Criteria for the collection of useful respirator performance data in the workplace

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 218-226

  Janssen, Larry ^a   Zhuang, Ziqing ^b   Shaffer, Ronald ^b  

^a Larry Janssen Consulting   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

respirator; respirator performance; workplace protection factor; WPF

Indexed keywords

ADVISORY COMMITTEE; ARTICLE; GAS MASK; GOVERNMENT; INFORMATION PROCESSING; METHODOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; UNITED STATES;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; DATA COLLECTION; NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (U.S.); OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 84897723197     PISSN: 15459624     EISSN: 15459632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.852282     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. "Respiratory Protection," Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Section 1910.134. 2005. pp. 419-444.
2. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): "Respiratory Protection Committee Research Needs in Respiratory Protection," White Paper. Available at http://www.aiha.org/news-pubs/govtaffairs/Pages/Position Statements.aspx (accessed December 12, 2012).
3. "Control of Exposure to Airborne Contaminants," Code of Federal Regulations Title 30, Section 56.5005. 2011. p. 300.
4. "Control of Exposure to Airborne Contaminants," Code of Federal Regulations Title 30, Section 57.5005. 2011. pp. 366-367.
5. "Use of Individual Respiratory Protection Equipment," Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Section 20.1703. 2012. pp. 364-365.
6. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory: "Respirator Protection Factors," by E.C. Hyatt, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M., 1976. [Report No. LA-6084-MS].
7. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Respiratory Protection Committee: Respirator performance terminology. [Letter to the Editor]. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. (46):B22-23 (1985).
8. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Respiratory Protection Committee: Respirator performance terminology. [Letter to the Editor]. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. (63):132 (2002).
9. Moore, D.E, and T.J. Smith: Measurement of protection factors of chemical cartridge, half-mask respirators under working conditions in a copper smelter. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 5337 (8):453-458 (1976).
10. Smith, T.J., W.C. Ferrell, M.O. Varner, and R.D. Puttnam: Inhalation exposure of cadmium workers: Effects of respirator use. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41 (9):624-629 (1980).
11. Samimi, B., A. Neilson, H. Weill, and M. Ziskind: The efficiency of protective hoods used by sandblasters to reduce silica dust exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36:140-148 (1975).
12. Johnston, A.R., W.R. Myers, C.E. Colton, J.S. Birkner and C.E. Campbell: Review of respirator performance testing in the workplace: issues and concerns. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 37 (8):453-458 (1992).
13. Myers, W.R., Z. Zhuang, T.J. Nelson, S. Sides, and D. Wilmes: Field performance measurements of half-facepiece respirators-Study protocol. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56:765-775 (1995).
14. Myers, W.R., and Z. Zhuang: Field performance measurements of half facepiece respirators: Foundry operations. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57:166-174 (1996).
15. Zhuang, Z., and W.R. Myers: Field performance measurements of half facepiece respirators: Paint spraying operations. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57:50-57 (1996).
16. Myers, W.R., and Z. Zhuang: Field performance measurements of half facepiece respirators: Steel mill operations. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59:789-795 (1998)
17. Nelson, T.J., T.H. Wheeler, and T.S. Mustard: Workplace protection factors-Supplied air hood. AIHAJ. 62:96-100 (2001).
18. Zhuang, Z., C.C. Coffey, P.A. Jensen, D.L. Campbell, R.B. Lawrence, and W.R. Myers: Correlation between quantitative fit factors and workplace protection factors measured in actual workplace environments at a steel foundry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 64:730-738 (2003).
19. Bidwell, J.O., and L.L. Janssen: Workplace performance of an N95 respirator in a concrete block manufacturing plant. J. Int. Soc. Resp. Prot. 21 (III-IV):94-102 (2004).
20. Janssen, L.L., and J.O. Bidwell: Performance of a full facepiece, air purifying respirator against lead aerosols in a workplace environment. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 4:123-128 (2007).
21. Janssen L.L., T.J. Nelson, and K.T. Cuta: Workplace protection factors for an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 4:698-707 (2007).
