Advanced imaging for the early diagnosis of local recurrence prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Panebianco, Valeria ^a   Barchetti, Flavio ^a   Musio, Daniela ^a   De Felice, Francesca ^a   Proietti, Camilla ^a   Indino, Elena Lucia ^a   Megna, Valentina ^a   Schillaci, Orazio ^b   Catalano, Carlo ^a   Tombolini, Vincenzo ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b TOR VERGATA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18;

AGGRESSIVENESS; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DISTANT METASTASIS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PET-MRI SCANNER; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROSTATE; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; RECURRENCE RISK; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URINARY EXCRETION; WHOLE BODY IMAGING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; MALE; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROCEDURES; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RADIOGRAPHY;

HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROSTATECTOMY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84897473988     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/827265     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Cooperberg M. R., Broering J. M., Carroll P. R., Time trends and local variation in primary treatment of localized prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010 28 7 1117 1123 2-s2.0-77949898163 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.0133
2. Bill-Axelson A., Holmberg L., Filén F., Ruutu M., Garmo H., Busch C., Nordling S., Häggman M., Andersson S., Bratell S., Spångberg A., Palmgren J., Adami H., Johansson J., Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008 100 16 1144 1154 2-s2.0-51049104630 10.1093/jnci/djn255
3. Han M., Partin A. W., Zahurak M., Piantadosi S., Epstein J. I., Walsh P. C., Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Journal of Urology 2003 169 2 517 523 2-s2.0-0037304517 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)63946-8 (Pubitemid 36132976)
4. Grossfeld G. D., Stier D. M., Flanders S. C., Henning J. M., Schonfeld W., Warolin K., Carroll P. R., Use of second treatment following definitive local therapy for prostate cancer: data from the capsure database. Journal of Urology 1998 160 4 1398 1404 2-s2.0-0032324222 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62548-5 (Pubitemid 29480525)
5. Freedland S. J., Humphreys E. B., Mangold L. A., Eisenberger M., Partin A. W., Time to prostate specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy and risk of prostate cancer specific mortality. Journal of Urology 2006 176 4 1404 1408 2-s2.0-33748110792 10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.017 (Pubitemid 44307204)
6. Heidenreich A., Aus G., Bolla M., EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. European Urology 2008 53 1 68 80 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.002 (Pubitemid 350166735)
7. Svatek R., Karakiewicz P. I., Shulman M., Karam J., Perrotte P., Benaim E., Pre-treatment nomogram for disease-specific survival of patients with chemotherapy-naive androgen independent prostate cancer. European Urology 2006 49 4 666 674 2-s2.0-33644872970 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.032 (Pubitemid 43374728)
8. Association of Urology, Guidelines on Prostate Cancer 2012 Arnhem, The Netherlands European Association of Urology
9. Roberts S. G., Blute M. L., Bergstralh E. J., Slezak J. M., Zincke H., PSA doubling time as a predictor of clinical progression after biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2001 76 6 576 581 2-s2.0-0035003725
10. Marks R. A., Koch M. O., Lopez-Beltran A., Montironi R., Juliar B. E., Cheng L., The relationship between the extent of surgical margin positivity and prostate specific antigen recurrence in radical prostatectomy specimens. Human Pathology 2007 38 8 1207 1211 2-s2.0-34447315016 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.01.006 (Pubitemid 47058159)
11. Stephenson A. J., Scardino P. T., Kattan M. W., Pisansky T. M., Slawin K. M., Klein E. A., Anscher M. S., Michalski J. M., Sandler H. M., Lin D. W., Forman J. D., Zelefsky M. J., Kestin L. L., Roehrborn C. G., Catton C. N., DeWeese T. L., Liauw S. L., Valicenti R. K., Kuban D. A., Pollack A., Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007 25 15 2035 2041 2-s2.0-34249940817 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9607 (Pubitemid 46972788)
