Security and enforcement in spectrum sharing

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 270-281

  Park, Jung Min ^a   Reed, Jeffrey H ^a   Beex, A A ^a   Clancy, T Charles ^a   Kumar, Vireshwar ^a   Bahrak, Behnam ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive radio; dynamic spectrum access; enforcement; security; spectrum sharing

Indexed keywords

RADIO SYSTEMS; SPECTROSCOPY;

COMMON RESOURCES; DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS; ENFORCEMENT; RADIO SPECTRA; SECURITY; SECURITY AND PRIVACY; SPECTRUM SHARING; SPECTRUM UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY;

COGNITIVE RADIO;

EID: 84897653172     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2014.2301972     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) "National broadband plan: Connecting America, " 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. broadband.gov/plan/.
2. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), "Report to the President: Realizing the full potential of government-held spectrum to spur economic growth, " Jul. 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ pcast-spectrum-report- final-july-20-2012.pdf.
3. U.K. Office of Communications (Ofcom) "Geolocation for cognitive access: A discussion on using geolocation to enable license-exempt access to the interleaved spectrum, " Jul. 2009.
4. U.K. Office of Communications (Ofcom), "Implementing geolocation: Summary of consultation responses and next steps, " Sep. 2011.
5. Industry Canada, "Consultation on a policy and technical framework for the use of non-broadcasting applications in the television broadcasting bands below 698 MHz, " SMSE-012-11, Aug. 2011.
6. Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), "Trial of white space technology accessing VHF and UHF bands in Singapore, " Jul. 2010.
7. European Parliament and Council, "Decision No 243/2012/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012 establishing a multiannual radio spectrum policy programme." [Online]. Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX: 32012D0243: EN:NOT.
8. European Commission, "Commission implementing Decision of 23 April 2013 defining the practical arrangements, uniform formats and a methodology in relation to the radio spectrum inventory established by Decision No 243/2012/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Multiannual Radio Spectrum Policy Programme, 2013/195/EU." [Online]. Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX: 32013D0195:EN:NOT.
9. ECC, "Technical and operational requirements for the possible operation of cognitive radio systems in the white spaces of the frequency band 470-790 MHz, " Jan. 2011.
10. U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), "Enabling innovative small cell use in 3.5 GHz band NPRM & Order (FCC 12-148), " Dec. 2012.
11. T. Baykas, M. Kasslin, M. Cummings, H. Kang, J. Kwak, R. Paine, A. Reznik, and R. Saeed, "Developing a standard for TV white space coexistence: Technical challenges and solution approaches, " IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 10-22, Feb. 2012.
12. D. Gurney, G. Buchwald, L. Ecklund, S. Kuffner, and J. Grosspietsch, "Geo-location database techniques for incumbent protection in the TV white space, " in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2008, DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2008.31.
13. R. Murty, R. Chandra, T. Moscibroda, and P. Bahl, "Senseless: A database-driven white spaces network, " IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 189-203, 2012.
14. D. Cabric, S. Mishra, and R. Brodersen, "Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios, " in Proc. Asilomar Conf. Signals Syst. Comput., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 772-776. (Pubitemid 40930707)
15. T. Yucek and H. Arslan, "A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications, " IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130, First Quarter, 2009.
16. J. Mitola, J. Maguire, and G. Q., "Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal, " IEEE Pers. Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 13-18, Aug. 1999.
17. G. Baldini, T. Sturman, A. Biswas, R. Leschhorn, G. Godor, and M. Street, "Security aspects in software defined radio and cognitive radio networks: A survey and a way ahead, " IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 355-379R 2nd Qtr., 2012.
18. S. Parvin, F. K. Hussain, O. K. Hussain, S. Han, B. Tian, and E. Chang, "Cognitive radio network security: A survey, " J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1691-1708, 2012.
