Receptors, cells and circuits involved in pruritus of systemic disorders

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease

Volumn 1842, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 869-892

  Kremer, Andreas E ^a,b   Feramisco, Jamison ^c   Reeh, Peter W ^b   Beuers, Ulrich ^a   Oude Elferink, Ronald P J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cholestasis; Haematological disorder; Itch; Sensory neuron; TRPV1; Uraemia

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; AUTOTAXIN; BILE SALT; BIOGENIC AMINE; BRADYKININ; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CYTOKINE; ENDOCANNABINOID; ENDORPHIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; HISTAMINE; ICOSANOID; LEUKOTRIENE; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTROPHIN; OPIATE; PHOSPHOLIPID; PLATELET ACTIVATED FACTOR; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROTEINASE; SEROTONIN; SPHINGOSINEPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE; STEROID; SUBSTANCE P; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE; HERPES ZOSTER; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME; INFECTION; IRON DEFICIENCY; MASTOCYTOSIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; MYELOID METAPLASIA; PARATHYROID DISEASE; POLYCYTHEMIA VERA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLID TUMOR; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THROMBOCYTOSIS; THYROID DISEASE;

CHOLESTASIS; HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDER; ITCH; SENSORY NEURON; TRPV1; URAEMIA;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; PRURITUS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84897464651     PISSN: 09254439     EISSN: 1879260X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.007     Document Type: Review

References (507)

1. Schmelz M., Schmidt R., Bickel A., Handwerker H.O., Torebjork H.E. Specific C-receptors for itch in human skin. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:8003-8008.
2. Ikoma A., Steinhoff M., Stander S., Yosipovitch G., Schmelz M. The neurobiology of itch. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:535-547.
3. Reich A., Stander S., Szepietowski J.C. Drug-induced pruritus: a review. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009, 89:236-244.
4. Liu Q., Tang Z., Surdenikova L., Kim S., Patel K.N., Kim A., Ru F., Guan Y., Weng H.J., Geng Y., Undem B.J., Kollarik M., Chen Z.F., Anderson D.J., Dong X. Sensory neuron-specific GPCR Mrgprs are itch receptors mediating chloroquine-induced pruritus. Cell 2009, 139:1353-1365.
5. Liu Q., Sikand P., Ma C., Tang Z., Han L., Li Z., Sun S., LaMotte R.H., Dong X. Mechanisms of itch evoked by beta-alanine. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2012, 32:14532-14537.
6. Liu X.Y., Liu Z.C., Sun Y.G., Ross M., Kim S., Tsai F.F., Li Q.F., Jeffry J., Kim J.Y., Loh H.H., Chen Z.F. Unidirectional cross-activation of GRPR by MOR1D uncouples itch and analgesia induced by opioids. Cell 2011, 147:447-458.
7. McQueen D.S., Noble M.A., Bond S.M. Endothelin-1 activates ETA receptors to cause reflex scratching in BALB/c mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 151:278-284.
8. Zheng T., Oh M.H., Oh S.Y., Schroeder J.T., Glick A.B., Zhu Z. Transgenic expression of interleukin-13 in the skin induces a pruritic dermatitis and skin remodeling. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009, 129:742-751.
9. Dillon S.R., Sprecher C., Hammond A., Bilsborough J., Rosenfeld-Franklin M., Presnell S.R., Haugen H.S., Maurer M., Harder B., Johnston J., Bort S., Mudri S., Kuijper J.L., Bukowski T., Shea P., Dong D.L., Dasovich M., Grant F.J., Lockwood L., Levin S.D., LeCiel C., Waggie K., Day H., Topouzis S., Kramer J., Kuestner R., Chen Z., Foster D., Parrish-Novak J., Gross J.A. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat. Immunol. 2004, 5:752-760.
10. Han S.K., Mancino V., Simon M.I. Phospholipase Cbeta 3 mediates the scratching response activated by the histamine H1 receptor on C-fiber nociceptive neurons. Neuron 2006, 52:691-703.
11. Imamachi N., Park G.H., Lee H., Anderson D.J., Simon M.I., Basbaum A.I., Han S.K. TRPV1-expressing primary afferents generate behavioral responses to pruritogens via multiple mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:11330-11335.
12. Wilson S.R., Gerhold K.A., Bifolck-Fisher A., Liu Q., Patel K.N., Dong X., Bautista D.M. TRPA1 is required for histamine-independent, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-mediated itch. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:595-602.
13. Han L., Ma C., Liu Q., Weng H.J., Cui Y., Tang Z., Kim Y., Nie H., Qu L., Patel K.N., Li Z., McNeil B., He S., Guan Y., Xiao B., Lamotte R.H., Dong X. A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:174-182.
14. Mishra S.K., Hoon M.A. The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice. Science 2013, 340:968-971.
15. Sun Y.G., Chen Z.F. A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord. Nature 2007, 448:700-703. (Epub 2007 Jul 2025).
16. Sun Y.G., Zhao Z.Q., Meng X.L., Yin J., Liu X.Y., Chen Z.F. Cellular basis of itch sensation. Science 2009, 325:1531-1534.
17. Su P.Y., Ko M.C. The role of central gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B receptors in the modulation of scratching behavior in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2011, 337:822-829.
18. Fleming M.S., Ramos D., Han S.B., Zhao J., Son Y.J., Luo W. The majority of dorsal spinal cord gastrin releasing peptide is synthesized locally whereas neuromedin B is highly expressed in pain- and itch-sensing somatosensory neurons. Mol. Pain 2012, 8:52.
19. Yosipovitch G., Bernhard J.D. Clinical practice. Chronic pruritus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368:1625-1634.
20. Weisshaar E., Szepietowski J.C., Darsow U., Misery L., Wallengren J., Mettang T., Gieler U., Lotti T., Lambert J., Maisel P., Streit M., Greaves M.W., Carmichael A.J., Tschachler E., Ring J., Stander S. European guideline on chronic pruritus. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2012, 92:563-581.
21. Ballantyne J.C., Loach A.B., Carr D.B. Itching after epidural and spinal opiates. Pain 1988, 33:149-160.
22. Ballantyne J.C., Loach A.B., Carr D.B. The incidence of pruritus after epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 1989, 44:863.
23. Atanassoff P.G., Brull S.J., Zhang J., Greenquist K., Silverman D.G., Lamotte R.H. Enhancement of experimental pruritus and mechanically evoked dysesthesiae with local anesthesia. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 1999, 16:291-298.
24. Ross S.E., Mardinly A.R., McCord A.E., Zurawski J., Cohen S., Jung C., Hu L., Mok S.I., Shah A., Savner E.M., Tolias C., Corfas R., Chen S., Inquimbert P., Xu Y., McInnes R.R., Rice F.L., Corfas G., Ma Q., Woolf C.J., Greenberg M.E. Loss of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord and elevated itch in Bhlhb5 mutant mice. Neuron 2010, 65:886-898.
25. Ross S.E., McCord A.E., Jung C., Atan D., Mok S.I., Hemberg M., Kim T.K., Salogiannis J., Hu L., Cohen S., Lin Y., Harrar D., McInnes R.R., Greenberg M.E. Bhlhb5 and Prdm8 form a repressor complex involved in neuronal circuit assembly. Neuron 2012, 73:292-303.
26. Liu Y., Abdel Samad O., Zhang L., Duan B., Tong Q., Lopes C., Ji R.R., Lowell B.B., Ma Q. VGLUT2-dependent glutamate release from nociceptors is required to sense pain and suppress itch. Neuron 2010, 68:543-556.
27. Lagerstrom M.C., Rogoz K., Abrahamsen B., Persson E., Reinius B., Nordenankar K., Olund C., Smith C., Mendez J.A., Chen Z.F., Wood J.N., Wallen-Mackenzie A., Kullander K. VGLUT2-dependent sensory neurons in the TRPV1 population regulate pain and itch. Neuron 2010, 68:529-542.
28. Rosenthal S.R. Histamine as the chemical mediator for cutaneous pain. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1977, 69:98-105.
29. Prescott E.D., Julius D. A modular PIP2 binding site as a determinant of capsaicin receptor sensitivity. Science 2003, 300:1284-1288.
30. Shim W.S., Tak M.H., Lee M.H., Kim M., Kim M., Koo J.Y., Lee C.H., Kim M., Oh U. TRPV1 mediates histamine-induced itching via the activation of phospholipase A2 and 12-lipoxygenase. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:2331-2337.
31. Paus R., Schmelz M., Biro T., Steinhoff M. Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:1174-1186.
32. Touska F., Marsakova L., Teisinger J., Vlachova V. A "cute" desensitization of TRPV1. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2011, 12:122-129.
33. Patel K.N., Liu Q., Meeker S., Undem B.J., Dong X. Pirt, a TRPV1 modulator, is required for histamine-dependent and -independent itch. PLoS One 2011, 6:e20559.
34. Kim A.Y., Tang Z., Liu Q., Patel K.N., Maag D., Geng Y., Dong X. Pirt, a phosphoinositide-binding protein, functions as a regulatory subunit of TRPV1. Cell 2008, 133:475-485.
35. Weidner C., Klede M., Rukwied R., Lischetzki G., Neisius U., Skov P.S., Petersen L.J., Schmelz M. Acute effects of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in human skin - a microdialysis study. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2000, 115:1015-1020.
36. Denman S.T. A review of pruritus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1986, 14:375-392.
37. Gittlen S.D., Schulman E.S., Maddrey W.C. Raised histamine concentrations in chronic cholestatic liver disease. Gut 1990, 31:96-99.
38. Mettang T., Fritz P., Weber J., Machleidt C., Hubel E., Kuhlmann U. Uremic pruritus in patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The role of plasma histamine and skin mast cells. Clin. Nephrol. 1990, 34:136-141.
39. Francos G.C., Kauh Y.C., Gittlen S.D., Schulman E.S., Besarab A., Goyal S., Burke J.F. Elevated plasma histamine in chronic uremia. Effects of ketotifen on pruritus. International journal of dermatology 1991, 30:884-889.
40. Marks R., Greaves M.W. Vascular reactions to histamine and compound 48/80 in human skin: suppression by a histamine H2-receptor blocking agent. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1977, 4:367-369.
41. Davies M.G., Greaves M.W. The current status of histamine receptors in human skin: therapeutic implications. Br. J. Dermatol. 1981, 104:601-606.
42. Greaves M.W., Davies M.G. Histamine receptors in human skin: indirect evidence. Br. J. Dermatol. 1982, 107(Suppl. 23):101-105.
43. Lippert U., Artuc M., Grutzkau A., Babina M., Guhl S., Haase I., Blaschke V., Zachmann K., Knosalla M., Middel P., Kruger-Krasagakis S., Henz B.M. Human skin mast cells express H2 and H4, but not H3 receptors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2004, 123:116-123.
44. Kajihara Y., Murakami M., Imagawa T., Otsuguro K., Ito S., Ohta T. Histamine potentiates acid-induced responses mediating transient receptor potential V1 in mouse primary sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2010, 166:292-304.
45. Yamaura K., Oda M., Suwa E., Suzuki M., Sato H., Ueno K. Expression of histamine H4 receptor in human epidermal tissues and attenuation of experimental pruritus using H4 receptor antagonist. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 34:427-431.
46. Gutzmer R., Mommert S., Gschwandtner M., Zwingmann K., Stark H., Werfel T. The histamine H4 receptor is functionally expressed on T(H)2 cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 123:619-625.
47. Strakhova M.I., Nikkel A.L., Manelli A.M., Hsieh G.C., Esbenshade T.A., Brioni J.D., Bitner R.S. Localization of histamine H4 receptors in the central nervous system of human and rat. Brain Res. 2009, 1250:41-48.
48. Sugimoto Y., Iba Y., Nakamura Y., Kayasuga R., Kamei C. Pruritus-associated response mediated by cutaneous histamine H3 receptors. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004, 34:456-459.
49. Bell J.K., McQueen D.S., Rees J.L. Involvement of histamine H4 and H1 receptors in scratching induced by histamine receptor agonists in Balb C mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 142:374-380.
50. Rossbach K., Wendorff S., Sander K., Stark H., Gutzmer R., Werfel T., Kietzmann M., Baumer W. Histamine H4 receptor antagonism reduces hapten-induced scratching behaviour but not inflammation. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 18:57-63.
51. Ohsawa Y., Hirasawa N. The antagonism of histamine H1 and H4 receptors ameliorates chronic allergic dermatitis via anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects in NC/Nga mice. Allergy 2012, 67:1014-1022.