12. Loblaw D., Mendelson D. S., Talcott J. A., American society of clinical oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004 22 14 2927 2941 10.1200/JCO.2004.04.579 (Pubitemid 41079913)
13. Leventis A. K., Shariat S. F., Slawin K. M., Local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: correlation of US features with prostatic fossa biopsy findings. Radiology 2001 219 2 432 439 2-s2.0-0035064474 (Pubitemid 32336357)
14. Scattoni V., Montorsi F., Picchio M., Roscigno M., Salonia A., Rigatti P., Fazio F., Diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. BJU International 2004 93 5 680 688 2-s2.0-1642410214 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003. 04692.x (Pubitemid 38375788)
15. Yeh S. D., Imbriaco M., Larson S. M., Garza D., Zhang J. J., Kalaigian H., Finn R. D., Reddy D., Horowitz S. M., Goldsmith S. J., Scher H. I., Detection of bony metastases of androgen-independent prostate cancer by PET-FDG. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 1996 23 6 693 697 2-s2.0-0030220484 10.1016/0969-8051(96)00044-3 (Pubitemid 26342473)
16. Shreve P. D., Grossman H. B., Gross M. D., Wahl R. L., Metastatic prostate cancer: initial findings of PET with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose. Radiology 1996 199 3 751 756 2-s2.0-0029888387
17. Sanz G., Robles J. E., Giménez M., Arocena J., Sánchez D., Rodriguez-Rubio F., Rosell D., Richter J. A., Berián J. M., Positron emission tomography with 18fluorine-labelled deoxyglucose: utility in localized and advanced prostate cancer. BJU International 1999 84 9 1028 1031 2-s2.0-0032736192 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1999.00349.x
18. Jana S., Blaufox M. D., Nuclear medicine studies of the prostate, testes, and bladder. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 2006 36 1 51 72 2-s2.0-28844468964 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.09.001 (Pubitemid 41779367)
19. Hara T., Kosaka N., Kishi H., PET imaging of prostate cancer using carbon-11-choline. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1998 39 6 990 995 2-s2.0-0031865378 (Pubitemid 28270113)
20. Hara T., Kosaka N., Shinoura N., Kondo T., PET imaging of brain tumor with [methyl-11C]choline. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1997 38 6 842 847 2-s2.0-0030990453 (Pubitemid 27251970)
21. Khan N., Oriuchi N., Zhang H., Higuchi T., Tian M., Inoue T., Sato N., Endo K., A comparative study of 11C-choline PET and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the evaluation of lung cancer. Nuclear Medicine Communications 2003 24 4 359 366 2-s2.0-1542650157
22. Picchio M., Treiber U., Beer A. J., Metz S., Bössner P., Van Randenborgh H., Paul R., Weirich G., Souvatzoglou M., Hartung R., Schwaiger M., Piert M., Value of 11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2006 47 6 938 944 2-s2.0-33746064556 (Pubitemid 46939945)
23. Picchio M., Crivellaro C., Giovacchini G., Gianolu L., Messa C., PET-CT for treatment planning in prostate cancer. Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2009 53 2 245 268 2-s2.0-69449091608
24. Fuccio C., Rubello D., Castellucci P., Marzola M. C., Fanti S., Choline PET/CT for prostate cancer: main clinical applications. European Journal of Radiology 2011 80 2 e50 e56 2-s2.0-80053639306 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.07.023
25. García J. R., Soler M., Blanch M. A., Ramírez I., Riera E., Lozano P., Pérez X., Delgado E., Carrio I., Lomeña F., PET/CT with11C-choline and18F-FDG in patients with elevated PSA after radical treatment of a prostate cancer. Revista Espanola de Medicina Nuclear 2009 28 3 95 100 2-s2.0-67649376668 10.1016/S0212-6982(09)71350-3
26. Picchio M., Messa C., Landoni C., Gianolli L., Sironi S., Brioschi M., Matarrese M., Matei D. V., De Cobelli F., Del Maschio A., Rocco F., Rigatti P., Fazio F., Value of [11C]choline-positron emission tomography for re-staging prostate cancer: a comparison with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Journal of Urology 2003 169 4 1337 1340 2-s2.0-0037374728 10.1097/01.ju.0000056901.95996.43 (Pubitemid 36323779)
27. Scher B., Seitz M., Albinger W., Tiling R., Scherr M., Becker H., Souvatzogluou M., Gildehaus F., Wester H., Dresel S., Value of11C-choline PET and PET/CT in patients with suspected prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2007 34 1 45 53 2-s2.0-33845351365 10.1007/s00259-006-0190-7 (Pubitemid 44885553)