19. R. Chen, J.-M. Park, and J. Reed, "Defense against primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks, " IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 25-37, Jan. 2008.
20. T. Clancy and N. Goergen, "Security in cognitive radio network: Threats and mitigation, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Cogn. Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun., May 2008, DOI: 10.1109/CROWNCOM.2008.4562534.
21. T. Newman, T. Clancy, M. McHenry, and J. Reed, "Case study: Security analysis of a dynamic spectrum access radio system, " in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., 2010, DOI: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5683726.
22. R. Chen, J.-M. Park, and K. Bian, "Robust distributed spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks, " in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Commun., 2008, pp. 1876-1884.
23. A. Rawat, P. Anand, H. Chen, and P. Varshney, "Collaborative spectrum sensing in the presence of Byzantine attacks in cognitive radio networks, " IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 774-786, Feb. 2011.
24. C. Cormio and K. R. Chowdhury, "A survey on MAC protocols for cognitive radio networks, " Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1315-1329, 2009.
25. K. Bian and J.-M. Park, "MAC-layer misbehaviors in multi-hop cognitive radio networks, " in Proc. US-Korea Conf. Sci. Technol. Entrepreneurship, 2006.
26. L. Zhu and H. Zhou, "Two types of attacks against cognitive radio network MAC protocols, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng., 2008, vol. 4, pp. 1110-1113.
27. K. Bian and J.-M. Park, "Security vulnerabilities in IEEE 802.22, " in Proc. 4th Annu. Int. Conf. Wireless Internet, 2008, article 9.
28. A. Toledo and X. Wang, "Robust detection of selfish misbehavior in wireless networks, " IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1124-1134, Aug. 2007. (Pubitemid 47171203)
29. M. Raya, I. Aad, J.-P. Hubaux, and A. El Fawal, "DOMINO: Detecting MAC layer greedy behavior in IEEE 802.11 hotspots, " IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1691-1705, Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 44711828)
30. W. Wang, Y. Sun, H. Li, and Z. Han, "Cross-layer attack and defense in cognitive radio networks, " in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., 2010, DOI: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5684069.
31. J. Hernandez-Serrano, O. León, and M. Soriano, "Modeling the lion attack in cognitive radio networks, " EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw., Jan. 2011, DOI: 10.1155/2011/242304.
32. Z. Gao, H. Zhu, Y. Liu, M. Li, and Z. Cao, "Location privacy in database-driven cognitive radio networks: Attacks and counter measures, " in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2013, pp. 2751-2759.
33. B. Patil, "Protocol to access white space database: Problem statement, use cases and requirements, " Jul. 2012. [Online]. Available: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-paws-problem-stmt-usecases-rqmts-06.
34. U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), "Third order and memorandum opinion and order, in the matter of unlicensed operation in the TV broadcast bands, additional spectrum for unlicensed devices below 900 MHz and in the 3 GHz band, " Apr. 2012.
35. N. O. Tippenhauer, K. B. Rasmussen, C. Popper, and S. Capkun, "Attacks on public WLAN-based positioning, " in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Mobile Syst. Appl. Services, 2009, pp. 29-40.
36. A. Ginsberg, W. D. Horne, and J. D. Poston, "Community-based cognitive radio architecture: Policy-compliant innovation via the semantic web, " in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2007, pp. 191-201. (Pubitemid 47431652)
37. F. Perich and M. McHenry, "Policy-based spectrum access control for dynamic spectrum access network radios, " Web Semantics, Sci. Services Agents World Wide Web, vol. 7, pp. 21-27, 2009.
38. B. Bahrak, A. Deshpande, M. Whitaker, and J. Park, "BRESAP: A policy reasoner for processing spectrum access policies represented by binary decision diagrams, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2010, DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457867.
39. B. Bahrak, A. Deshpande, and J. Park, "Spectrum access policy reasoning for policy-based cognitive radios, " Comput. Netw., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 2649-2663, Jul. 2012.
40. G. Denker, D. Elenius, R. Senanayake, M. O. Stehr, and D. Wilkins, "A policy engine for spectrum sharing, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2007, pp. 55-65. (Pubitemid 47431635)