52. Thurmond R.L., Desai P.J., Dunford P.J., Fung-Leung W.P., Hofstra C.L., Jiang W., Nguyen S., Riley J.P., Sun S., Williams K.N., Edwards J.P., Karlsson L. A potent and selective histamine H4 receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 309:404-413.
53. Cowden J.M., Zhang M., Dunford P.J., Thurmond R.L. The histamine H4 receptor mediates inflammation and pruritus in Th2-dependent dermal inflammation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010, 130:1023-1033.
54. Cowden J.M., Riley J.P., Ma J.Y., Thurmond R.L., Dunford P.J. Histamine H4 receptor antagonism diminishes existing airway inflammation and dysfunction via modulation of Th2 cytokines. Respir. Res. 2010, 11:86.
55. Kiss R., Keseru G.M. Histamine H4 receptor ligands and their potential therapeutic applications: an update. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2012, 22:205-221.
56. Hagermark O. Peripheral and central mediators of itch. Skin Pharmacol. 1992, 5:1-8.
57. Fjellner B., Hagermark O. Pruritus in polycythemia vera: treatment with aspirin and possibility of platelet involvement. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1979, 59:505-512.
58. Rausl A., Nordlind K., Wahlgren C.F. Pruritic and vascular responses induced by serotonin in patients with atopic dermatitis and in healthy controls. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2013, 93:277-280.
59. Yamaguchi T., Nagasawa T., Satoh M., Kuraishi Y. Itch-associated response induced by intradermal serotonin through 5-HT2 receptors in mice. Neurosci. Res. 1999, 35:77-83.
60. Spradley J.M., Davoodi A., Gee L.B., Carstens M.I., Carstens E. Differences in peripheral endocannabinoid modulation of scratching behavior in facial vs. spinally-innervated skin. Neuropharmacology 2012, 63:743-749.
61. Borgeat A., Stirnemann H.R. Ondansetron is effective to treat spinal or epidural morphine-induced pruritus. Anesthesiology 1999, 90:432-436.
62. Balaskas E.V., Bamihas G.I., Karamouzis M., Voyiatzis G., Tourkantonis A. Histamine and serotonin in uremic pruritus: effect of ondansetron in CAPD-pruritic patients. Nephron 1998, 78:395-402.
63. O'Donohue J.W., Pereira S.P., Ashdown A.C., Haigh C.G., Wilkinson J.R., Williams R. A controlled trial of ondansetron in the pruritus of cholestasis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005, 21:1041-1045.
64. Muller C., Pongratz S., Pidlich J., Penner E., Kaider A., Schemper M., Raderer M., Scheithauer W., Ferenci P. Treatment of pruritus in chronic liver disease with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor type 3 antagonist ondansetron: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1998, 10:865-870.
65. Murphy M., Reaich D., Pai P., Finn P., Carmichael A.J. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of ondansetron in renal itch. Br. J. Dermatol. 2003, 148:314-317.
66. Jones E.A., Molenaar H.A., Oosting J. Ondansetron and pruritus in chronic liver disease: a controlled study. Hepatogastroenterology 2007, 54:1196-1199.
67. Mayo M.J., Handem I., Saldana S., Jacobe H., Getachew Y., Rush A.J. Sertraline as a first-line treatment for cholestatic pruritus. Hepatology 2007, 45:666-674.
68. Stander S., Bockenholt B., Schurmeyer-Horst F., Weishaupt C., Heuft G., Luger T.A., Schneider G. Treatment of chronic pruritus with the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors paroxetine and fluvoxamine: results of an open-labelled, two-arm proof-of-concept study. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009, 89:45-51.
69. Zylicz Z., Krajnik M., Sorge A.A., Costantini M. Paroxetine in the treatment of severe non-dermatological pruritus: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2003, 26:1105-1112.
70. Zylicz Z., Smits C., Krajnik M. Paroxetine for pruritus in advanced cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 1998, 16:121-124.
71. Davis M.P., Frandsen J.L., Walsh D., Andresen S., Taylor S. Mirtazapine for pruritus. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2003, 25:288-291.
72. De Felipe C., Herrero J.F., O'Brien J.A., Palmer J.A., Doyle C.A., Smith A.J., Laird J.M., Belmonte C., Cervero F., Hunt S.P. Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 1998, 392:394-397.
73. Church M.K., Okayama Y., el-Lati S. Mediator secretion from human skin mast cells provoked by immunological and non-immunological stimulation. Skin Pharmacol. 1991, 4(Suppl. 1):15-24.
74. Hagermark O., Hokfelt T., Pernow B. Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1978, 71:233-235.
75. Fjellner B., Hagermark O. Studies on pruritogenic and histamine-releasing effects of some putative peptide neurotransmitters. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1981, 61:245-250.
76. Jorizzo J.L., Coutts A.A., Eady R.A., Greaves M.W. Vascular responses of human skin to injection of substance P and mechanism of action. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1983, 87:67-76.
77. van der Kleij H.P., Ma D., Redegeld F.A., Kraneveld A.D., Nijkamp F.P., Bienenstock J. Functional expression of neurokinin 1 receptors on mast cells induced by IL-4 and stem cell factor. J. Immunol. 2003, 171:2074-2079.
78. Luger T.A. Neuromediators - a crucial component of the skin immune system. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2002, 30:87-93.
79. Steinhoff M., Stander S., Seeliger S., Ansel J.C., Schmelz M., Luger T. Modern aspects of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation. Arch. Dermatol. 2003, 139:1479-1488.
80. Furutani K., Koro O., Hide M., Yamamoto S. Substance P- and antigen-induced release of leukotriene B4, prostaglandin D2 and histamine from guinea pig skin by different mechanisms in vitro. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1999, 291:466-473.
81. Caughey G.H., Leidig F., Viro N.F., Nadel J.A. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation by mast cell tryptase and chymase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988, 244:133-137.
82. Biro T., Toth B.I., Marincsak R., Dobrosi N., Geczy T., Paus R. TRP channels as novel players in the pathogenesis and therapy of itch. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1772:1004-1021.
83. Kulka M., Sheen C.H., Tancowny B.P., Grammer L.C., Schleimer R.P. Neuropeptides activate human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production. Immunology 2008, 123:398-410.
84. Andoh T., Nagasawa T., Satoh M., Kuraishi Y. Substance P induction of itch-associated response mediated by cutaneous NK1 tachykinin receptors in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 286:1140-1145.
85. Akasaka Y., Yoshida T., Tsukahara M., Hatta A., Inoue H. Glycyrrhetinic acid prevents cutaneous scratching behavior in mice elicited by substance P or PAR-2 agonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 670:175-179.
86. Carstens E.E., Carstens M.I., Simons C.T., Jinks S.L. Dorsal horn neurons expressing NK-1 receptors mediate scratching in rats. Neuroreport 2010, 21:303-308.
87. Liu B., Escalera J., Balakrishna S., Fan L., Caceres A.I., Robinson E., Sui A., McKay M.C., McAlexander M.A., Herrick C.A., Jordt S.E. TRPA1 controls inflammation and pruritogen responses in allergic contact dermatitis. FASEB J. 2013, 27:3549-3563.
88. Nilius B., Appendino G., Owsianik G. The transient receptor potential channel TRPA1: from gene to pathophysiology. Pflugers Arch. 2012, 464:425-458.
89. Salomon J., Baran E. The role of selected neuropeptides in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008, 22:223-228.
90. Abadia Molina F., Burrows N.P., Jones R.R., Terenghi G., Polak J.M. Increased sensory neuropeptides in nodular prurigo: a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Br. J. Dermatol. 1992, 127:344-351.
91. Jarvikallio A., Harvima I.T., Naukkarinen A. Mast cells, nerves and neuropeptides in atopic dermatitis and nummular eczema. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2003, 295:2-7.
92. Stander S., Siepmann D., Herrgott I., Sunderkotter C., Luger T.A. Targeting the neurokinin receptor 1 with aprepitant: a novel antipruritic strategy. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10968.
93. Duval A., Dubertret L. Aprepitant as an antipruritic agent?. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361:1415-1416.
94. Vincenzi B., Fratto M.E., Santini D., Tonini G. Aprepitant against pruritus in patients with solid tumours. Support Care Cancer 2010, 18:1229-1230.
95. Vincenzi B., Tonini G., Santini D. Aprepitant for erlotinib-induced pruritus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363:397-398.
96. Hou Q., Barr T., Gee L., Vickers J., Wymer J., Borsani E., Rodella L., Getsios S., Burdo T., Eisenberg E., Guha U., Lavker R., Kessler J., Chittur S., Fiorino D., Rice F., Albrecht P. Keratinocyte expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide beta: implications for neuropathic and inflammatory pain mechanisms. Pain 2011, 152:2036-2051.
97. Wallengren J., Hakanson R. Effects of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide in human skin and their involvement in sensory nerve-mediated responses. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1987, 143:267-273.
98. Averbeck B., Reeh P.W. Interactions of inflammatory mediators stimulating release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and prostaglandin E(2) from isolated rat skin. Neuropharmacology 2001, 40:416-423.
99. Averbeck B., Reeh P.W., Michaelis M. Modulation of CGRP and PGE2 release from isolated rat skin by alpha-adrenoceptors and kappa-opioid-receptors. Neuroreport 2001, 12:2097-2100.
100. Hagner S., Haberberger R.V., Overkamp D., Hoffmann R., Voigt K.H., McGregor G.P. Expression and distribution of calcitonin receptor-like receptor in human hairy skin. Peptides 2002, 23:109-116.
101. Ekblom A., Lundeberg T., Wahlgren C.F. Influence of calcitonin gene-related peptide on histamine- and substance P-induced itch, flare and weal in humans. Skin Pharmacol. 1993, 6:215-222.
102. Liang Y., Jacobi H.H., Reimert C.M., Haak-Frendscho M., Marcusson J.A., Johansson O. CGRP-immunoreactive nerves in prurigo nodularis - an exploration of neurogenic inflammation. J. Cutan. Pathol. 2000, 27:359-366.
103. Antunez C., Torres M.J., Lopez S., Rodriguez-Pena R., Blanca M., Mayorga C., Santamaria-Babi L.F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide modulates interleukin-13 in circulating cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2009, 161:547-553.
104. McCoy E.S., Taylor-Blake B., Street S.E., Pribisko A.L., Zheng J., Zylka M.J. Peptidergic CGRPalpha primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013, 78:138-151.
105. Gandhi C.R., Berkowitz D.E., Watkins W.D. Endothelins. Biochemistry and pathophysiologic actions. Anesthesiology 1994, 80:892-905.
106. Hirobe T. Role of keratinocyte-derived factors involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian epidermal melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 2005, 18:2-12.
107. Metz M., Lammel V., Gibbs B.F., Maurer M. Inflammatory murine skin responses to UV-B light are partially dependent on endothelin-1 and mast cells. Am. J. Pathol. 2006, 169:815-822.
108. Vellani V., Prandini M., Giacomoni C., Pavesi G., Ravegnani L., Magherini P.C. Functional endothelin receptors are selectively expressed in isolectin B4-negative sensory neurons and are upregulated in isolectin B4-positive neurons by neurturin and glia-derived neurotropic factor. Brain Res. 2011, 1381:31-37.
109. Piovezan A.P., D'Orleans-Juste P., Souza G.E., Rae G.A. Endothelin-1-induced ET(A) receptor-mediated nociception, hyperalgesia and oedema in the mouse hind-paw: modulation by simultaneous ET(B) receptor activation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 129:961-968.
110. Gokin A.P., Fareed M.U., Pan H.L., Hans G., Strichartz G.R., Davar G. Local injection of endothelin-1 produces pain-like behavior and excitation of nociceptors in rats. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2001, 21:5358-5366.
111. Gomes L.O., Hara D.B., Rae G.A. Endothelin-1 induces itch and pain in the mouse cheek model. Life Sci. 2012, 91:628-633.
112. Hans G., Deseure K., Robert D., De Hert S. Neurosensory changes in a human model of endothelin-1 induced pain: a behavioral study. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 418:117-121.
113. Trentin P.G., Fernandes M.B., D'Orleans-Juste P., Rae G.A. Endothelin-1 causes pruritus in mice. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2006, 231:1146-1151.
114. Liang J., Kawamata T., Ji W. Molecular signaling of pruritus induced by endothelin-1 in mice. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2010, 235:1300-1305.
115. Katugampola R., Church M.K., Clough G.F. The neurogenic vasodilator response to endothelin-1: a study in human skin in vivo. Exp. Physiol. 2000, 85:839-846.
116. Namer B., Hilliges M., Orstavik K., Schmidt R., Weidner C., Torebjork E., Handwerker H., Schmelz M. Endothelin 1 activates and sensitizes human C-nociceptors. Pain 2008, 137:41-49.