22. Janssen, L.L., J.O. Bidwell, N.V. McCullough, and T.J. Nelson: Performance of an N95 filtering facepiece respirator in a grinding operation. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 24:21-31 (2007).
23. Janssen, L.L., J.O. Bidwell, K.T. Cuta, and T.J. Nelson: Workplace performance of a hood-style supplied-air respirator. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5:438-443 (2008).
24. Janssen, L.L., and N.V. McCullough: Elastomeric, half-facepiece, airpurifying respirator performance in a lead battery plant. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7:46-53 (2009).
25. Crutchfield, C.D., R.W. Murphy, and M.D. Van Ert: A comparison of controlled negative pressure and aerosol quantitative respirator fit test systems by using human subjects. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54 (1):10-14 (1993).
26. Crutchfield, C.D., E.O. Fairbank, and S. L. Greenstein: Effect of test exercises and mask donning on measured respirator fit. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 14(12):827-837 (1999).
27. Lee, S.A., A. Adhikari, S.A. Grinshpun et. al.: Respiratory protection provided by N95 filtering facepiece respirators against airborne dust and microorganisms in agricultural farms. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2:577-575 (2005).
28. Cho, K.J., S. Jones, G. Jones et al.: Effect of particle size on respiratory protection provided by two types of N95 respirators used in agricultural settings. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7:622-627 (2010).
29. Cho, K.J., T. Reponen, R. McKay, et al.: Comparison of workplace protection factors for different biological contaminants. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8:417-425 (2011).
30. Janssen. L.L., J.O. Bidwell, H.E. Mullins, and T.J. Nelson: Efficiency of degraded electret filters: Part 1-Laboratory testing against NaCl and DOP before and after exposure to workplace aerosols. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 20(2):71-80 (2003).
31. Nelson, T.J., and C.E. Colton: The effect of inhalation resistance on facepiece leakage. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 61:102-105 (2000).
32. Janssen, L.L., and R.A. Weber: The effect of pressure drop on respirator faceseal leakage J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2:335-340 (2005).
33. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Respiratory Protective Devices-Human Factors-Part 1: Metabolic Rates and Respiratory Flow Rates (ISO/TS 16976-1). [Standard] Geneva: ISO, 2007.
34. "Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices," Code of Federal Regulations Title 42, Part 84. 2012. pp. 604-607.
35. Janssen, L.L., M.D. Luinenburg, H.E. Mullins, S.G. Danisch, and T.J. Nelson: Evaluation of a quantitative fit testing method for N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 63:480-486 (2003).
36. Zhuang, Z., S. Benson, S. Lynch, A. Palmiero, and R. Roberge: Laboratory study to assess causative factors affecting temporal changes in filtering facepiece respirator fit: Part I - Pilot study. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8:729-739 (2011).
37. Fairchild, C. I., and J. F. Stampfer: Particle concentration in exhaled breath. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48(11):948-949 (1987).
38. Harrison, B.H., and S.H. Liang: Quantitative fit testing of military gas masks with the TSI Portacount: Part II - Quantifying the limitations and recommendations for use. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 22:55-67 (2005).
39. Weber, R.A., and H.E. Mullins: Measuring performance of a half-mask respirator in a styrene environment. AIHAJ. 61:415-421 (2000).
40. Coffey, C.C., D.L. Campbell, W.R. Myers et al.: Comparison of six respirator fit-test methods with an actual measurement of exposure in a simulated health care environment: Part I - Protocol development. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59:852-861 (1998).
41. Hewett, P., B.G. Pallay, and J.F. Gamble: A model for correcting workplace protection factors for lung deposition and other effects. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54(4):142-149 (1993).
42. Hinds, W.C., and G. Kraske: Performance of dust respirators with facial seal leaks: I. Experimental. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48(10):836-841 (1987).
43. Hinds, W.C., and P. Bellin: The effect of respirator dead space and lung retention on exposure estimates. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54:711-722 (1993).