41. F. Perich, R. Foster, P. Tenhula, and M. McHenry, "Experimental field test results on feasibility of declarative spectrum management, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2008, DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2008.28.
42. A. Toninelli, J. Bradshaw, L. Kagal, and R. Montanari, "Rule-based and ontology-based policies: Toward a hybrid approach to control agents in pervasive environments, " in Proc. Semantic Web Policy Workshop, Sep. 2005, pp. 42-54.
43. B. Bahrak, J. Park, and H. Wu, "Ontology-based spectrum access policies for policy-based cognitive radios, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum Access Netw., 2012, pp. 489-500.
44. M. Kokar and L. Lechowicz, "Language issues for cognitive radio, " Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 689-707, Apr. 2009.
45. IEEE Standard for Policy Language Requirements and System Architectures for Dynamic Spectrum Access Systems, IEEE Std. 1900.5, Jan. 2012.
46. C. Li, A. Raghunathan, and N. Jha, "An architecture for secure software defined radio, " in Proc. Design Autom. Test Eur., 2009, pp. 448-453.
47. S. Xiao, J. Park, and Y. Ye, "Tamper resistance for software defined radio software, " in Proc. 33rd Annu. IEEE Int. Comput. Softw. Appl. Conf., 2009, pp. 383-391.
48. C. R. Aguayo Gonźalez and J. H. Reed, "Power fingerprinting in SDR integrity assessment for security and regulatory compliance, " Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 69, no. 2-3, pp. 307-327, Dec. 2011.
49. X. Li, J. Chen, and F. Ng, "Secure transmission power of cognitive radios for dynamic spectrum access applications, " in Proc. Conf. Inf. Sci. Syst., 2008, pp. 213-218.
50. M. Weiss, M. Altamimi, and M. McHenry, "Enforcement and spectrum sharing: A case study of the 1695-1710 MHz band, " in Int. Conf. Cogn. Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. (CROWNCOM), 2013.
51. E. Bertino and S. Ravi, "Database security-concepts, approaches, and challenges, " IEEE Trans. Depend. Secure Comput., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2-19, Jan.-Mar. 2005.
52. L. Li, M. Kantarcioglu, and B. Thuraisingham, "The applicability of the perturbation based privacy preserving data mining for real-world data, " Data Knowl. Eng., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 5-21, 2008. (Pubitemid 351295928)
53. L. Sweeney, "k-anonymity: A model for protecting privacy, " Int. J. Uncertainty Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 557-570, 2002. (Pubitemid 35384857)
54. A. Machanavajjhala, J. Gehrke, D. Kifer, and M. Venkitasubramaniam, "L-diversity: Privacy beyond k-anonymity, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Data Eng., 2006, DOI: 10.1109/ICDE. 2006.1.
55. N. Li, T. Li, and S. Venkatasubramanian, "t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Data Eng., 2007, pp. 106-115. (Pubitemid 47422014)
56. P. Samarati and L. Sweeney, "Protecting privacy when disclosing information: k-anonymity and its enforcement through generalization and suppression, " in Proc. IEEE Symp. Res. Security Privacy, 1998.
57. C. Dwork, "Differential privacy, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Automata Lang. Programm., 2006, pp. 1-12. (Pubitemid 44113232)
58. M. Gruteser and D. Grunwald, "Anonymous usage of location-based services through spatial and temporal cloaking, " in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Mobile Syst. Appl. Services, 2003, pp. 31-42.
59. J. Freudiger, R. Shokri, and J. Hubaux, "On the optimal placement of mix zones Privacy Enhancing Technologies, vol. 5672, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 216-234.
60. R. Chow and P. Golle, "Faking contextual data for fun, profit, and privacy, " in Proc. 8th ACM Workshop Privacy Electron. Soc., 2009, pp. 105-108.
61. B. Gedik and L. Liu, "Protecting location privacy with personalized k-anonymity: Architecture and algorithms, " IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-18, Jan. 2008. (Pubitemid 350183929)
62. J. Hall, M. Barbeau, and E. Kranakis, "Detecting rogue devices in Bluetooth networks using radio frequency fingerprinting, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Commun. Comput. Netw., Oct. 2006.
63. O. Ureten and N. Serinken, "Wireless security through RF fingerprinting, " Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 27-33, 2007. (Pubitemid 46852763)
64. K. Kim, C. Spooner, I. Akbar, and J. Reed, "Specific emitter identification for cognitive radio with application to IEEE 802.11, " in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., 2008, DOI: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.404.