117. Douglas S.A., Ohlstein E.H. Signal transduction mechanisms mediating the vascular actions of endothelin. J. Vasc. Res. 1997, 34:152-164.
118. Liang J., Ji Q., Ji W. Role of transient receptor potential ankyrin subfamily member 1 in pruritus induced by endothelin-1. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 492:175-178.
119. Shelley W.B., Arthur R.P. Studies on cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) and its pruritogenic proteinase, mucunain. AMA Arch. Derm. 1955, 72:399-406.
120. Shelley W.B., Arthur R.P. Mucunain, the active pruritogenic proteinase of cowhage. Science 1955, 122:469-470.
121. Arthur R.P., Shelley W.B. Experimental evidence for an enzymatic basis for itching in man. Nature 1955, 175:901-902.
122. Cormia F.E., Dougherty J.W., Unrau S.A. Proteolytic activity in dermatoses: preliminary observations on inflammation and pruritus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1957, 28:425-433.
123. Steinhoff M., Neisius U., Ikoma A., Fartasch M., Heyer G., Skov P.S., Luger T.A., Schmelz M. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skin. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:6176-6180.
124. Reddy V.B., Iuga A.O., Shimada S.G., LaMotte R.H., Lerner E.A. Cowhage-evoked itch is mediated by a novel cysteine protease: a ligand of protease-activated receptors. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:4331-4335.
125. Shimada S.G., Shimada K.A., Collins J.G. Scratching behavior in mice induced by the proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonist, SLIGRL-NH2. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 530:281-283.
126. Steinhoff M., Bienenstock J., Schmelz M., Maurer M., Wei E., Biro T. Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2006, 126:1705-1718.
127. Reddy V.B., Shimada S.G., Sikand P., Lamotte R.H., Lerner E.A. Cathepsin S elicits itch and signals via protease-activated receptors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010, 130:1468-1470.
128. Liu Q., Weng H.J., Patel K.N., Tang Z., Bai H., Steinhoff M., Dong X. The distinct roles of two GPCRs, MrgprC11 and PAR2, in itch and hyperalgesia. Sci. Signal. 2011, 4:ra45.
129. Andoh T., Yoshida T., Lee J.B., Kuraishi Y. Cathepsin E induces itch-related response through the production of endothelin-1 in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2012, 686:16-21.
130. Steinhoff M., Vergnolle N., Young S.H., Tognetto M., Amadesi S., Ennes H.S., Trevisani M., Hollenberg M.D., Wallace J.L., Caughey G.H., Mitchell S.E., Williams L.M., Geppetti P., Mayer E.A., Bunnett N.W. Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor 2 induce inflammation by a neurogenic mechanism. Nat. Med. 2000, 6:151-158.
131. Vergnolle N., Ferazzini M., D'Andrea M.R., Buddenkotte J., Steinhoff M. Proteinase-activated receptors: novel signals for peripheral nerves. Trends Neurosci. 2003, 26:496-500.
132. Amadesi S., Nie J., Vergnolle N., Cottrell G.S., Grady E.F., Trevisani M., Manni C., Geppetti P., McRoberts J.A., Ennes H., Davis J.B., Mayer E.A., Bunnett N.W. Protease-activated receptor 2 sensitizes the capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 to induce hyperalgesia. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2004, 24:4300-4312.
133. Dai Y., Moriyama T., Higashi T., Togashi K., Kobayashi K., Yamanaka H., Tominaga M., Noguchi K. Proteinase-activated receptor 2-mediated potentiation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 activity reveals a mechanism for proteinase-induced inflammatory pain. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2004, 24:4293-4299.
134. Amadesi S., Cottrell G.S., Divino L., Chapman K., Grady E.F., Bautista F., Karanjia R., Barajas-Lopez C., Vanner S., Vergnolle N., Bunnett N.W. Protease-activated receptor 2 sensitizes TRPV1 by protein kinase Cepsilon- and A-dependent mechanisms in rats and mice. J. Physiol. 2006, 575:555-571.
135. Buddenkotte J., Stroh C., Engels I.H., Moormann C., Shpacovitch V.M., Seeliger S., Vergnolle N., Vestweber D., Luger T.A., Schulze-Osthoff K., Steinhoff M. Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 stimulate upregulation of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 in primary human keratinocytes via activation of NF-kappa B. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005, 124:38-45.
136. Hagermark O., Strandberg K., Hamberg M. Potentiation of itch and flare responses in human skin by prostaglandins E2 and H2 and a prostaglandin endoperoxide analog. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1977, 69:527-530.
137. Hagermark O., Strandberg K. Pruritogenic activity of prostaglandin E2. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1977, 57:37-43.
138. Boss M., Burton J.L. Lack of effect of the antihistamine drug clemastine on the potentiation of itch by prostaglandin E1. Arch. Dermatol. 1981, 117:208-209.
139. Lovell C.R., Burton P.A., Duncan E.H., Burton J.L. Prostaglandins and pruritus. Br. J. Dermatol. 1976, 94:273-275.
140. Neisius U., Olsson R., Rukwied R., Lischetzki G., Schmelz M. Prostaglandin E2 induces vasodilation and pruritus, but no protein extravasation in atopic dermatitis and controls. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2002, 47:28-32.
141. Jackson N., Burt D., Crocker J., Boughton B. Skin mast cells in polycythaemia vera: relationship to the pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus. Br. J. Dermatol. 1987, 116:21-29.
142. Daly B.M., Shuster S. Effect of aspirin on pruritus. Br. Med. J. 1986, 293:907.
143. Smith K.J., Skelton H.G., Yeager J., Lee R.B., Wagner K.F. Pruritus in HIV-1 disease: therapy with drugs which may modulate the pattern of immune dysregulation. Dermatology 1997, 195:353-358.
144. Hashimoto Y., Arai I., Tanaka M., Nakaike S. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits IgE-mediated scratching by suppressing histamine release from mast cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 98:90-93.
145. Sugimoto M., Arai I., Futaki N., Hashimoto Y., Honma Y., Nakaike S. COX-1 inhibition enhances scratching behaviour in NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 2006, 15:582-588.
146. Kaur S., Sur R., Liebel F.T., Southall M.D. Induction of prostaglandin D2 through the p38 MAPK pathway is responsible for the antipruritic activity of sertaconazole nitrate. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010, 130:2448-2456.
147. Maurice P.D., Barr R.M., Koro O., Greaves M.W. The effect of prostaglandin D2 on the response of human skin to histamine. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1987, 89:245-248.
148. Andoh T., Kuraishi Y. Intradermal leukotriene B4, but not prostaglandin E2, induces itch-associated responses in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 353:93-96.
149. Andoh T., Katsube N., Maruyama M., Kuraishi Y. Involvement of leukotriene B(4) in substance P-induced itch-associated response in mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001, 117:1621-1626.
150. Andoh T., Saito A., Kuraishi Y. Leukotriene B(4) mediates sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced itch-associated responses in mouse skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009, 129:2854-2860.
151. Zhu Y., Wang X.R., Peng C., Xu J.G., Liu Y.X., Wu L., Zhu Q.G., Liu J.Y., Li F.Q., Pan Y.H., You B.M., Hu J.H. Induction of leukotriene B(4) and prostaglandin E(2) release from keratinocytes by protease-activated receptor-2-activating peptide in ICR mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2009, 9:1332-1336.
152. Soter N.A., Lewis R.A., Corey E.J., Austen K.F. Local effects of synthetic leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, and LTB4) in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983, 80:115-119.
153. Camp R., Jones R.R., Brain S., Woollard P., Greaves M. Production of intraepidermal microabscesses by topical application of leukotriene B4. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1984, 82:202-204.
154. Brain S., Camp R., Dowd P., Black A.K., Greaves M. The release of leukotriene B4-like material in biologically active amounts from the lesional skin of patients with psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1984, 83:70-73.
155. Ruzicka T., Simmet T., Peskar B.A., Ring J. Skin levels of arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediators and histamine in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1986, 86:105-108.
156. Rahman M.L., Choudhury A.M., Islam M.M. Effectiveness of montelukast in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Mymensingh Med. J. 2006, 15:85-88.
157. Nasrollahi A.R., Miladipour A., Ghanei E., Yavari P., Haghverdi F. Montelukast for treatment of refractory pruritus in patients on hemodialysis. Iran J. Kidney Dis. 2007, 1:73-77.
158. Wahlgren C.F., Tengvall Linder M., Hagermark O., Scheynius A. Itch and inflammation induced by intradermally injected interleukin-2 in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1995, 287:572-580.
159. Gaspari A.A., Lotze M.T., Rosenberg S.A., Stern J.B., Katz S.I. Dermatologic changes associated with interleukin 2 administration. JAMA 1987, 258:1624-1629.
160. Lee R.E., Gaspari A.A., Lotze M.T., Chang A.E., Rosenberg S.A. Interleukin 2 and psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. 1988, 124:1811-1815.
161. Redman B.G., Flaherty L., Chou T.H., al-Katib A., Kraut M., Martino S., Chen B., Kaplan J., Valdivieso M. A phase I trial of recombinant interleukin-2 combined with recombinant interferon-gamma in patients with cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 1990, 8:1269-1276.
162. Fallahzadeh M.K., Roozbeh J., Geramizadeh B., Namazi M.R. Interleukin-2 serum levels are elevated in patients with uremic pruritus: a novel finding with practical implications. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1985, 34:196-203.
163. Wahlgren C.F., Scheynius A., Hagermark O. Antipruritic effect of oral cyclosporin A in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1990, 70:323-329.
164. Totterman T.H., Scheynius A., Killander A., Danersund A., Alm G.V. Treatment of therapy-resistant Sezary syndrome with Cyclosporin-A: suppression of pruritus, leukaemic T cell activation markers and tumour mass. Scand. J. Haematol. 1985, 34:196-203.
165. Martin H.A., Murphy P.R. Interleukin-2 activates a sub-population of cutaneous C-fibre polymodal nociceptors in the rat hairy skin. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 1995, 103:136-148.
166. Martin H.A. Bradykinin potentiates the chemoresponsiveness of rat cutaneous C-fibre polymodal nociceptors to interleukin-2. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 1996, 104:229-238.
167. Chan L.S., Robinson N., Xu L. Expression of interleukin-4 in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in a pruritic inflammatory skin disease: an experimental animal model to study atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001, 117:977-983.
168. Kimmel M., Alscher D.M., Dunst R., Braun N., Machleidt C., Kiefer T., Stulten C., van der Kuip H., Pauli-Magnus C., Raub U., Kuhlmann U., Mettang T. The role of micro-inflammation in the pathogenesis of uraemic pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2006, 21:749-755.
169. Nordlind K., Chin L.B., Ahmed A.A., Brakenhoff J., Theodorsson E., Liden S. Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-6-like immunoreactivity to peripheral nerve-like structures in normal and inflamed human skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1996, 288:431-435.
170. Brandt E.B., Sivaprasad U. Th2 cytokines and atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Cell Immunol. 2011, 2.
171. Wills-Karp M., Finkelman F.D. Untangling the complex web of IL-4- and IL-13-mediated signaling pathways. Sci. Signal. 2008, 1:e55.
172. Niyonsaba F., Ushio H., Hara M., Yokoi H., Tominaga M., Takamori K., Kajiwara N., Saito H., Nagaoka I., Ogawa H., Okumura K. Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cells. J. Immunol. 2010, 184:3526-3534.
173. Cornelissen C., Luscher-Firzlaff J., Baron J.M., Luscher B. Signaling by IL-31 and functional consequences. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2012, 91:552-566.
174. Kasraie S., Niebuhr M., Werfel T. Interleukin (IL)-31 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, STAT-5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and down-regulates IL-12p40 production in activated human macrophages. Allergy 2013, 68:739-747.
175. Takaoka A., Arai I., Sugimoto M., Honma Y., Futaki N., Nakamura A., Nakaike S. Involvement of IL-31 on scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice with atopic-like dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 2006, 15:161-167.
176. Grimstad O., Sawanobori Y., Vestergaard C., Bilsborough J., Olsen U.B., Gronhoj-Larsen C., Matsushima K. Anti-interleukin-31-antibodies ameliorate scratching behaviour in NC/Nga mice: a model of atopic dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 18:35-43.
177. Raap U., Wieczorek D., Gehring M., Pauls I., Stander S., Kapp A., Wedi B. Increased levels of serum IL-31 in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Exp. Dermatol. 2010, 19:464-466.
178. Raap U., Wichmann K., Bruder M., Stander S., Wedi B., Kapp A., Werfel T. Correlation of IL-31 serum levels with severity of atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 122:421-423.