44. Chen, C.C., and K. Willeke: Characteristics of face seal leakage in filtering facepieces. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53(9):533-539 (1992).
45. Chen, C.C., M. Lehtimaki, and K. Willeke: Aerosol penetration through filtering facepieces and respirator cartridges. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53(9):566-574 (1992).
46. Chen, C.C., M. Lehtimaki, and K. Willeke: Loading and filtration characteristics of filtering facepieces. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54(2):51-60 (1993).
47. Grinshpun, S.A., H. Haruta, R.M. Eninger et al.: Performance of an N95 filtering facepiece particulate respirator and a surgical mask during human breathing: Two pathways for particle penetration. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 6:593-603 (2009).
48. Holton, P.M., Tackett, D.L., and K. Willeke: Particle size dependent leakage and losses of aerosols in respirators. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48:848-854 (1987)
49. Hinds, W.C., and P. Bellin: Performance of dust respirators with facial seal leaks: II. Predictive model. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48(10):842-847 (1987).
50. Krishnan, U., K. Willeke, A. Juozaitis, T. Myojo, G. Talaska, and R. Shukla: Variation in quantitative respirator fit factors due to fluctuations in leak size during fit testing. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 55:309-314 (1994).
51. Janssen, L.L., and R.A. Weber: The effect of pressure drop on respirator faceseal leakage. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2:335-340 (2005).
52. Myers, W.R., J.R. Allendar, W. Iskander et al.: Causes of infacepiece sampling bias-I half-facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(3):345-359 (1988).
53. Myers, W.R., and J.R. Allendar: Causes of in-facepiece sampling bias-II full-facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(3):361-372 (1988).
54. Hendricks, W., F. Stones, and D. Lillquist: On wiping the interior walls of 37-mm closed-face cassettes: An OSHA perspective. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 6(12):732-734 (2009).
55. "Chapter O. Factors Affecting Aerosol Sampling, 2003." [Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/chapter-o.pdf (accessed August 8, 2013).
56. "Assigned Protection Factors; Final Rule," Federal Register 71:164 (24 August 2006). pp. 50122-50192.
57. Nicas, M., and J. Neuhaus: Variability in respiratory protection and the assigned protection factor. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1:99-109 (2004).
58. Crump, K.S.: Statistical issues with respect to workplace protection factors for respirators. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 4:208-214 (2007).
59. Methner, M., L. Hodson, A. Dames, and C. Geraci: Nanoparticle emission assessment technique (NEAT) for the identification and measurement of potential inhalation exposure to engineered nanomaterials-Part b: Results from 12 field studies. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7:163-176 (2010).
60. Lindsley, W.G., F.M. Blachere, K.A. Davis, T.A. Pearce et al.: Distribution of airborne influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus in an urgent care medical clinic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(5):693-698 (2010).
61. Yang W., S. Elankumaran, L.C. Marr: Concentrations and size distributions of airborne influenza A viruses measured indoors at a health centre, a day-care centre and on aeroplanes. J. R. Soc. Interface. 8:1176-1184 (2011).
62. Bolsover, J., B. Sithamparanadarajah, and N. Vaughn: Workplace protection of air-fed visors used in paint spraying operations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(3):219-229 (2006).
63. Campbell, D.L., G.P. Noonan, T.R. Merinar, and J.A Stobbe: Estimated workplace protection factors for positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 55(4):322-329 (1994).
64. Clayton, M.P., B. Sithamparanadarajah, and N. Vaughn: Performance studies on respiratory protective devices in the workplace-Part I: Variation in measures of performance. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 29(1):30-40 (2012).
65. Dixon, S.W., and T.J. Nelson: Workplace protection factors for negative pressure half-mask facepiece respirators. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 2(4):347-360 (1984).
66. Fergin, G.S.: Respirator evaluation for carbon setters with beards. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51:625-631 (1984).
67. Gaboury, A., D.H. Burd, and R.S. Friar: Respiratory protective equipment in a primary aluminum smelter. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8(1):53-56 (1987).
