I can see, hear, and smell your fear: Comparing olfactory and audiovisual media in fear communication

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Volumn 143, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 825-834

  De Groot, Jasper H B ^a   Semin, Gün R ^a   Smeets, Monique A M ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Chemosignaling; Communication; Emotional contagion; Fear; Olfaction

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; FEMALE; HEARING; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; ODOR; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGY; SWEAT; VIDEORECORDING; VISION; YOUNG ADULT;

ANXIETY; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; COMMUNICATION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SMELL; SWEAT; VIDEO RECORDING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84897531827     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0033731     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Aglioti, S. M.,&Pazzaglia, M. (2011). Sounds and scents in (social) action. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 47-55.
2. Albrecht, J., Demmel, M., Schöpf, V., Kleemann, A. M., Kopietz, R., May, J., . . . Wiesmann, M. (2011). Smelling chemosensory signals of males in anxious versus nonanxious condition increases state anxiety of female subjects. Chemical Senses, 36, 19-27.
3. Bargh, J. A.,&Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality (pp. 253-285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
4. Barsalou, L. W., Niedenthal, P. M., Barbey, A.,&Ruppert, J. (2003). Social embodiment. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 43-92). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5. Bensafi, M., Brown, W. M., Khan, R., Levenson, B.,&Sobel, N. (2004). Sniffing human sex-steroid derived compounds modulates mood, memory and autonomic nervous system function in specific behavioral contexts. Behavioural Brain Research, 152, 11-22.
6. Brand, G.,&Millot, J.-L. (2001). Sex differences in human olfaction: Between evidence and enigma. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: B, 54, 259-270.
7. Brody, L. R.,&Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis&J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 338-349). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
8. Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106-124.
9. Chen, D., Katdare, A.,&Lucas, N. (2006). Chemosignals of fear enhance cognitive performance in humans. Chemical Senses, 31, 415-423.
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. de Groot, J. H. B., Smeets, M. A. M., Kaldewaij, A., Duijndam, M. A. J., & Semin, G. R. (2012). Chemosignals communicate human emotions. Psychological Science, 23, 1417-1424.
12. Dimberg, U.,&Petterson, M. (2000). Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions: Evidence for right hemisphere dominance. Psychophysiology, 37, 693-696.
13. Doty, R. L. (2010). The great pheromone myth. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
14. Estes, W. K. (1997). On the communication of information by displays of standard errors and confidence intervals. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review, 4, 330-341.
15. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A-G.,&Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.
16. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Fridlund, A. J.,&Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23, 567-589.
18. Griffiths, P.,&Scarantino, A. (2005). Emotions in the wild. In P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 437-453). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
19. Haegler, K., Zernecke, R., Kleemann, A. M., Albrecht, J., Pollatos, O., Brückmann, H.,&Wiesmann, M. (2010). No fear no risk! Human risk behavior is affected by chemosensory anxiety signals. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3901-3908.
20. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T.,&Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 96-99.
21. Hummel, T., Sekinger, B., Wolf, S. R., Pauli, E.,&Kobal, G. (1997). 'Sniffin' sticks': Olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chemical Senses, 22, 39-52.
22. Jacob, S., Hayreh, D. J. S.,&McClintock, M. K. (2001). Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Physiology&Behavior, 74, 15-27.
23. Kovács, G., Gulyás, B., Savic, I., Perrett, D. I., Cornwell, E. R., Little, A. C., . . . Vidnyánszky, Z. (2004). Smelling human sex hormone-like compounds affects face gender judgment of men. NeuroReport, 15, 1275-1277.
24. Lakatos, P., O'Connell, M. N., Barczak, A., Mills, A., Javitt, D. C., & Schroeder, C. E. (2009). The leading sense: Supramodal control of neurophysiological context by attention. Neuron, 64, 419-430.
25. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M.,&Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (Technical Rep. A-8). Gainesville: University of Florida.
26. Lenochova, P., Roberts, S. C.,&Havlicek, J. (2009). Methods of human body odor sampling: The effect of freezing. Chemical Senses, 34, 127-138.
27. Li, W., Howard, J. D., Parrish, T. B.,&Gottfried, J. A. (2008). Aversive learning enhances perceptual and cortical discrimination of initially indiscriminable odor cues. Science, 319, 1842-1845.