179. Sonkoly E., Muller A., Lauerma A.I., Pivarcsi A., Soto H., Kemeny L., Alenius H., Dieu-Nosjean M.C., Meller S., Rieker J., Steinhoff M., Hoffmann T.K., Ruzicka T., Zlotnik A., Homey B. IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117:411-417.
180. Szegedi K., Kremer A.E., Kezic S., Teunissen M.B., Bos J.D., Luiten R.M., Res P.C., Middelkamp-Hup M.A. Increased frequencies of IL-31-producing T cells are found in chronic atopic dermatitis skin. Exp. Dermatol. 2012, 21:431-436.
181. Ishii T., Wang J., Zhang W., Mascarenhas J., Hoffman R., Dai Y., Wisch N., Xu M. Pivotal role of mast cells in pruritogenesis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 2009, 113:5942-5950.
182. Heise R., Mey J., Neis M.M., Marquardt Y., Joussen S., Ott H., Wiederholt T., Kurschat P., Megahed M., Bickers D.R., Merk H.F., Baron J.M. Skin retinoid concentrations are modulated by CYP26AI expression restricted to basal keratinocytes in normal human skin and differentiated 3D skin models. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2006, 126:2473-2480.
183. Hughes J., Smith T.W., Kosterlitz H.W., Fothergill L.A., Morgan B.A., Morris H.R. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 1975, 258:577-580.
184. Hughes J., Kosterlitz H.W., Smith T.W. The distribution of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in the brain and peripheral tissues. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1977, 61:639-647.
185. Casale T.B., Bowman S., Kaliner M. Induction of human cutaneous mast cell degranulation by opiates and endogenous opioid peptides: evidence for opiate and nonopiate receptor participation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1984, 73:775-781.
186. Saucedo R., Erill S. Morphine-induced skin wheals: a possible model for the study of histamine release. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1985, 38:365-370.
187. Fjellner B., Hagermark O. Potentiation of histamine-induced itch and flare responses in human skin by the enkephalin analogue FK-33-824, beta-endorphin and morphine. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1982, 274:29-37.
188. Katcher J., Walsh D. Opioid-induced itching: morphine sulfate and hydromorphone hydrochloride. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 1999, 17:70-72.
189. Kieffer B.L. Opioids: first lessons from knockout mice. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1999, 20:19-26.
190. Ko M.C., Naughton N.N. An experimental itch model in monkeys: characterization of intrathecal morphine-induced scratching and antinociception. Anesthesiology 2000, 92:795-805.
191. Kuraishi Y., Yamaguchi T., Miyamoto T. Itch-scratch responses induced by opioids through central mu opioid receptors in mice. J. Biomed. Sci. 2000, 7:248-252.
192. Ko M.C., Song M.S., Edwards T., Lee H., Naughton N.N. The role of central mu opioid receptors in opioid-induced itch in primates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 310:169-176.
193. McMahon S.B., Koltzenburg M. Itching for an explanation. Trends Neurosci. 1992, 15:497-501.
194. Carstens E. Responses of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons to intracutaneous microinjection of histamine, capsaicin, and other irritants. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:2499-2514.
195. Lagerstrom M.C., Rogoz K., Abrahamsen B., Lind A.L., Olund C., Smith C., Mendez J.A., Wallen-Mackenzie A., Wood J.N., Kullander K. A sensory subpopulation depends on vesicular glutamate transporter 2 for mechanical pain, and together with substance P, inflammatory pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108:5789-5794.
196. Inan S., Cowan A. Nalfurafine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, inhibits scratching behavior secondary to cholestasis induced by chronic ethynylestradiol injections in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006, 85:39-43.
197. Ko M.C., Husbands S.M. Effects of atypical kappa-opioid receptor agonists on intrathecal morphine-induced itch and analgesia in primates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 328:193-200.
198. Wikstrom B., Gellert R., Ladefoged S.D., Danda Y., Akai M., Ide K., Ogasawara M., Kawashima Y., Ueno K., Mori A., Ueno Y. Kappa-opioid system in uremic pruritus: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005, 16:3742-3747. (Epub 2005 Oct 3726).
199. Kumagai H., Ebata T., Takamori K., Muramatsu T., Nakamoto H., Suzuki H. Effect of a novel kappa-receptor agonist, nalfurafine hydrochloride, on severe itch in 337 haemodialysis patients: a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2010, 25:1251-1257.
200. Lembo P.M., Grazzini E., Groblewski T., O'Donnell D., Roy M.O., Zhang J., Hoffert C., Cao J., Schmidt R., Pelletier M., Labarre M., Gosselin M., Fortin Y., Banville D., Shen S.H., Strom P., Payza K., Dray A., Walker P., Ahmad S. Proenkephalin A gene products activate a new family of sensory neuron-specific GPCRs. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:201-209.
201. Di Marzo V., Petrocellis L.D. Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine. Annu. Rev. Med. 2006, 57:553-574.
202. Binzen U., Greffrath W., Hennessy S., Bausen M., Saaler-Reinhardt S., Treede R.D. Co-expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.4 with transient receptor potential channels (TRPV1 and TRPV2) and the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 2006, 142:527-539. (Epub 2006 Aug 2004).
203. Stander S., Schmelz M., Metze D., Luger T., Rukwied R. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) on sensory nerve fibers and adnexal structures in human skin. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2005, 38:177-188.
204. Dvorak M., Watkinson A., McGlone F., Rukwied R. Histamine induced responses are attenuated by a cannabinoid receptor agonist in human skin. Inflamm. Res. 2003, 52:238-245.
205. Stander S., Reinhardt H.W., Luger T.A. Topical cannabinoid agonists. An effective new possibility for treating chronic pruritus. Hautarzt 2006, 57:801-807.
206. Ibrahim M.M., Porreca F., Lai J., Albrecht P.J., Rice F.L., Khodorova A., Davar G., Makriyannis A., Vanderah T.W., Mata H.P., Malan T.P. CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation produces antinociception by stimulating peripheral release of endogenous opioids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:3093-3098. (Epub 2005 Feb 3010).
207. Hermann H., De Petrocellis L., Bisogno T., Schiano Moriello A., Lutz B., Di Marzo V. Dual effect of cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation on a vanilloid VR1 receptor-mediated response. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2003, 60:607-616.
208. Botchkarev V.A., Yaar M., Peters E.M., Raychaudhuri S.P., Botchkareva N.V., Marconi A., Raychaudhuri S.K., Paus R., Pincelli C. Neurotrophins in skin biology and pathology. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2006, 126:1719-1727.
209. Pincelli C., Sevignani C., Manfredini R., Grande A., Fantini F., Bracci-Laudiero L., Aloe L., Ferrari S., Cossarizza A., Giannetti A. Expression and function of nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor on cultured keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1994, 103:13-18.
210. Botchkarev V.A., Metz M., Botchkareva N.V., Welker P., Lommatzsch M., Renz H., Paus R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4 act as "epitheliotrophins" in murine skin. Lab. Invest. 1999, 79:557-572.
211. Kobayashi H., Gleich G.J., Butterfield J.H., Kita H. Human eosinophils produce neurotrophins and secrete nerve growth factor on immunologic stimuli. Blood 2002, 99:2214-2220.
212. Groneberg D.A., Serowka F., Peckenschneider N., Artuc M., Grutzkau A., Fischer A., Henz B.M., Welker P. Gene expression and regulation of nerve growth factor in atopic dermatitis mast cells and the human mast cell line-1. J. Neuroimmunol. 2005, 161:87-92.
213. Raychaudhuri S.P., Jiang W.Y., Farber E.M. Psoriatic keratinocytes express high levels of nerve growth factor. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1998, 78:84-86.
214. Lazar J., Szabo T., Marincsak R., Kovacs L., Blumberg P.M., Biro T. Sensitization of recombinant vanilloid receptor-1 by various neurotrophic factors. Life Sci. 2004, 75:153-163.
215. Dou Y.C., Hagstromer L., Emtestam L., Johansson O. Increased nerve growth factor and its receptors in atopic dermatitis: an immunohistochemical study. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2006, 298:31-37.
216. Schmelz M., Michael K., Weidner C., Schmidt R., Torebjork H.E., Handwerker H.O. Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin?. Neuroreport 2000, 11:645-648.
217. Schmelz M., Hilliges M., Schmidt R., Orstavik K., Vahlquist C., Weidner C., Handwerker H.O., Torebjork H.E. Active "itch fibers" in chronic pruritus. Neurology 2003, 61:564-566.
218. Dallos A., Kiss M., Polyanka H., Dobozy A., Kemeny L., Husz S. Effects of the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin on the production of nerve growth factor and inflammatory cytokines in cultured human keratinocytes. Neuropeptides 2006, 40:251-263.
219. Toyoda M., Nakamura M., Makino T., Hino T., Kagoura M., Morohashi M. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2002, 147:71-79.
220. Raap U., Werfel T., Goltz C., Deneka N., Langer K., Bruder M., Kapp A., Schmid-Ott G., Wedi B. Circulating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor correlate with disease severity in the intrinsic type of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2006, 61:1416-1418.
221. Tokime K., Katoh-Semba R., Yamanaka K., Mizoguchi A., Mizutani H. Enhanced production and secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor from the skin in atopic dermatitis mouse model. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2008, 300:343-352.
222. Nakanaga K., Hama K., Aoki J. Autotaxin - an LPA producing enzyme with diverse functions. J. Biochem. 2010, 148:13-24.
223. Hashimoto T., Ohata H., Momose K. Itch-scratch responses induced by lysophosphatidic acid in mice. Pharmacology 2004, 72:51-56.
224. Kremer A.E., Martens J.J., Kulik W., Rueff F., Kuiper E.M., van Buuren H.R., van Erpecum K.J., Kondrackiene J., Prieto J., Rust C., Geenes V.L., Williamson C., Moolenaar W.H., Beuers U., Oude Elferink R.P. Lysophosphatidic acid is a potential mediator of cholestatic pruritus. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:1008-1018.
225. Kim H.J., Kim H., Han E.S., Park S.M., Koh J.Y., Kim K.M., Noh M.S., Kim J.J., Lee C.H. Characterizations of sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced scratching responses in ICR mice using naltrexon, capsaicin, ketotifen and Y-27632. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 583:92-96.
226. Andoh T., Haza S., Saito A., Kuraishi Y. Involvement of leukotriene B(4) in spontaneous itch-related behaviour in NC mice with atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Exp. Dermatol. 2011, 20:894-898.
227. Fjellner B., Hagermark O. Experimental pruritus evoked by platelet activating factor (PAF-acether) in human skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1985, 65:409-412.
228. Kato M., Kurose T., Oda T., Miyaji S. The role of platelet activating factor and the efficacy of apafant ophthalmic solution in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 19:315-324.
229. Vogelsang M., Heyer G., Hornstein O.P. Acetylcholine induces different cutaneous sensations in atopic and non-atopic subjects. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995, 75:434-436.
230. Heyer G., Vogelgsang M., Hornstein O.P. Acetylcholine is an inducer of itching in patients with atopic eczema. J. Dermatol. 1997, 24:621-625.
231. Rukwied R., Heyer G. Administration of acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to atopic eczema patients. Exp. Dermatol. 1999, 8:39-45.
232. Rukwied R., Lischetzki G., McGlone F., Heyer G., Schmelz M. Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis study. Br. J. Dermatol. 2000, 142:1114-1120.
233. Miyamoto T., Nojima H., Kuraishi Y. Intradermal cholinergic agonists induce itch-associated response via M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mice. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 88:351-354.
234. Bernardini N., Sauer S.K., Haberberger R., Fischer M.J., Reeh P.W. Excitatory nicotinic and desensitizing muscarinic (M2) effects on C-nociceptors in isolated rat skin. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3295-3302.
235. Hagermark O. Studies on experimental itch induced by kallikrein and bradykinin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1974, 54:397-400.
236. Cormia F.E., Dougherty J.W. Proteolytic activity in development of pain and itching. Cutaneous reactions to bradykinin and kallikrein. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1960, 35:21-26.
237. Schmelz M., Schmidt R., Weidner C., Hilliges M., Torebjork H.E., Handwerker H.O. Chemical response pattern of different classes of C-nociceptors to pruritogens and algogens. J. Neurophysiol. 2003, 89:2441-2448.
238. Lang E., Novak A., Reeh P.W., Handwerker H.O. Chemosensitivity of fine afferents from rat skin in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 1990, 63:887-901.
239. Koppert W., Martus P., Reeh P.W. Interactions of histamine and bradykinin on polymodal C-fibres in isolated rat skin. Eur. J. Pain 2001, 5:97-106.