68. Galvin, K., S. Selvin, and R.C. Spear: Variability in protection afforded by half mask respirators against styrene exposure in the field. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51:625-631 (1990).
69. Groves, W.A.: Personal sampling system for measuring workplace protection factors for gases and vapors. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 23(I-II):30-43 (2006).
70. Groves, W.A. and S.J. Reynolds: Prototype sampling system for measuring workplace protection factors for gases and vapors. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 18(5):394-402 (2003).
71. Han, D.: Correlations between workplace protection factors and fit factors for filtering facepieces in the welding workplace. Ind. Health. 40:328-334 (2002).
72. Hanley, K.W., and S.W. Lenhart: Manganese dioxide exposures and respirator performance at an alkaline battery plant. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15(7):542-549 (2000).
73. Hery, M., J.P. Meyer, M. Villa, et al.: Measurement of workplace protection factors of six negative pressure half-masks. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 11(3):15-38 (1993).
74. Hery M., M. Villa, G. Hubert, and P. Martin: Assessment of the performance of respirators in the workplace. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 35(2):181-187 (1991).
75. Hewson, G.S., and M.I. Ralph: Determination of program protection factors for half-mask respirators used at a mineral sands separation plant. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. (53):713-720 (1992).
76. Lenhart, S.W., and D.L. Campbell: Assigned protection factors for two respirator types based upon workplace performance testing. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 28:173-182 (1984).
77. Liu, Y., M.H. Stowe, D. Bello, et al.: Respiratory protection from isocyanate exposure in the autobody repair and refinishing industry. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3:234-249 (2006).
78. Myers, W.R., and M.J. Peach: Performance measurements on a powered air-purifying respirator made during actual field use in a silica bagging operation. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 27:251-259 (1983).
79. Myers, W.R., M.J. Peach, and J. Allender: Workplace protection factor measurements on powered air-purifying respirators at a secondary lead smelter-test protocol. Am. Ind. Hyg. J 45(4):236-241 (1984).
80. Myers, W.R., M.J. Peach III, K. Cutright, and W. Iskander: Workplace protection factor measurements on powered air-purifying respirators at a secondary lead smelter-Results and discussion. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 45:681-688 (1984).
81. Myers, W.R., M.J. Peach, K. Cutright, and W. Iskander: Field test of powered air purifying respirators at a battery manufacturing facility. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Prot. 4(1):62-89 (1986).
82. Poppendorf, W., J.A. Merchant, S. Leonard, et al.: Respirator protection and acceptability among agricultural workers. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10(7):595-615 (1995).
83. Que Hee, S.H., and P. Lawrence P: Inhalation exposure to lead in brass foundry workers: The evaluation of the effectiveness of a powered airpurifying respirator and engineering controls. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44:746-751 (1983).
84. Reed, L.D., S.W. Lenhart, R.L. Stephenson, and J.R. Allender: Workplace evaluation of a disposable respirator in a dusty environment. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2:53-56 (1987).
85. Riitta, R.E.E., and H.M. Riipinen: Respirator and high efficiency particulate air filtration unit performance in asbestos abatement. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10(7):32-41 (1998).
86. Spear, T.M., J. DuMond, C. Lloyd, and J.H. Vincent: An effective protection factor study of respirators used by primary lead smelter workers. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15(2):235-244 (2000).
87. Tannahill, S.N., R.J. Willey, and M.H. Jackson: Workplace protection factors of HSE approved negative pressure full-facepiece dust respirators during asbestos stripping preliminary findings. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 34(6):547-552 (1990).
88. Vaughan N., and R. Sithamparanadarajah: Meaningful workplace protection factor measurements: Experimental protocols and data treatment. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 49(7):549-562 (2005).
89. Wallis, G., R.Menke, and C. Chelton: Workplace field testing of a disposable negative pressure half-mask dust respirator (3M8710). Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54:576-583 (1993).
90. Wu, M.T.: Assessment of the effectiveness of respirator usage in coke oven workers. AIHA J. 63:72-75 (2002) (short communication).