28. Giovacchini G., Picchio M., Coradeschi E., Scattoni V., Bettinardi V., Cozzarini C., Freschi M., Fazio F., Messa C., Choline uptake with PET/CT for the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer: relation to PSA levels, tumour stage and anti-androgenic therapy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2008 35 6 1065 1073 2-s2.0-43749123248 10.1007/s00259-008-0716-2
29. Rinnab L., Blumstein N. M., Mottaghy F. M., Hautmann R. E., Küfer R., Hohl K., Reske S. N., 11C-choline positron-emission tomography/computed tomography and transrectal ultrasonography for staging localized prostate cancer. BJU International 2007 99 6 1421 1426 2-s2.0-34447296492 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06776.x (Pubitemid 47164799)
30. Schiavina R., Scattoni V., Castellucci P., Picchio M., Corti B., Briganti A., Franceschelli A., Sanguedolce F., Bertaccini A., Farsad M., Giovacchini G., Fanti S., Grigioni W. F., Fazio F., Montorsi F., Rigatti P., Martorana G., 11C-Choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for preoperative lymph-node staging in intermediate-risk and high-risk prostate cancer: comparison with clinical staging nomograms. European Urology 2008 54 2 392 401 2-s2.0-45849086136 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.04.030
31. Calabria F., Chiaravalloti A., Tavolozza M., Ragano-Caracciolo C., Schillaci O., Evaluation of extraprostatic disease in the staging of prostate cancer by F-18 choline PET/CT: can PSA and PSA density help in patient selection? Nuclear Medicine Communications 2013 34 8 733 740 10.1097/MNM.0b013e3283620d5e
32. Fazio F., Picchio M., Messa C., Is 11C-choline the most appropriate tracer for prostate cancer?: for. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2004 31 5 753 756 2-s2.0-2442530572 (Pubitemid 38647916)
33. Heinisch M., Dirisamer A., Loidl W., Stoiber F., Gruy B., Haim S., Langsteger W., Positron emission tomography/computed tomography with F-18-fluorocholine for restaging of prostate cancer patients: meaningful at PSA <5 ng/ml? Molecular Imaging and Biology 2006 8 1 43 48 2-s2.0-33645835922 10.1007/s11307-005-0023-2 (Pubitemid 44193401)
34. Rinnab L., Mottaghy F. M., Blumstein N. M., Reske S. N., Hautmann R. E., Hohl K., Möller P., Wiegel T., Kuefer R., Gschwend J. E., Evaluation of [11C]-choline positron-emission/computed tomography in patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen levels after primary treatment for prostate cancer. BJU International 2007 100 4 786 793 2-s2.0-34548413330 10.1111/j.1464-410X. 2007.07083.x (Pubitemid 47360183)
35. Rinnab L., Simon J., Hautmann R. E., Cronauer M. V., Hohl K., Buck A. K., Reske S. N., Mottaghy F. M., [11C]choline PET/CT in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. World Journal of Urology 2009 27 5 619 625 2-s2.0-70349507809 10.1007/s00345-009-0371-7
36. Castellucci P., Fuccio C., Nanni C., Santi I., Rizzello A., Lodi F., Franceschelli A., Martorana G., Manferrari F., Fanti S., Influence of trigger PSA and PSA kinetics on 11C-choline PET/CT detection rate in patients with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2009 50 9 1394 1400 2-s2.0-69449087191 10.2967/jnumed.108.061507
37. Castellucci P., Fuccio C., Rubello D., Schiavina R., Santi I., Nanni C., Allegri V., Montini G. C., Ambrosini V., Boschi S., Martorana G., Marzola M. C., Fanti S., Is there a role for11C-choline PET/CT in the early detection of metastatic disease in surgically treated prostate cancer patients with a mild PSA increase <1.5 ng/ml? European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2011 38 1 55 63 2-s2.0-79551537837 10.1007/s00259-010-1604-0
38. Giovacchini G., Picchio M., Scattoni V., Parra R. G., Briganti A., Gianolli L., Montorsi F., Messa C., PSA doubling time for prediction of [11C]choline PET/CT findings in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2010 37 6 1106 1116 2-s2.0-77954887685 10.1007/s00259-010- 1403-7
39. Giovacchini G., Picchio M., Briganti A., Cozzarini C., Scattoni V., Salonia A., Landoni C., Gianolli L., Di Muzio N., Rigatti P., Montorsi F., Messa C., [11C]Choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography to restage prostate cancer cases with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and no disease evidence on conventional imaging. Journal of Urology 2010 184 3 938 943 2-s2.0-77956642500 10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.084