65. V. Brik, S. Banerjee, M. Gruteser, and S. Oh, "Wireless device identification with radiometric signatures, " in Proc. 14th ACM Int. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., 2008, pp. 116-127.
66. B. Danev and S. Capkun, "Transient-based identification of wireless sensor nodes, " in Proc. Int. Conf. Inf. Process. Sensor Netw., Apr. 2009, pp. 25-36.
67. K. A. Remley, C. A. Grosvenor, R. T. Johnk, D. R. Novotny, P. D. Hale, M. D. Mckinley, A. Karygiannis, and E. Antonakakis, "Electromagnetic signatures of WLAN cards and network security, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Signal Process. Inf. Technol., Dec. 2005, pp. 484-488.?
68. B. Danev, H. Luecken, S. Capkun, and K. Defrawy, "Attacks on physical layer identification, " in Proc. 3rd ACM Conf. Wireless Netw. Security, 2010, pp. 89-98.
69. I. Cox, M. Miller, and A. McKellips, "Watermarking as communication with side information, " Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 1127-1141, Jul. 1999.
70. C. Fei, D. Kundur, and R. Kwong, "Analysis and design of secure watermark-based authentication systems, " IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Security, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 43-55, Mar. 2006.
71. N. Goergen, T. Clancy, and T. Newman, "Physical layer authentication watermarks through synthetic channel emulation, " in Proc. IEEE Symp. New Frontiers Dyn. Spectrum, Apr. 2010, DOI: 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010. 5457897.
72. J. Kleider, S. Gifford, S. Chuprun, and B. Fette, "Radio frequency watermarking for OFDM wireless networks, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., May 2004, vol. 5, pp. 397-400.
73. X. Wang, Y. Wu, and B. Caron, "Transmitter identification using embedded pseudo random sequences, " IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 244-252, Sep. 2004.
74. L. Xiao, L. Greenstein, N. Mandayam, and W. Trappe, "Using the physical layer for wireless authentication in time-variant channels, " IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 2571-2579, Jul. 2008.
75. P. Yu, J. Baras, and B. Sadler, "Physical-layer authentication, " IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Security, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 38-51, Mar. 2008. (Pubitemid 351270071)
76. P. Yu, J. Baras, and B. Sadler, "Multicarrier authentication at the physical layer, " in Proc. Int. Symp. World Wireless Mobile Multimedia Netw., Jun. 2008, DOI: 10.1109/WOWMOM. 2008.4594926.
77. X. Tan, K. Borle, W. Du, and B. Chen, "Cryptographic link signatures for spectrum usage authentication in cognitive radio, " in Proc. 4th ACM Conf. Wireless Netw. Security, Jun. 2011, pp. 79-90.
78. R. Miller and W. Trappe, "ACE: Authenticating the channel estimation process in wireless communication systems, " in Proc. 4th ACM Conf. Wireless Netw. Security, 2011, pp. 91-96.
79. Y. Liu, P. Ning, and H. Dai, "Authenticating primary users' signals in cognitive radio networks via integrated cryptographic and wireless link signatures, " in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, May 2010, pp. 286-301.
80. L. Yang, Z. Zhang, B. Y. Zhao, C. Kruegel, and H. Zheng, "Enforcing dynamic spectrum access with spectrum permits, " in Proc. 13th ACM Int. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Netw. Comput., 2012, pp. 195-204.
81. V. Kumar, J.-M. Park, T. C. Clancy, and K. Bian, "PHY-layer authentication by introducing controlled inter symbol interference, " in Proc. IEEE Conf. Commun. Netw. Security, Oct. 2013, pp. 27-35.
82. S. Liu, Y. Chen, W. Trappe, and L. J. Greenstein, "Non-interactive localization of cognitive radios based on dynamic signal strength mapping, " in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Wireless On-Demand Netw. Syst. Services, 2009, pp. 77-84.
83. T. He, C. Huang, B. M. Blum, J. A. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher, "Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks, " in Proc. 9th Annu. Int. Conf. Mobile Comput. Netw., 2003, pp. 81-95.
84. K. Woyach, A. Sahai, G. Atia, and V. Saligrama, "Crime and punishment for cognitive radios, " in Proc. 46th Annu. Allerton Conf. Commun. Control Comput., 2008, pp. 236-243.
85. M. B. Weiss, W. H. Lehr, L. Cui, and M. Altamaimi, "Enforcement in dynamic spectrum access systems, " in Proc. Telecommun. Policy Res. Conf., Sep. 2012.
86. K. Ren, X. Liu, W. Liang, M. Xu, X. Jia, and K. Xing, "Enforcing spectrum access rules in cognitive radio networks through cooperative jamming, " in Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, vol. 7992. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2013, pp. 440-453.