28. Loftus, G. R.,&Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review, 1, 476-490.
29. Magnée, M. J. C. M., Stekelenburg, J. J., Kemner, C.,&de Gelder, B. (2007). Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions. NeuroReport, 18, 369-372.
30. Mainland, J.,&Sobel, N. (2006). The sniff is part of the olfactory percept. Chemical Senses, 31, 181-196.
31. MindWare (Version 2.5) [Computer software]. Gahanna, OH: Mindware Technologies.
32. Moody, E. J., McIntosh, D. N., Mann, L. J.,&Weisser, K. R. (2007). More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces. Emotion, 7, 447-457.
33. Morrot, G., Brochet, F.,&Dubourdieu, D. (2001). The color of odors. Brain and Language, 79, 309-320.
34. Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Strey, H. H., Frederick, B., Savoy, R., Cox, D., Botanov, Y., . . . Weber, J. (2009). Chemosensory cues to conspecific emotional stress activate amygdala in humans. PLoS One, 4, e6415.
35. Niedenthal, P. M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002-1005.
36. O'Mahony, M. (1986). Sensory evaluation of food: Statistical methods and procedure. New York, NY: Dekker.
37. Partan, S. R.,&Marler, P. (1999). Communication goes multimodal. Science, 283, 1272-1273.
38. Partan, S. R.,&Marler, P. (2005). Issues in the classification of multimodal communication signals. American Naturalist, 166, 231-245.
39. Pause, B. M., Adolph, D., Prehn-Kristensen, A.,&Ferstl, R. (2009). Startle response potentiation to chemosensory anxiety signals in socially anxious individuals. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 88-92.
40. Pause, B. M., Ohrt, A., Prehn, A.,&Ferstl, R. (2004). Positive emotional priming of facial affect perception in females is diminished by chemosensory anxiety signals. Chemical Senses, 29, 797-805.
41. Payne, B. K., Cheng, S. M., Govorun, O.,&Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277-293.
42. Prehn, A., Ohrt, A., Sojka, B., Ferstl, R.,&Pause, B. M. (2006). Chemosensory anxiety signals augment the startle reflex in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 394, 127-130.
43. Prehn-Kristensen, A., Wiesner, C., Bergmann, T. O., Wolff, S., Jansen, O., Mehdorn, H. M., . . . Pause, B. M. (2009). Induction of empathy by the smell of anxiety. PLoS One, 4, e5987.
44. Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D.,&Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In A. Coan&J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 9-28). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
45. Schaal, B.,&Durand, K. (2012). The role of olfaction in human multisensory development. In A. J. Brenner, D. Lewkowicz,&C. Spence (Eds.), Multisensory development (pp. 29-62). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
46. Schaefer, A., Nils, F., Sanchez, X.,&Philippot, P. (2010). Assessing the effectiveness of a large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers. Cognition&Emotion, 24, 1153-1172.
47. Semin, G. R. (2000). Agenda 2000: Communication: Language as an implementational device for cognition. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 595-612.
48. Semin, G. R. (2007). Grounding communication: Synchrony. In A. W. Kruglanski&E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 630-649). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
49. Semin, G. R.,&de Groot, J. H. B. (in press). Chemical bases of human sociality. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
50. Semin, G. R.,&Smith, E. R. (2013). Socially situated cognition in perspective. Social Cognition, 31, 125-146.
51. Sergeant, M. J. T. (2010). Chapter two-Female perception of male body odor. Vitamins&Hormones, 83, 25-45.
52. Smith, E. R.,&Semin, G. R. (2004). Socially situated cognition: Cognition in its social context. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 53-117.
53. Stein, B. E.,&Stanford, T. R. (2008). Multisensory integration: Current issues from the perspective of the single neuron. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 255-266.
54. Susskind, J. M., Lee, D. H., Cusi, A., Feiman, R., Grabski, W.,&Anderson, A. K. (2008). Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 843-850.
55. van Aerts, T. J. A. (2013). Presentation (Version 16.4) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.neurobs.com/menu_presentation/menu_download/current
56. van der Ploeg, H. M., Defares, P. B.,&Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Handleiding bij de Zelfbeoordelingsvragenlijst, ZBV: Een Nederlandse Bewerking van de Spielberger State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory, STAI-DY [Manual of the Dutch version of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory]. Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets&Zeitlinger.
57. van Strien, J. W. (1992). Classificatie van links- en rechtshandige proefpersonen [Classification of left- and right-handed participants]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 47, 88-92.
58. Zernecke, R., Haegler, K., Kleemann, A. M., Albrecht, J., Frank, T., Linn, J., . . . Wiesmann, M. (2011). Effects of male anxiety chemosignals on the evaluation of happy facial expressions. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 116-123.
59. Zhou, W.,&Chen, D. (2009). Fear-related chemosignals modulate recognition of fear in ambiguous facial expressions. Psychological Science, 20, 177-183.