40. Giovacchini G., Picchio M., Coradeschi E., Bettinardi V., Gianolli L., Scattoni V., Cozzarini C., Di Muzio N., Rigatti P., Fazio F., Messa C., Predictive factors of [11C]choline PET/CT in patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2010 37 2 301 309 2-s2.0-77749249079 10.1007/s00259-009-1253-3
41. Reske S. N., Blumstein N. M., Glatting G., [11C]choline PET/CT imaging in occult local relapse of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2008 35 1 9 17 2-s2.0-36849044614 10.1007/s00259-007-0530-2 (Pubitemid 350234137)
42. Oyama N., Miller T. R., Dehdashti F., Siegel B. A., Fischer K. C., Michalski J. M., Kibel A. S., Andriole G. L., Picus J., Welch M. J., 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2003 44 4 549 555 2-s2.0-0037639970 (Pubitemid 39663421)
43. Fricke E., Machtens S., Hofmann M., Van den Hoff J., Bergh S., Brunkhorst T., Meyer G. J., Karstens J. H., Knapp W. H., Boerner A. R., Positron emission tomography with11C-acetate and18F-FDG in prostate cancer patients. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2003 30 4 607 611 2-s2.0-12444324170 (Pubitemid 36559841)
44. Kotzerke J., Volkmer B. G., Neumaier B., Gschwend J. E., Hautmann R. E., Reske S. N., Carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography can detect local recurrence of prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2002 29 10 1380 1384 2-s2.0-0036383492 10.1007/s00259-002-0882-6 (Pubitemid 44392221)
45. Albrecht S., Buchegger F., Soloviev D., Zaidi H., Vees H., Khan H. G., Keller A., Bischof Delaloye A., Ratib O., Miralbell R., 11C-acetate PET in the early evaluation of prostate cancer recurrence. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2007 34 2 185 196 2-s2.0-33846451445 10.1007/s00259-006-0163-x (Pubitemid 46147501)
46. Vees H., Buchegger F., Albrecht S., Khan H., Husarik D., Zaidi H., Soloviev D., Hany T. F., Miralbell R., 18F-choline and/or11C-acetate positron emission tomography: detection of residual or progressive subclinical disease at very low prostate-specific antigen values (<1 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy. BJU International 2007 99 6 1415 1420 2-s2.0-34447325669 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06772.x (Pubitemid 47164795)
47. Sandblom G., Sörensen J., Lundin N., Häggman M., Malmström P., Positron emission tomography with c11-acetate for tumor detection and localization in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2006 67 5 996 1000 2-s2.0-33646833930 10.1016/j.urology.2005.11.044 (Pubitemid 43956436)
48. Even-Sapir E., Metser U., Mishani E., Lievshitz G., Lerman H., Leibovitch I., The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99 mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F- Fluoride PET/CT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2006 47 2 287 297 2-s2.0-33746187320 (Pubitemid 46780894)
49. Cimitan M., Bortolus R., Morassut S., Canzonieri V., Garbeglio A., Baresic T., Borsatti E., Drigo A., Trovò M. G., [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT imaging for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer at PSA relapse: experience in 100 consecutive patients. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2006 33 12 1387 1398 2-s2.0-33845357517 10.1007/s00259-006- 0150-2 (Pubitemid 44885404)
50. Krause B. J., Souvatzoglou M., Tuncel M., Herrmann K., Buck A. K., Praus C., Schuster T., Geinitz H., Treiber U., Schwaiger M., The detection rate of [11C]Choline-PET/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2008 35 1 18 23 2-s2.0-36849072528 10.1007/s00259-007-0581-4 (Pubitemid 350234152)
51. Winter A., Uphoff J., Henke R., Wawroschek F., First results of [C]choline PET/CT-guided secondary lymph node surgery in patients with PSA failure and single lymph node recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urologia Internationalis 2010 84 4 418 423 2-s2.0-77953203770 10.1159/000296298
52. Wo J. Y., Chen M., Nguyen P. L., Renshaw A. A., Loffredo M. J., Kantoff P. W., D'Amico A. V., Evaluating the combined effect of comorbidity and prostate-specific antigen kinetics on the risk of death in men after prostate-specific antigen recurrence. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009 27 35 6000 6005 2-s2.0-73349085932 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6067