240. Hosogi M., Schmelz M., Miyachi Y., Ikoma A. Bradykinin is a potent pruritogen in atopic dermatitis: a switch from pain to itch. Pain 2006, 126:16-23.
241. Liang J., He Y., Ji W. Bradykinin-evoked scratching responses in complete Freund's adjuvant-inflamed skin through activation of B1 receptor. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2012, 237:318-326.
242. Mizumura K., Sugiura T., Katanosaka K., Banik R.K., Kozaki Y. Excitation and sensitization of nociceptors by bradykinin: what do we know?. Exp. Brain Res. 2009, 196:53-65.
243. Avula L.R., Buckinx R., Favoreel H., Cox E., Adriaensen D., Van Nassauw L., Timmermans J.P. Expression and distribution patterns of Mas-related gene receptor subtypes A-H in the mouse intestine: inflammation-induced changes. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2013, 139:639-658.
244. Namer B., Reeh P. Scratching an itch. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:117-118.
245. Ma C., Nie H., Gu Q., Sikand P., Lamotte R.H. In vivo responses of cutaneous C-mechanosensitive neurons in mouse to punctate chemical stimuli that elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 2012, 107:357-363.
246. Kralovics R., Passamonti F., Buser A.S., Teo S.S., Tiedt R., Passweg J.R., Tichelli A., Cazzola M., Skoda R.C. A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1779-1790.
247. Vannucchi A.M., Antonioli E., Guglielmelli P., Rambaldi A., Barosi G., Marchioli R., Marfisi R.M., Finazzi G., Guerini V., Fabris F., Randi M.L., De Stefano V., Caberlon S., Tafuri A., Ruggeri M., Specchia G., Liso V., Rossi E., Pogliani E., Gugliotta L., Bosi A., Barbui T. Clinical profile of homozygous JAK2 617V>F mutation in patients with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. Blood 2007, 110:840-846.
248. Tefferi A., Lasho T.L., Schwager S.M., Strand J.S., Elliott M., Mesa R., Li C.Y., Wadleigh M., Lee S.J., Gilliland D.G. The clinical phenotype of wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous JAK2V617F in polycythemia vera. Cancer 2006, 106:631-635.
249. Gilbert H.S., Warner R.R., Wasserman L.R. A study of histamine in myeloproliferative disease. Blood 1966, 28:795-806.
250. Diehn F., Tefferi A. Pruritus in polycythaemia vera: prevalence, laboratory correlates and management. Br. J. Haematol. 2001, 115:619-621.
251. Saini K.S., Patnaik M.M., Tefferi A. Polycythemia vera-associated pruritus and its management. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 40:828-834.
252. Mesa R.A., Niblack J., Wadleigh M., Verstovsek S., Camoriano J., Barnes S., Tan A.D., Atherton P.J., Sloan J.A., Tefferi A. The burden of fatigue and quality of life in myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs): an international Internet-based survey of 1179 MPD patients. Cancer 2007, 109:68-76.
253. Tefferi A. Polycythemia vera: a comprehensive review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2003, 78:174-194.
254. Fitzsimons E.J., Dagg J.H., McAllister E.J. Pruritus of polycythaemia vera: a place for pizotifen?. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1981, 283:277.
255. Tefferi A., Fonseca R. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in the treatment of polycythemia vera-associated pruritus. Blood 2002, 99:2627.
256. Smith J.B., Willis A.L. Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in human platelets. Nat. New Biol. 1971, 231:235-237.
257. Eichholtz T., Jalink K., Fahrenfort I., Moolenaar W.H. The bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid is released from activated platelets. Biochem. J. 1993, 291(Pt 3):677-680.
258. Gueguen G., Gaige B., Grevy J.M., Rogalle P., Bellan J., Wilson M., Klaebe A., Pont F., Simon M.F., Chap H. Structure-activity analysis of the effects of lysophosphatidic acid on platelet aggregation. Biochemistry 1999, 38:8440-8450.
259. Xu Y.J., Aziz O.A., Bhugra P., Arneja A.S., Mendis M.R., Dhalla N.S. Potential role of lysophosphatidic acid in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Can. J. Cardiol. 2003, 19:1525-1536.
260. Steinman H.K., Kobza-Black A., Lotti T.M., Brunetti L., Panconesi E., Greaves M.W. Polycythaemia rubra vera and water-induced pruritus: blood histamine levels and cutaneous fibrinolytic activity before and after water challenge. Br. J. Dermatol. 1987, 116:329-333.
261. Pieri L., Bogani C., Guglielmelli P., Zingariello M., Rana R.A., Bartalucci N., Bosi A., Vannucchi A.M. The JAK2V617 mutation induces constitutive activation and agonist hypersensitivity in basophils from patients with polycythemia vera. Haematologica 2009, 94:1537-1545.
262. Scott G.L., Horton R.J. Pruritus, cimetidine and polycythemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979, 300:433-434.
263. Buchanan J.G., Ameratunga R.V., Hawkins R.C. Polycythemia vera and water-induced pruritus: evidence against mast cell involvement. Pathology 1994, 26:43-45.
264. Abdel-Naser M.B., Zaki M.S., Mousa M.H., Hamed H., Rizk M.S., Mohamed H.E., Habib M.A. Cutaneous mononuclear cells and eosinophils are significantly increased after warm water challenge in pruritic areas of polycythemia vera. J. Cutan. Pathol. 2007, 34:924-929.
265. Abdel-Naser M.B., Gollnick H., Orfanos C.E. Aquagenic pruritus as a presenting symptom of polycythemia vera. Dermatology 1993, 187:130-133.
266. Wang J., Ishii T., Zhang W., Sozer S., Dai Y., Mascarenhas J., Najfeld V., Zhao Z.J., Hoffman R., Wisch N., Xu M. Involvement of mast cells by the malignant process in patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2009, 23:1577-1586.
267. Verstovsek S., Kantarjian H., Mesa R.A., Pardanani A.D., Cortes-Franco J., Thomas D.A., Estrov Z., Fridman J.S., Bradley E.C., Erickson-Viitanen S., Vaddi K., Levy R., Tefferi A. Safety and efficacy of INCB018424, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363:1117-1127.
268. Mesa R.A., Kantarjian H., Tefferi A., Dueck A., Levy R., Vaddi K., Erickson-Viitanen S., Thomas D.A., Cortes J., Borthakur G., Pardanani A.D., Estrov Z., Verstovsek S. Evaluating the serial use of the Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form for measuring symptomatic improvement: performance in 87 myelofibrosis patients on a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor (INCB018424) clinical trial. Cancer 2011, 117:4869-4877.
269. Mesa R.A., Gotlib J., Gupta V., Catalano J.V., Deininger M.W., Shields A.L., Miller C.B., Silver R.T., Talpaz M., Winton E.F., Harvey J.H., Hare T., Erickson-Viitanen S., Sun W., Sandor V., Levy R.S., Kantarjian H.M., Verstovsek S. Effect of ruxolitinib therapy on myelofibrosis-related symptoms and other patient-reported outcomes in COMFORT-I: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31:1285-1292.
270. Pardanani A., Gotlib J.R., Jamieson C., Cortes J.E., Talpaz M., Stone R.M., Silverman M.H., Gilliland D.G., Shorr J., Tefferi A. Safety and efficacy of TG101348, a selective JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29:789-796.
271. Sharon R., Tatarsky I., Ben-Arieh Y. Treatment of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea. Cancer 1986, 57:718-720.
272. Kiladjian J.J., Chomienne C., Fenaux P. Interferon-alpha therapy in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2008, 22:1990-1998.
273. Rambaldi A., Dellacasa C.M., Finazzi G., Carobbio A., Ferrari M.L., Guglielmelli P., Gattoni E., Salmoiraghi S., Finazzi M.C., Di Tollo S., D'Urzo C., Vannucchi A.M., Barosi G., Barbui T. A pilot study of the histone-deacetylase inhibitor givinostat in patients with JAK2V617F positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Br. J. Haematol. 2010, 150:446-455.
274. Gangemi S., Allegra A., Pace E., Alonci A., Ferraro M., Petrungaro A., Saitta S., Gerace D., Russo S., Penna G., Musolino C. Evaluation of interleukin-23 plasma levels in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Cell. Immunol. 2012, 278:91-94.
275. Dallman P.R., Beutler E., Finch C.A. Effects of iron deficiency exclusive of anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1978, 40:179-184.
276. Rector W.G., Fortuin N.J., Conley C.L. Non-hematologic effects of chronic iron deficiency. A study of patients with polycythemia vera treated solely with venesections. Medicine (Baltimore) 1982, 61:382-389.
277. Salem H.H., Van der Weyden M.B., Young I.F., Wiley J.S. Pruritus and severe iron deficiency in polycythaemia vera. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1982, 285:91-92.
278. Spivak J.L. Narrative review: Thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera, and JAK2 mutations: the phenotypic mimicry of chronic myeloproliferation. Ann. Intern. Med. 2010, 152:300-306.
279. Baxter E.J., Scott L.M., Campbell P.J., East C., Fourouclas N., Swanton S., Vassiliou G.S., Bench A.J., Boyd E.M., Curtin N., Scott M.A., Erber W.N., Green A.R. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet 2005, 365:1054-1061.
280. Guglielmelli P., Barosi G., Rambaldi A., Marchioli R., Masciulli A., Tozzi L., Biamonte F., Bartalucci N., Gattoni E., Lupo M.L., Finazzi G., Pancrazzi A., Antonioli E., Susini M.C., Pieri L., Malevolti E., Usala E., Occhini U., Grossi A., Caglio S., Paratore S., Bosi A., Barbui T., Vannucchi A.M. Safety and efficacy of everolimus, a mTOR inhibitor, as single agent in a phase 1/2 study in patients with myelofibrosis. Blood 2011, 118:2069-2076.
281. Wilkins H.J., Crane M.M., Copeland K., Williams W.V. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: an update. Am. J. Hematol. 2005, 80:148-157.
282. Roufosse F.E., Goldman M., Cogan E. Hypereosinophilic syndromes. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2007, 2:37.
283. Newton J.A., Singh A.K., Greaves M.W., Spry C.J. Aquagenic pruritus associated with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol. 1990, 122:103-106.
284. Simon H.U., Plotz S.G., Dummer R., Blaser K. Abnormal clones of T cells producing interleukin-5 in idiopathic eosinophilia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 341:1112-1120.
285. Ogbogu P.U., Bochner B.S., Butterfield J.H., Gleich G.J., Huss-Marp J., Kahn J.E., Leiferman K.M., Nutman T.B., Pfab F., Ring J., Rothenberg M.E., Roufosse F., Sajous M.H., Sheikh J., Simon D., Simon H.U., Stein M.L., Wardlaw A., Weller P.F., Klion A.D. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and response to therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 124:1319-1325. (e1313).
286. Rothenberg M.E., Klion A.D., Roufosse F.E., Kahn J.E., Weller P.F., Simon H.U., Schwartz L.B., Rosenwasser L.J., Ring J., Griffin E.F., Haig A.E., Frewer P.I., Parkin J.M., Gleich G.J. Treatment of patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome with mepolizumab. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:1215-1228.
287. Bennett J.M., Catovsky D., Daniel M.T., Flandrin G., Galton D.A., Gralnick H.R., Sultan C. Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Br. J. Haematol. 1982, 51:189-199.
288. Albitar M., Manshouri T., Shen Y., Liu D., Beran M., Kantarjian H.M., Rogers A., Jilani I., Lin C.W., Pierce S., Freireich E.J., Estey E.H. Myelodysplastic syndrome is not merely "preleukemia". Blood 2002, 100:791-798.
289. McGrath J.A., Greaves M.W. Aquagenic pruritus and the myelodysplastic syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol. 1990, 123:414-415.
290. McGrath J.A., Greaves M.W., Warin A.P. Aquagenic pruritus and myelodysplastic syndrome. Am. J. Hematol. 1991, 37:63.
291. Menage H.D., Norris P.G., Hawk J.L., Graves M.W. The efficacy of psoralen photochemotherapy in the treatment of aquagenic pruritus. Br. J. Dermatol. 1993, 129:163-165.
292. Khalifa N., Singer C.R., Black A.K. Aquagenic pruritus in a patient associated with myelodysplasia and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2002, 46:144-145.
293. Akin C., Metcalfe D.D. Systemic mastocytosis. Annu. Rev. Med. 2004, 55:419-432.
294. Horny H.P., Sotlar K., Valent P. Mastocytosis: state of the art. Pathobiology 2007, 74:121-132.
295. Orfao A., Garcia-Montero A.C., Sanchez L., Escribano L. Recent advances in the understanding of mastocytosis: the role of KIT mutations. Br. J. Haematol. 2007, 138:12-30.
