Book (Chicago: Chicago Crime Commission, 2006), 11.
374. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Chicago (city), Illinois, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html.
375. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Cook County, Illinois, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states17/17031.html.
376. Rita Arias Jirasek and Carlos Tortolero, Mexican Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia, 2001), 160;.
377. Wilfredo Cruz, Puerto Rican Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia, 2004), 7.
378. G. Gonzales, Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999);.
379. Jirasek and Tortolero, Mexican Chicago; Cruz, Puerto Rican Chicago; Felix M. Padilla, Puerto Rican Chicago (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987);.
380. Chicago Historical Society, "Mexicans, " in The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/824. html.
381. Frederick M. Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1, 313 Gangs in Chicago, abridged ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 10.
382. Mid-Atlantic Great Lakes Organized Crime Law Enforcement Network (MAGLOCLEN), "Latin Kings Intelligence Report" (restricted document in author's files, 2004), 2.
383. William Triplett, "Gang Crisis, " CQ Researcher, May 14, 2004.
384. George W. Knox, Gang Profile: The Latin Kings (Chicago: National Gang Crime Research Center, 2000), http://www.ngcrc.com/ngcrc/page15.htm.
385. Carlos Sadovi and Rex W. Huppke, "Gangs Cut Swath of Death, Payback in Little Village, " Chicago Tribune, June 5, 2004.
386. Eric Herman, "'Barbarism' Blamed in Slaying of Girl, 7, " Chicago Sun-Times, December 21, 2006;.
387. Carlos Sadovi, "Teen Gets 56 Years in '03 Slaying of Girl, " Chicago Tribune, December 21, 2006;.
388. Josh Noel, "Guilty Plea in Drive-by Shooting That Killed Girl, " Chicago Tribune, November 20, 2006;.
389. Eric Herman, "Alleged Gang Member Guilty in Girl's Death, " Chicago Sun-Times, November 16, 2006;.
390. Carlos Sadovi, "Alleged Gang Member Convicted in Girl's Death That Jolted Pilsen, " Chicago Tribune, November 16, 2006;.
391. Carlos Sadovi, "Man Tells Court He Didn't Shoot Girl, 7, " Chicago Tribune, November 15, 2006;.
392. Carlos Sadovi, "Mother Tells of Finding Girl Lying in Blood, " Chicago Tribune, November 10, 2006;.
393. Stefano Esposito, "Accused Killer of Girl, 7, 'Wasn't There': Defense, " Chicago Sun- Times, November 10, 2006;.
394. Hal Dardick, "2nd Suspect Held in Pilsen Girl's Slaying, " Chicago Tribune, March 14, 2004;.
395. Maudlyne Ihejirika, "Berwyn Man Is 2nd Charged in Summer Murder of Girl, 7, " Chicago Sun-Times, March 14, 2004;.
396. "Bond Is Denied in Girl's Slaying, " Chicago Tribune, March 9, 2004;.
397. Stefano Esposito, "Dad Feels 'Sad' for Teenager Who Allegedly Killed Daughter, " Chicago Sun-Times, March 9, 2004;.
398. H. Gregory Meyer and David Heinzmann, "Arrest in August Killing Fails to Comfort Family, " Chicago Tribune, March 8, 2004;.
399. Glenn Jeffers, "Pilsen Mourns Another Gunfire Victim, " Chicago Tribune, August 26, 2003;.
400. Stan Donaldson, "Vigil Held for Slain Pilsen Girl, " Chicago Tribune, August 23, 2003;.
401. Brett McNeil, "Pilsen Gangbangers Being Put on Notice, " Chicago Tribune, August 22, 2003;.
402. Cheryl L. Reed and Frank Main, "Three Gang Members Sought in Slaying, " Chicago Sun-Times, August 22, 2003;.
403. Grace Aduroja, "Police Hunt 4 Gang Members after Pilsen Girl Fatally Shot, " Chicago Tribune, August 21, 2003;.
404. Cheryl R. Reed and Ana Mendieta, "Girl, 7, Killed by Stray Gunfire, " Chicago Sun-Times, August 21, 2003.
405. Glenn Jeffers, "Chicago Police Take Bow after a Year of Less Crime, " Chicago Tribune, December 29, 2004;.
406. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, Chicago: High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis (Johnstown, PA, 2007);.
407. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Organized Crime and Terrorist Activity in Mexico, 1999-2000 (Washington, DC, 2003);.
408. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, Illinois Drug Threat Assessment (Johnstown, PA, 2001);.
409. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, "Jaime Herrera-Nevares, " DEA History, 1975-1980, http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1975-1980.html.
410. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, "French Connection, " DEA History, 1970-1975, http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1970-1975.html.
411. Charles Bowden, "Chuy Carrillo Is Dead and Living Somewhere Far, Far Away, " Esquire, October 1997, 120;.
412. Mike Gallagher, "N.M. Sees New Drug Traffickers, " Albuquerque Journal, April 13, 1997;.
413. Matt O'Connor, "Drug Dealer Tied to Nationwide Narcotics Ring Gets 25 Years, " Chicago Tribune, February 18, 1990;.
414. E. R. Shipp, "134 Indicted in Nationwide Drug Distribution Case, " New York Times, July 24, 1985;.
415. F. N. D'Alessio, "Domestic News, Chicago, " Associated Press, July 24, 1985;.
416. "The Arrest of Jaime Herrera, " Washington Post, October 23, 1978;.
417. Dennis A. Williams and Sylvester Monroe, "Busting the Heroin Pipeline, " Newsweek, May 22, 1978.
418. Brett McNeil, "Pilsen Gangbangers Being Put on Notice, " Chicago Tribune, August 22, 2003.
419. Rick Jervis, "Latino Murder Cases Prove Most Elusive, " Chicago Tribune, April 20, 2004.
420. Kathryn Masterson, "1 Year after Chicago Man's Murder, Family Still Hunting for Clues, " Chicago Tribune, March 22, 2005.
421. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Clearances, " Crime in the United States, 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ ucr/cius2006/offenses/clearances/index.html (2006 clearance rate);.
422. Deborah A. Richardson and Rachel Kosa, "An Examination of Homicide Clearance Rates: Foundation for the Development of a Homicide Clearance Model" (draft, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC, 2001), 2, available under the rubric "homicide" at http://www.policeforum.org/ library.asp (1961 clearance rate).
423. Jo Craven McGinty, "New York Killers, and Those Killed, by Numbers, " New York Times, April 28, 2006.
424. "Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Staff: 1992-2002, " http://trac.syr.edu/tracatf/trends/v04/atfstaff.html.
425. "FBI Staffing Trends: FY 1986-2006, " http://trac.syr.edu/ tracfbi/newfindings/current/include/20yearstaffingtable.html.
426. U.S. Agency for Internal Development, Bureau for Latin American and Caribbean Affairs, Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment (Washington, DC, 2006), 35.
427. Daniel Ochoa and Harold Sibaja "Business Social Responsibility: Addressing the Gang Challenge in Guatamala, " held in Washington, DC, on May 23, 2007.
428. Intelligence Oversight Board, Report on the Guatemala Review (Washington, DC, 1996), available at http://www.ciponline.org/iob.htm.
429. Guatemalan Commission for Historical Clarification, Guatemala: Memory of Silence (1999), available at the Web site of the Science and Human Rights Program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/toc.html.
430. Alex Sanchez, "Mexico's Drug War: A Society at Risk-Soldiers versus Narco-Soldiers, " Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 2007, http://www.coha.org/2007/05/mexicos-drug-war-a-society-at-risk-soldiers-versus- narcosoldiers/.
431. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Los Zetas: An Emerging Threat to the United States" (intelligence assessment, copy in author's files, 2005).
432. Deborah A. Osborne and Susan C. Wernicke, Introduction to Crime Analysis: Basic Resources for Criminal Justice Practice (New York: Haworth, 2003), 1.
433. Deborah Dash Moore, To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 25-26.
434. Alex Stepick, Guillermo Grenier, Max Castro, and Marvin Dunn, This Land Is Our Land: Immigrants and Power in Miami (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 35.
435. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Miami-Dade County, Florida, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/12086.html.
436. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Miami (city), Florida, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1245000.html.
437. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Hialeah (city), Florida, " State and County QuickFacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1230000.html.
438. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 249.
439. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 191.
440. J. Bryan Page, "Vulcans and Jutes: Cuban Fraternities and Their Disappearance, " Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 25, no. 1 (May 1997): 65-73.
441. Hector Alfonso, "Strategic Assessment of Gang Enforcement in Miami- Dade County" (paper written for Florida Department of Law Enforcement Analyst Academy Class, n.d. [probably 2003]), available at http://www. tallahasseeinfragard.org/FCJEI/Analyst-Info/Analyst%20Academy/ Assessments%20Class%201/Hector%20Alfonso%20Assessment.pdf.
442. "Final Report of the Grand Jury: Fall Term A.D. 1984, " Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, May 14, 1985, available online at http://www.miamisao.com/publications/.