53. Partin A. W., Pound C. R., Pearson J. D., Quentin Clemens J., Landis P. K., Epstein J. I., Ballentine Carter H., Walsh P. C., Evaluation of serum prostate-specific antigen velocity after radical prostatectomy to distinguish local recurrence from distant metastases. Urology 1994 43 5 649 659 2-s2.0-0028266043 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90180-5 (Pubitemid 24145607)
54. Benchikh E. I., Fegoun A., Villers A., Moreau J.-L., Richaud P., Rebillard X., Beuzeboc P., PSA and follow-up after treatment of prostate cancer. Progres en Urologie 2008 18 3 137 144 2-s2.0-43049118595 10.1016/j.purol.2007. 12.010
55. Schillaci O., Calabria F., Tavolozza M., Caracciolo C. R., Agrò E. F., Miano R., Orlacchio A., Danieli R., Simonetti G., Influence of PSA, PSA velocity and PSA doubling time on contrast-enhanced18F-choline PET/CT detection rate in patients with rising PSA after radical prostatectomy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2012 39 4 589 596 2-s2.0-84855424314 10.1007/s00259-011-2030-7
56. Rybalov M., Breeuwsma A. J., Leliveld A. M., Pruim J., Dierckx R. A., de Jong I. J., Impact of total PSA, PSA doubling time and PSA velocity on detection rates of 11C-Choline positron emission tomography in recurrent prostate cancer. World Journal of Urology 2013 31 2 319 323 10.1007/s00345-012-0908-z
57. Marzola M. C., Chondrogiannis S., Ferretti A., Role of 18F-choline PET/CT in biochemically relapsed prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: correlation with trigger PSA, PSA velocity, PSA doubling time, and metastatic distribution. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2013 38 1 e26 e32 10.1097/RLU. 0b013e318266cc38
58. Treglia G., Ceriani L., Sadeghi R., Giovacchini G., Giovanella L., Relationship between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and detection rate of radiolabelled choline PET/CT in restaging prostate cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2013 10.1515/cclm-2013-0675
59. Hausmann D., Bittencourt L. K., Attenberger U. I., Diagnostic accuracy of 18F choline PET/CT using time-of-flight reconstruction algorithm in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2014 39 3 e197 e201 10.1097/RLU.0b013e3182a23d37
60. Giovacchini G., Picchio M., Parra R. G., Briganti A., Gianolli L., Montorsi F., Messa C., Prostate-specific antigen velocity versus prostate-specific antigen doubling time for prediction of11C choline PET/CT in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2012 37 4 325 331 2-s2.0-84858129122 10.1097/RLU.0b013e31823363b0
61. Picchio M., Briganti A., Fanti S., Heidenreich A., Krause B. J., Messa C., Montorsi F., Reske S. N., Thalmann G. N., The role of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after radical treatment of prostate cancer. European Urology 2011 59 1 51 60 2-s2.0-78650237271 10.1016/j.eururo. 2010.09.004
62. Mamede M., Ceci F., Castellucci P., The role of 11C-choline PET imaging in the early detection of recurrence in surgically treated prostate cancer patients with very low PSA level <0.5 ng/mL. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2013 38 9 e342 e345
63. Schwarzenböck S. M., Kurth J., Gocke Ch., Kuhnt T., Hildebrandt G., Krause B. J., Role of choline PET/CT in guiding target volume delineation for irradiation of prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2013 40 supplement 1 S28 S35
64. Somford D. M., Fütterer J. J., Hambrock T., Barentsz J. O., Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of the prostate. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 2008 16 4 685 695 2-s2.0-52949137426 10.1016/j.mric.2008.07.002
65. Seitz M., Shukla-Dave A., Bjartell A., Touijer K., Sciarra A., Bastian P. J., Stief C., Hricak H., Graser A., Functional magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. European Urology 2009 55 4 801 814 2-s2.0-60249085103 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.01.027
66. Knopp M. V., Giesel F. L., Marcos H., Von Tengg-Kobligk H., Choyke P., Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oncology. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2001 12 4 301 308 2-s2.0-0034765047 10.1097/00002142-200108000-00006 (Pubitemid 33031399)
67. Fuchsjäger M., Akin O., Shukla-Dave A., Pucar D., Hricak H., The role of MRI and MRSI in diagnosis, treatment selection, and post-treatment follow-up for prostate cancer. Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology 2009 7 3 193 202 2-s2.0-66349125146