296. Akin C. Clonality and molecular pathogenesis of mastocytosis. Acta Haematol. 2005, 114:61-69.
297. Garcia-Montero A.C., Jara-Acevedo M., Teodosio C., Sanchez M.L., Nunez R., Prados A., Aldanondo I., Sanchez L., Dominguez M., Botana L.M., Sanchez-Jimenez F., Sotlar K., Almeida J., Escribano L., Orfao A. KIT mutation in mast cells and other bone marrow hematopoietic cell lineages in systemic mast cell disorders: a prospective study of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA) in a series of 113 patients. Blood 2006, 108:2366-2372.
298. Harir N., Boudot C., Friedbichler K., Sonneck K., Kondo R., Martin-Lanneree S., Kenner L., Kerenyi M., Yahiaoui S., Gouilleux-Gruart V., Gondry J., Benit L., Dusanter-Fourt I., Lassoued K., Valent P., Moriggl R., Gouilleux F. Oncogenic Kit controls neoplastic mast cell growth through a Stat5/PI3-kinase signaling cascade. Blood 2008, 112:2463-2473.
299. Kettelhut B.V., Metcalfe D.D. Pediatric mastocytosis. Ann. Allergy 1994, 73:197-202. (quiz 202-197).
300. Church M.K., Levi-Schaffer F. The human mast cell. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997, 99:155-160.
301. Hartmann K., Bruns S.B., Henz B.M. Mastocytosis: review of clinical and experimental aspects. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2001, 6:143-147.
302. Koide T., Nakajima T., Makifuchi T., Fukuhara N. Systemic mastocytosis and recurrent anaphylactic shock. Lancet 2002, 359:2084.
303. Worobec A.S. Treatment of systemic mast cell disorders. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 2000, 14:659-687. vii.
304. Soter N.A., Austen K.F., Wasserman S.I. Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979, 301:465-469.
305. Granerus G., Olafsson J.H., Roupe G. Treatment of two mastocytosis patients with a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. Agents Actions 1985, 16:244-248.
306. Tolar J., Tope W.D., Neglia J.P. Leukotriene-receptor inhibition for the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350:735-736.
307. Mauch P.M., Kalish L.A., Kadin M., Coleman C.N., Osteen R., Hellman S. Patterns of presentation of Hodgkin disease. Implications for etiology and pathogenesis. Cancer 1993, 71:2062-2071.
308. Gobbi P.G., Attardo-Parrinello G., Lattanzio G., Rizzo S.C., Ascari E. Severe pruritus should be a B-symptom in Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1983, 51:1934-1936.
309. Kumar S.S., Kuruvilla M., Pai G.S., Dinesh M. Cutaneous manifestations of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2003, 69:12-15.
310. Rubenstein M., Duvic M. Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin's disease. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006, 45:251-256.
311. Goldman B.D., Koh H.K. Pruritus and malignancy. Itch. Mechanisms and Management of Pruritus 1994, 299-319. McGraw-Hill, New York. J.D. Bernhard (Ed.).
312. Yosipovitch G. Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign. Dermatol. Ther. 2010, 23:590-596.
313. Krajnik M., Zylicz Z. Pruritus in advanced internal diseases. Pathogenesis and treatment. Neth. J. Med. 2001, 58:27-40.
314. Mills G.B., Moolenaar W.H. The emerging role of lysophosphatidic acid in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3:582-591.
315. Aymard J.P., Lederlin P., Witz F., Colomb J.N., Herbeuval R., Weber B. Cimetidine for pruritus in Hodgkin's disease. Br. Med. J. 1980, 280:151-152.
316. Weisshaar E., Dalgard F. Epidemiology of itch: adding to the burden of skin morbidity. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009, 89:339-350.
317. Eriksen K.W., Kaltoft K., Mikkelsen G., Nielsen M., Zhang Q., Geisler C., Nissen M.H., Ropke C., Wasik M.A., Odum N. Constitutive STAT3-activation in Sezary syndrome: tyrphostin AG490 inhibits STAT3-activation, interleukin-2 receptor expression and growth of leukemic Sezary cells. Leuk. Off. J. Leuk. Soc. Am. Leuk. Res. Fund UK 2001, 15:787-793.
318. Lessin S.R., Vowels B.R., Rook A.H. Th2 cytokine profile in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1995, 105:855-856.
319. Asadullah K., Docke W.D., Haeussler A., Sterry W., Volk H.D. Progression of mycosis fungoides is associated with increasing cutaneous expression of interleukin-10 mRNA. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1996, 107:833-837.
320. Vickers C.F. Iron-deficiency pruritus. JAMA 1977, 238:129.
321. Afifi Y., Aubin F., Puzenat E., Degouy A., Aubrion D., Hassam B., Humbert P. Pruritus sine materia: a prospective study of 95 patients. Rev. Med. Interne 2004, 25:490-493.
322. Takkunen H. Iron deficiency in the Finnish adult population. Scand. J. Haematol. Suppl. 1976, 25:1-91.
323. Camp R. Generalized pruritus and its management. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1982, 7:557-563.
324. Clinical Practice Guidelines E.A.S.L. Management of cholestatic liver diseases. J. Hepatol. 2009, 51:237-267.
325. Lindor K.D., Gershwin M.E., Poupon R., Kaplan M., Bergasa N.V., Heathcote E.J. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009, 50:291-308.
326. Heathcote E.J. Management of primary biliary cirrhosis. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidelines. Hepatology 2000, 31:1005-1013.
327. Beuers U. Drug insight: mechanisms and sites of action of ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006, 3:318-328.
328. Kremer A.E., Beuers U., Oude-Elferink R.P., Pusl T. Pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus in cholestasis. Drugs 2008, 68:2163-2182.
329. Geenes V., Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 15:2049-2066.
330. Sherlock S., Scheuer P.J. The presentation and diagnosis of 100 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1973, 289:674-678.
331. James O., Macklon A.F., Watson A.J. Primary biliary cirrhosis - a revised clinical spectrum. Lancet 1981, 1:1278-1281.
332. Bergasa N.V., Mehlman J.K., Jones E.A. Pruritus and fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2000, 14:643-655.
333. Koulentaki M., Ioannidou D., Stefanidou M., Maraki S., Drigiannakis I., Dimoulios P., Melono J.M., Tosca A., Kouroumalis E.A. Dermatological manifestations in primary biliary cirrhosis patients: a case control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 101:541-546.
334. McPhedran N.T., Henderson R.D. Pruritus and jaundice. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1965, 92:1258-1260.
335. Cribier B., Samain F., Vetter D., Heid E., Grosshans E. Systematic cutaneous examination in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1998, 78:355-357.
336. Chia S.C., Bergasa N.V., Kleiner D.E., Goodman Z., Hoofnagle J.H., Di Bisceglie A.M. Pruritus as a presenting symptom of chronic hepatitis C. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998, 43:2177-2183.
337. Cacoub P., Poynard T., Ghillani P., Charlotte F., Olivi M., Piette J.C., Opolon P. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42:2204-2212.
338. Ghent C.N., Bloomer J.R. Itch in liver disease: facts and speculations. Yale J. Biol. Med. 1979, 52:77-82.
339. Pusl T., Beuers U. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of vanishing bile duct syndromes. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 12:3487-3495.
340. Bergasa N.V. The pruritus of cholestasis. J. Hepatol. 2005, 43:1078-1088.
341. Talwalkar J.A., Souto E., Jorgensen R.A., Lindor K.D. Natural history of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003, 1:297-302.
342. Bolier R., Oude Elferink R.P., Beuers U. Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus. Clin. Liver Dis. 2013, 17:319-329.
343. Stapelbroek J.M., van Erpecum K.J., Klomp L.W., Venneman N.G., Schwartz T.P., van Berge Henegouwen G.P., Devlin J., van Nieuwkerk C.M., Knisely A.S., Houwen R.H. Nasobiliary drainage induces long-lasting remission in benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 2006, 43:51-53.
344. Beuers U., Gerken G., Pusl T. Biliary drainage transiently relieves intractable pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006, 44:280-281.
345. Clements W.D., O'Rourke D.M., Rowlands B.J., Ennis M. The role of mast cell activation in cholestatic pruritus. Agents Actions 1994, 41 Spec No:C30-C31.
346. Quist R.G., Ton-Nu H.T., Lillienau J., Hofmann A.F., Barrett K.E. Activation of mast cells by bile acids. Gastroenterology 1991, 101:446-456.
347. Rioux K.P., Sharkey K.A., Wallace J.L., Swain M.G. Hepatic mucosal mast cell hyperplasia in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996, 23:888-895.
348. Jones E.A., Bergasa N.V. Evolving concepts of the pathogenesis and treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 14:33-40.
349. Frerichs F.T. On jaundice. On Diseases of the Liver 1845, 372-388. Chapter V, John Churchill, London.
350. Carey J.B. Bile acids in the serum of jaundiced patients. Gastroenterology 1961, 41:285-287.
351. Kirby J., Heaton K.W., Burton J.L. Pruritic effect of bile salts. Br. Med. J. 1974, 4:693-695.
352. Varadi D.P. Pruritus induced by crude bile and purified bile acids. Experimental production of pruritus in human skin. Arch. Dermatol. 1974, 109:678-681.
353. Ahrens E.H., Payne M.A., Kunkel H.G., Eisenmenger W.J., Blondheim S.H. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1950, 29:299-364.
354. Ricci P., Hofmann A.F., Hagey L.R., Jorgensen R.A., Rolland Dickson E., Lindor K.D. Adjuvant cholylsarcosine during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998, 43:1292-1295.
355. Van Itallie T.B., Hashim S.A., Crampton R.S., Tennent D.M. The treatment of pruritus and hypercholesteremia of primary biliary cirrhosis with cholestyramine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1961, 265:469-474.
356. Carey J.B., Williams G. Relief of the pruritus of jaundice with a bile-acid sequestering resin. JAMA 1961, 176:432-435.
357. Oster Z.H., Rachmilewitz E.A., Moran E., Stein Y. Relief of pruritus by cholestyramine in chronic liver disease. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1965, 1:599-606.
358. Datta D.V., Sherlock S. Cholestyramine for long term relief of the pruritus complicating intrahepatic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1966, 50:323-332.
359. Hollands C.M., Rivera-Pedrogo F.J., Gonzalez-Vallina R., Loret-de-Mola O., Nahmad M., Burnweit C.A. Ileal exclusion for Byler's disease: an alternative surgical approach with promising early results for pruritus. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1998, 33:220-224.
360. Emerick K.M., Whitington P.F. Partial external biliary diversion for intractable pruritus and xanthomas in Alagille syndrome. Hepatology 2002, 35:1501-1506.
361. Varco R.L. Intermittent external biliary drainage for relief of pruritus in certain chronic disorders of the liver. Surgery 1947, 21:43-45.
362. Huet P.M., Rautureau M., Dhumeaux D., Caroli J. The effects of biliary drainage in cholestatic hepatitis. Rev. Med. Chir. Mal. Foie 1970, 45:271-278.
363. Rupp N. Indications and results of percutaneous transhepatic bile-duct drainage. Chirurg 1979, 50:233-238.
364. Hall R.I., Denyer M.E., Chapman A.H. Percutaneous-endoscopic placement of endoprostheses for relief of jaundice caused by inoperable bile duct strictures. Surgery 1990, 107:224-227.
365. Robson P.C., Heffernan N., Gonen M., Thornton R., Brody L.A., Holmes R., Brown K.T., Covey A.M., Fleischer D., Getrajdman G.I., Jarnagin W., Sofocleous C., Blumgart L., D'Angelica M. Prospective study of outcomes after percutaneous biliary drainage for malignant biliary obstruction. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2010, 17:2303-2311.
366. Singh V., Bhalla A., Sharma N., Dheerendra P.C., Agarwal R., Mahi S.K. Nasobiliary drainage in acute cholestatic hepatitis with pruritus. Dig. Liver Dis. 2009, 41:442-445.
367. Alemi F., Kwon E., Poole D.P., Lieu T., Lyo V., Cattaruzza F., Cevikbas F., Steinhoff M., Nassini R., Materazzi S., Guerrero-Alba R., Valdez-Morales E., Cottrell G.S., Schoonjans K., Geppetti P., Vanner S.J., Bunnett N.W., Corvera C.U. The TGR5 receptor mediates bile acid-induced itch and analgesia. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123:1513-1530.
368. Ghent C.N., Bloomer J.R., Klatskin G. Elevations in skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and topruritus. Gastroenterology 1977, 73:1125-1130.