68. Sciarra A., Panebianco V., Salciccia S., Role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging in the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. European Urology 2008 54 3 589 600
69. Alfarone A., Panebianco V., Schillaci O., Salciccia S., Cattarino S., Mariotti G., Gentilucci A., Von Heland M., Passariello R., Gentile V., Sciarra A., Comparative analysis of multiparametric magnetic resonance and PET-CT in the management of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2012 84 1 109 121 2-s2.0-84857667116 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.01.006
70. Kluwer W., Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology 2007 5th Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
71. Casciani E., Polettini E., Carmenini E., Floriani I., Masselli G., Bertini L., Gualdi G. F., Endorectal and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. American Journal of Roentgenology 2008 190 5 1187 1192 2-s2.0-43649106603 10.2214/AJR.07.3032 (Pubitemid 351684918)
72. Panebianco V., Barchetti F., Sciarra A., Prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy: the role of 3-T diffusion imaging in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. European Radiology 2013 23 6 1745 1752
73. Sella T., Schwartz L. H., Swindle P. W., Onyebuchi C. N., Scardino P. T., Scher H. I., Hricak H., Suspected local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: endorectal coil MR imaging. Radiology 2004 231 2 379 385 2-s2.0-2142700844 10.1148/radiol.2312030011 (Pubitemid 38552892)
74. Cirillo S., Petracchini M., Scotti L., Gallo T., Macera A., Bona M. C., Ortega C., Gabriele P., Regge D., Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 Tesla to assess local recurrence following radical prostatectomy using T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced imaging. European Radiology 2009 19 3 761 769 2-s2.0-59949083040 10.1007/s00330-008-1174-8
75. Panebianco V., Sciarra A., Lisi D., Galati F., Buonocore V., Catalano C., Gentile V., Laghi A., Passariello R., Prostate cancer: 1HMRS-DCEMR at 3 T versus [(18)F]choline PET/CT in the detection of local prostate cancer recurrence in men with biochemical progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). European Journal of Radiology 2012 81 4 700 708 2-s2.0-84858287835 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.095
76. Somford D. M., Fütterer J. J., Hambrock T., Barentsz J. O., Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of the prostate. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 2008 16 4 685 695 2-s2.0-52949137426 10.1016/j.mric.2008.07.002
77. Morgan V. A., Riches S. F., Giles S., Dearnaley D., DeSouza N. M., Diffusion-weighted MRI for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy. American Journal of Roentgenology 2012 198 3 596 602 2-s2.0-84857840069 10.2214/AJR.11.7162
78. Kilinç R., Doluoglu O. G., Sakman B., The correlation between diffusion-weighted imaging an histopathological evaluation of 356 prostate biopsy sites in patients with prostatic diseases. ISRN Urology 2012 2012 5 252846 10.5402/2012/252846
79. Giannarini G., Nguyen D. P., Thalmann G. N., Thoeny H. C., Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detects local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: initial experience. European Urology 2012 61 3 616 620 2-s2.0-84856403569 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.030
80. Vargas H. A., Wassberg C., Akin O., Hricak H., MR imaging of treated prostate cancer. Radiology 2012 262 1 26 42 2-s2.0-84455167888 10.1148/radiol.11101996
81. NCCN guidelines version 4 2013
82. Zilli T., Jorcano S., Peguret N., Dose-adapted salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy based on an erMRI target definition model: toxicity analysis. Acta Oncologica 2014 53 1 96 102 10.3109/0284186X.2013.837584
83. Bauman G., Haider M., Van der Heide U. A., Ménard M., Boosting imaging defined dominant prostatic tumors: a systematic review. Radiotherapy & Oncology 2013 107 3 274 281 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.04.027
84. Panebianco V., Giove F., Barchetti F., Podo F., Passariello R., High-field PET/MRI and MRS: potential clinical and research applications. Clinical and Translational Imaging 2013 1 1 17 29 10.1007/s40336-013-0004-4
85. Thorwarth D., Leibfarth S., Potential role of PET/MRI in radiotherapy treatment planning. Clinical and Translational Imaging 2013 1 1 45 51 10.1007/s40336-013-0006-2