369. Bartholomew T.C., Summerfield J.A., Billing B.H., Lawson A.M., Setchell K.D. Bile acid profiles of human serum and skin interstitial fluid and their relationship to pruritus studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 1982, 63:65-73.
370. Freedman M.R., Holzbach R.T., Ferguson D.R. Pruritus in cholestasis: no direct causative role for bile acid retention. Am. J. Med. 1981, 70:1011-1016.
371. Swain M.G. Pruritus and lethargy in the primary billary cirrhosis patient. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 1999, 75-81. West End Studios, Eastbourne. J. Neuberger (Ed.).
372. Murphy G.M., Ross A., Billing B.H. Serum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 1972, 13:201-206.
373. Chanarin I., Szur L. Letter: relief of intractable pruritis in polycythaemia rubra vera with cholestyramine. Br. J. Haematol. 1975, 29:669-670.
374. Kuiper E.M., van Erpecum K.J., Beuers U., Hansen B.E., Thio H.B., de Man R.A., Janssen H.L., van Buuren H.R. The potent bile acid sequestrant colesevelam is not effective in cholestatic pruritus: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2010, 52:1334-1340.
375. Ghent C.N., Bloomer J.R., Hsia Y.E. Efficacy and safety of long-term phenobarbital therapy of familial cholestasis. J. Pediatr. 1978, 93:127-132.
376. Ghent C.N., Carruthers S.G. Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Results of a double-blind, crossover, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1988, 94:488-493.
377. Osborn E.C., Wootton I.D., da S.L., Sherlock S. Serum-bile-acid levels in liver disease. Lancet 1959, 2:1049-1053.
378. Alva J., Iber F.L. Relief of the pruritus of jaundice with methandrostenolone and speculations on the nature of pruritus in liver disease. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1965, 250:60-65.
379. Green A.D., Young K.K., Lehto S.G., Smith S.B., Mogil J.S. Influence of genotype, dose and sex on pruritogen-induced scratching behavior in the mouse. Pain 2006, 124:50-58. (Epub 2006 May 2011).
380. Lucey M.R., Neuberger J.M., Williams R. Primary biliary cirrhosis in men. Gut 1986, 27:1373-1376.
381. Kancheva R., Hill M., Cibula D., Vcelakova H., Kancheva L., Vrbikova J., Fait T., Parizek A., Starka L. Relationships of circulating pregnanolone isomers and their polar conjugates to the status of sex, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. J. Endocrinol. 2007, 195:67-78.
382. Reyes H., Sjovall J. Bile acids and progesterone metabolites in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Ann. Med. 2000, 32:94-106.
383. Pusl T., Beuers U. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2007, 2:26.
384. Glantz A., Reilly S.J., Benthin L., Lammert F., Mattsson L.A., Marschall H.U. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine. Hepatology 2008, 47:544-551.
385. Abu-Hayyeh S., Papacleovoulou G., Lovgren-Sandblom A., Tahir M., Oduwole O., Jamaludin N.A., Ravat S., Nikolova V., Chambers J., Selden C., Rees M., Marschall H.U., Parker M.G., Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy levels of sulfated progesterone metabolites inhibit farnesoid X receptor resulting in a cholestatic phenotype. Hepatology 2013, 57:716-726.
386. Chen S.C., Wu F.S. Mechanism underlying inhibition of the capsaicin receptor-mediated current by pregnenolone sulfate in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 2004, 1027:196-200.
387. Park-Chung M., Malayev A., Purdy R.H., Gibbs T.T., Farb D.H. Sulfated and unsulfated steroids modulate gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor function through distinct sites. Brain Res. 1999, 830:72-87.
388. Wu F.S., Gibbs T.T., Farb D.H. Inverse modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-induced currents by progesterone. Mol. Pharmacol. 1990, 37:597-602.
389. Park-Chung M., Wu F.S., Purdy R.H., Malayev A.A., Gibbs T.T., Farb D.H. Distinct sites for inverse modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by sulfated steroids. Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 52:1113-1123.
390. Weaver C.E., Marek P., Park-Chung M., Tam S.W., Farb D.H. Neuroprotective activity of a new class of steroidal inhibitors of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:10450-10454.
391. Weaver C.E., Park-Chung M., Gibbs T.T., Farb D.H. 17Beta-estradiol protects against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by direct inhibition of NMDA receptors. Brain Res. 1997, 761:338-341.
392. Rupprecht R., Holsboer F. Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological perspectives. Trends Neurosci. 1999, 22:410-416.
393. Wetzel C.H., Hermann B., Behl C., Pestel E., Rammes G., Zieglgansberger W., Holsboer F., Rupprecht R. Functional antagonism of gonadal steroids at the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 1998, 12:1441-1451.
394. Bernstein J.E., Swift R. Relief of intractable pruritus with naloxone. Arch. Dermatol. 1979, 115:1366-1367.
395. Jones E.A., Bergasa N.V. The pruritus of cholestasis: from bile acids to opiate agonists. Hepatology 1990, 11:884-887.
396. Thomas D.A., Williams G.M., Iwata K., Kenshalo D.R., Dubner R. Effects of central administration of opioids on facial scratching in monkeys. Brain Res. 1992, 585:315-317.
397. Swain M.G., Rothman R.B., Xu H., Vergalla J., Bergasa N.V., Jones E.A. Endogenous opioids accumulate in plasma in a rat model of acute cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:630-635.
398. Bergasa N.V., Vergalla J., Swain M.G., Jones E.A. Hepatic concentrations of proenkephalin-derived opioids are increased in a rat model of cholestasis. Liver 1996, 16:298-302.
399. Thornton J.R., Losowsky M.S. Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1988, 297:1501-1504.
400. Spivey J.R., Jorgensen R.A., Gores G.J., Lindor K.D. Methionine-enkephalin concentrations correlate with stage of disease but not pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1994, 89:2028-2032.
401. Bergasa N.V., Thomas D.A., Vergalla J., Turner M.L., Jones E.A. Plasma from patients with the pruritus of cholestasis induces opioid receptor-mediated scratching in monkeys. Life Sci. 1993, 53:1253-1257.
402. Bergasa N.V., Sabol S.L., Young W.S., Kleiner D.E., Jones E.A. Cholestasis is associated with preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the adult rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268:G346-G354.
403. Bergasa N.V., Liau S., Homel P., Ghali V. Hepatic Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity is enhanced in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver 2002, 22:107-113.
404. Bergasa N.V., Talbot T.L., Alling D.W., Schmitt J.M., Walker E.C., Baker B.L., Korenman J.C., Park Y., Hoofnagle J.H., Jones E.A. A controlled trial of naloxone infusions for the pruritus of chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992, 102:544-549.
405. Bergasa N.V., Alling D.W., Talbot T.L., Swain M.G., Yurdaydin C., Turner M.L., Schmitt J.M., Walker E.C., Jones E.A. Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995, 123:161-167.
406. Carson K.L., Tran T.T., Cotton P., Sharara A.I., Hunt C.M. Pilot study of the use of naltrexone to treat the severe pruritus of cholestatic liver disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1996, 91:1022-1023.
407. Wolfhagen F.H., Sternieri E., Hop W.C., Vitale G., Bertolotti M., Van Buuren H.R. Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:1264-1269.
408. Bergasa N.V., Schmitt J.M., Talbot T.L., Alling D.W., Swain M.G., Turner M.L., Jenkins J.B., Jones E.A. Open-label trial of oral nalmefene therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis. Hepatology 1998, 27:679-684.
409. Terg R., Coronel E., Sorda J., Munoz A.E., Findor J. Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Hepatol. 2002, 37:717-722.
410. Mansour-Ghanaei F., Taheri A., Froutan H., Ghofrani H., Nasiri-Toosi M., Bagherzadeh A.H., Farahvash M.J., Mirmomen S., Ebrahimi-Dariani N., Farhangi E., Pourrasouli Z. Effect of oral naltrexone on pruritus in cholestatic patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 12:1125-1128.
411. Summerfield J.A. Naloxone modulates the perception of itch in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1980, 10:180-183.
412. Jones E.A., Bergasa N.V. The pruritus of cholestasis. Hepatology 1999, 29:1003-1006.
413. Nelson L., Vergnolle N., D'Mello C., Chapman K., Le T., Swain M.G. Endogenous opioid-mediated antinociception in cholestatic mice is peripherally, not centrally, mediated. J. Hepatol. 2006, 44:1141-1149. (Epub 2005 Dec 1127).
414. Moolenaar W.H., Perrakis A. Insights into autotaxin: how to produce and present a lipid mediator. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2011, 12:674-679.
415. Kremer A.E., van Dijk R., Leckie P., Schaap F.G., Kuiper E.M., Mettang T., Reiners K.S., Raap U., van Buuren H.R., van Erpecum K.J., Davies N.A., Rust C., Engert A., Jalan R., Oude Elferink R.P., Beuers U. Serum autotaxin is increased in pruritus of cholestasis, but not of other origin, and responds to therapeutic interventions. Hepatology 2012, 56:1391-1400.
416. Kremer A.E., Martens J.J., Kulik W., Williamson C., Moolenaar W.H., Kondrackiene J., Beuers U., Oude Elferink R.P. Autotaxin but not bile salts correlate with itch intensity in cholestasis. J. Hepatol. 2010, 52:S1. (Abstract).
417. Kurban M.S., Boueiz A., Kibbi A.G. Cutaneous manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Clin. Dermatol. 2008, 26:255-264.
418. Hajheydari Z., Makhlough A. Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a study of 101 patients in Sari, Iran. Iran J. Kidney Dis. 2008, 2:86-90.
419. Attia E.A., Hassan S.I., Youssef N.M. Cutaneous disorders in uremic patients on hemodialysis: an Egyptian case-controlled study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2010, 49:1024-1030.
420. Melo N.C., Elias R.M., Castro M.C., Romao J.E., Abensur H. Pruritus in hemodialysis patients: the problem remains. Hemodial. Int. 2009, 13:38-42.
421. Mistik S., Utas S., Ferahbas A., Tokgoz B., Unsal G., Sahan H., Ozturk A., Utas C. An epidemiology study of patients with uremic pruritus. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006, 20:672-678.
422. Young A.W., Sweeney E.W., David D.S., Cheigh J., Hochgelerenl E.L., Sakai S., Stenzel K.H., Rubin A.L. Dermatologic evaluation of pruritus in patients on hemodialysis. N. Y. State J. Med. 1973, 73:2670-2674.
423. Stahle-Backdahl M., Hagermark O., Lins L.E. Pruritus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Acta Med. Scand. 1988, 224:55-60.
424. Moloney F.J., Keane S., O'Kelly P., Conlon P.J., Murphy G.M. The impact of skin disease following renal transplantation on quality of life. Br. J. Dermatol. 2005, 153:574-578.
425. Narita I., Alchi B., Omori K., Sato F., Ajiro J., Saga D., Kondo D., Skatsume M., Maruyama S., Kazama J.J., Akazawa K., Gejyo F. Etiology and prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006, 69:1626-1632.
426. Patel T.S., Freedman B.I., Yosipovitch G. An update on pruritus associated with CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2007, 50:11-20.
427. Zucker I., Yosipovitch G., David M., Gafter U., Boner G. Prevalence and characterization of uremic pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis: uremic pruritus is still a major problem for patients with end-stage renal disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003, 49:842-846.
428. Weisshaar E., Matterne U., Mettang T. How do nephrologists in haemodialysis units consider the symptom of itch? Results of a survey in Germany. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009, 24:1328-1330.
429. Vessal G., Sagheb M.M., Shilian S., Jafari P., Samani S.M. Effect of oral cromolyn sodium on CKD-associated pruritus and serum tryptase level: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2010, 25:1541-1547.
430. Mettang T., Pauli-Magnus C., Alscher D.M. Uraemic pruritus - new perspectives and insights from recent trials. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002, 17:1558-1563.
431. Yosipovitch G., Greaves M.W., Schmelz M. Itch. Lancet 2003, 361:690-694.
432. Johansson O., Hilliges M., Stahle-Backdahl M. Intraepidermal neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-immunoreactive nerve fibres: evidence for sprouting in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 99:281-286.
433. Berne B., Vahlquist A., Fischer T., Danielson B.G., Berne C. UV treatment of uraemic pruritus reduces the vitamin A content of the skin. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1984, 14:203-206.
434. Matsumoto M., Ichimaru K., Horie A. Pruritus and mast cell proliferation of the skin in end stage renal failure. Clin. Nephrol. 1985, 23:285-288.
435. Dimkovic N., Djukanovic L., Radmilovic A., Bojic P., Juloski T. Uremic pruritus and skin mast cells. Nephron 1992, 61:5-9.
436. Rollino C., Goitre M., Piccoli G., Puiatti P., Martina G., Formica M., Quarello F., Bernengo M.G. What is the role of sensitization in uremic pruritus? An allergologic study. Nephron 1991, 57:319-322.
437. Hampers C.L., Katz A.I., Wilson R.E., Merrill J.P. Disappearance of "uremic" itching after subtotal parathyroidectomy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1968, 279:695-697.
438. Vanholder R., Glorieux G., Van Biesen W. Advantages of new hemodialysis membranes and equipment. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2010, 114:c165-c172.
439. Chen Z.J., Cao G., Tang W.X., Lv X.Y., Huang S.M., Qin W., Ping F., Ye T. A randomized controlled trial of high-permeability haemodialysis against conventional haemodialysis in the treatment of uraemic pruritus. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 34:679-683.
440. Robinson-Bostom L., DiGiovanna J.J. Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000, 43:975-986. (quiz 987-990).
441. Chen H.Y., Chiu Y.L., Hsu S.P., Pai M.F., Lai C.F., Yang J.Y., Peng Y.S., Tsai T.J., Wu K.D. Elevated C-reactive protein level in hemodialysis patients with moderate/severe uremic pruritus: a potential mediator of high overall mortality. QJM 2010, 103:837-846.
442. Kanai H., Nagashima A., Hirakata E., Hirakata H., Okuda S., Fujimi S., Fujishima M. The effect of azelastin hydrochloride on pruritus and leukotriene B4 in hemodialysis patients. Life Sci. 1995, 57:207-213.
443. Virga G., Visentin I., La Milia V., Bonadonna A. Inflammation and pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002, 17:2164-2169.
444. Seckin D., Demircay Z., Akin O. Generalized pruritus treated with narrowband UVB. Int. J. Dermatol. 2007, 46:367-370.
445. Stockenhuber F., Sunder-Plassmann G., Balcke P. Increased plasma histamine levels in chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 317:386.
446. Dugas-Breit S., Przybilla B., Schopf P., Rueff F. Possible circadian variation of serum mast cell tryptase concentration. Allergy 2005, 60:689-692.
447. Szepietowski J.C., Reich A., Schwartz R.A. Uraemic xerosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004, 19:2709-2712.
448. Morton C.A., Lafferty M., Hau C., Henderson I., Jones M., Lowe J.G. Pruritus and skin hydration during dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1996, 11:2031-2036.
449. Yosipovitch G., Reis J., Tur E., Sprecher E., Yarnitsky D., Boner G. Sweat secretion, stratum corneum hydration, small nerve function and pruritus in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Br. J. Dermatol. 1995, 133:561-564.
450. Nielsen T., Andersen K.E., Kristiansen J. Pruritus and xerosis in patients with chronic renal failure. Dan. Med. Bull. 1980, 27:269-271.
451. Deleixhe-Mauhin F., Pierard-Franchimont C., Krezinski J.M., Rorive G., Pierard G.E. Biometrological evaluation of the stratum corneum texture in patients under maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 1993, 64:110-113.
452. Ostlere L.S., Taylor C., Baillod R., Wright S. Relationship between pruritus, transepidermal water loss, and biochemical markers of renal itch in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1994, 9:1302-1304.
453. Manenti L., Tansinda P., Vaglio A. Uraemic pruritus: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology and treatment. Drugs 2009, 69:251-263.
454. Zakrzewska-Pniewska B., Jedras M. Is pruritus in chronic uremic patients related to peripheral somatic and autonomic neuropathy? Study by R-R interval variation test (RRIV) and by sympathetic skin response (SSR). Neurophysiol. Clin. 2001, 31:181-193.
455. Weisshaar E., Dunker N., Rohl F.W., Gollnick H. Antipruritic effects of two different 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and an antihistamine in haemodialysis patients. Exp. Dermatol. 2004, 13:298-304.
456. Gunal A.I., Ozalp G., Yoldas T.K., Gunal S.Y., Kirciman E., Celiker H. Gabapentin therapy for pruritus in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004, 19:3137-3139.
457. Naini A.E., Harandi A.A., Khanbabapour S., Shahidi S., Seirafiyan S., Mohseni M. Gabapentin: a promising drug for the treatment of uremic pruritus. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 2007, 18:378-381.
458. Razeghi E., Eskandari D., Ganji M.R., Meysamie A.P., Togha M., Khashayar P. Gabapentin and uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Ren. Fail. 2009, 31:85-90.
459. Shavit L., Grenader T., Lifschitz M., Slotki I. Use of pregabalin in the management of chronic uremic pruritus. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2013, 45:776-781.
460. Ganz T., Nemeth E. Hepcidin and disorders of iron metabolism. Annu. Rev. Med. 2011, 62:347-360.
461. Dashti-Khavidaki S., Khalili H., Vahedi S.M., Lessan-Pezeshki M. Serum zinc concentrations in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and its relationship with anemia, parathyroid hormone concentrations and pruritus severity. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 2010, 21:641-645.
462. Cho Y.L., Liu H.N., Huang T.P., Tarng D.C. Uremic pruritus: roles of parathyroid hormone and substance P. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1997, 36:538-543.
463. Rashed A., Fahmi M., ElSayed M., Aboud O., Asim M. Effectiveness of surgical parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal dialysis patients in Qatar. Transplant. Proc. 2004, 36:1815-1817.
464. Pisoni R.L., Wikstrom B., Elder S.J., Akizawa T., Asano Y., Keen M.L., Saran R., Mendelssohn D.C., Young E.W., Port F.K. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2006, 21:3495-3505.
465. Momose A., Kudo S., Sato M., Saito H., Nagai K., Katabira Y., Funyu T. Calcium ions are abnormally distributed in the skin of haemodialysis patients with uraemic pruritus. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004, 19:2061-2066.
466. Phan N.Q., Bernhard J.D., Luger T.A., Stander S. Antipruritic treatment with systemic mu-opioid receptor antagonists: a review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2010, 63:680-688.
467. Sakurada T., Sakurada S., Katsuyama S., Hayashi T., Sakurada C., Tan-No K., Johansson H., Sandin J., Terenius L. Evidence that N-terminal fragments of nociceptin modulate nociceptin-induced scratching, biting and licking in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 279:61-64.
468. Bernstein J.E., Swift R.M., Soltani K., Lorincz A.L. Antipruritic effect of an opiate antagonist, naloxone hydrochloride. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1982, 78:82-83.
469. Heyer G., Dotzer M., Diepgen T.L., Handwerker H.O. Opiate and H1 antagonist effects on histamine induced pruritus and alloknesis. Pain 1997, 73:239-243.
470. Mettang T., Fischer F.P., Dollenbacher U., Kuhlman U. Uraemic pruritus is not related to beta-endorphin serum levels in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1998, 13:231-232.
471. Metze D., Reimann S., Beissert S., Luger T. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1999, 41:533-539.
472. Peer G., Kivity S., Agami O., Fireman E., Silverberg D., Blum M., laina A. Randomised crossover trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus. Lancet 1996, 348:1552-1554.
473. Pauli-Magnus C., Mikus G., Alscher D.M., Kirschner T., Nagel W., Gugeler N., Risler T., Berger E.D., Kuhlmann U., Mettang T. Naltrexone does not relieve uremic pruritus: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2000, 11:514-519.
474. Feramisco J.D., Berger T.G., Steinhoff M. Innovative management of pruritus. Dermatol. Clin. 2010, 28:467-478.
475. Greenwood A.M. A study of the skin in 500 cases of diabetes. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1927, 89:774-776.
476. Neilly J.B., Martin A., Simpson N., MacCuish A.C. Pruritus in diabetes mellitus: investigation of prevalence and correlation with diabetes control. Diabetes Care 1986, 9:273-275.
477. Zhang F., Hong S., Stone V., Smith P.J. Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in models of diabetic neuropathy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 323:508-515.
478. Caravati C.M., Richardson D.R., Wood B.T., Cawley E.P. Cutaneous manifestations of hyperthyroidism. South. Med. J. 1969, 62:1127-1130.
479. Mullin G.E., Eastern J.S. Cutaneous signs of thyroid disease. Am. Fam. Physician 1986, 34:93-98.
480. Leznoff A., Josse R.G., Denburg J., Dolovich J. Association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity. Arch. Dermatol. 1983, 119:636-640.
481. Tsai J.C., Feingold K.R., Crumrine D., Wood L.C., Grunfeld C., Elias P.M. Permeability barrier disruption alters the localization and expression of TNF alpha/protein in the epidermis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1994, 286:242-248.
482. Wilson S.R., The L., Batia L.M., Beattie K., Katibah G.E., McClain S.P., Pellegrino M., Estandian D.M., Bautista D.M. The epithelial cell-derived atopic dermatitis cytokine TSLP activates neurons to induce itch. Cell 2013, 155:285-295.
483. Massry S.G., Popovtzer M.M., Coburn J.W., Makoff D.L., Maxwell M.H., Kleeman C.R. Intractable pruritus as a manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremia. Disappearance of itching after subtotal parathyroidectomy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1968, 279:697-700.
484. Chou F.F., Ho J.C., Huang S.C., Sheen-Chen S.M. A study on pruritus after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2000, 190:65-70.
485. Stahle-Backdahl M., Hagermark O., Lins L.E., Torring O., Hilliges M., Johansson O. Experimental and immunohistochemical studies on the possible role of parathyroid hormone in uraemic pruritus. J. Intern. Med. 1989, 225:411-415.
486. Carmichael A.J., McHugh M.M., Martin A.M., Farrow M. Serological markers of renal itch in patients receiving long term haemodialysis. Br. Med. J. 1988, 296:1575.
487. Cormia F.E. Pruritus, an uncommon but important symptom of systemic carcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. 1965, 92:36-39.
488. Rajka G. Investigation of patients suffering from generalized pruritus, with special references to systemic diseases. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1966, 46:190-194.
489. Rantuccio F. Incidence of malignancy in patients with generalized pruritus. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1989, 21:1317.
490. Zirwas M.J., Seraly M.P. Pruritus of unknown origin: a retrospective study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001, 45:892-896.
491. Beare J.M. Generalized pruritus. A study of 43 cases. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1976, 1:343-352.
492. Lyell A. The itching patient. A review of the causes of pruritus. Scott. Med. J. 1972, 17:334-337.
493. Kantor G.R., Lookingbill D.P. Generalized pruritus and systemic disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1983, 9:375-382.
494. Paul R., Jansen C.T. Itch and malignancy prognosis in generalized pruritus: a 6-year follow-up of 125 patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1987, 16:1179-1182.
495. Weisshaar E., Apfelbacher C., Jager G., Zimmermann E., Bruckner T., Diepgen T.L., Gollnick H. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006, 155:957-964.
496. Caravati C.M., Richardson D.R. Pruritus as a symptom of systemic disease. Va. Med. Mon. (1918) 1918, 96(1969):656-658.
497. Sommer F., Hensen P., Bockenholt B., Metze D., Luger T.A., Stander S. Underlying diseases and co-factors in patients with severe chronic pruritus: a 3-year retrospective study. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2007, 87:510-516.
498. Lober C.W. Pruritus and malignancy. Clin. Dermatol. 1993, 11:125-128.
499. Twycross R., Greaves M.W., Handwerker H., Jones E.A., Libretto S.E., Szepietowski J.C., Zylicz Z. Itch: scratching more than the surface. QJM 2003, 96:7-26.
500. Serling S.L., Leslie K., Maurer T. Approach to pruritus in the adult HIV-positive patient. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2011, 30:101-106.
501. Singh F., Rudikoff D. HIV-associated pruritus: etiology and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2003, 4:177-188.
502. Shapiro R.S., Samorodin C., Hood A.F. Pruritus as a presenting sign of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1987, 16:1115-1117.
503. Breuer-McHam J.N., Marshall G.D., Lewis D.E., Duvic M. Distinct serum cytokines in AIDS-related skin diseases. Viral Immunol. 1998, 11:215-220.
504. Milazzo F., Piconi S., Trabattoni D., Magni C., Coen M., Capetti A., Fusi M.L., Parravicini C., Clerici M. Intractable pruritus in HIV infection: immunologic characterization. Allergy 1999, 54:266-272.
505. Semionov V., Shvartzman P. Post herpetic itching - a treatment dilemma. Clin. J. Pain 2008, 24:366-368.
506. Oaklander A.L. Mechanisms of pain and itch caused by herpes zoster (shingles). J. Pain 2008, 9:S10-S18.
507. Oaklander A.L., Bowsher D., Galer B., Haanpaa M., Jensen M.P. Herpes zoster itch: preliminary epidemiologic data. J. Pain 2003, 4:338-343.