Mountain farmers' livelihoods and perceptions of forest resource degradation at Machiara National Park, Pakistan-administered Kashmir

Environmental Development

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 84-103

  Cochard, R ^a   Dar, M E U I ^b  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Environmental perceptions; Forest resource degradation; Himalayan biodiversity hotspot; Livestock fodder; Population growth; Timber

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897405439     PISSN: 22114645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2014.01.004     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Abbasi M.K., Zafar M., Sultan T. Changes in soil properties and micropbial indices across various management sites in the mountain environments of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan 2010, 41(6):768-782.
2. Adhikari B.S., Rawat Y.S., Singh S.P. Structure and function of high altitude forests of Central Himalaya I. Dry matter dynamics. Ann. Bot. 1995, 75(3):237-248.
3. Ali J., Benjaminsen T.A., Hammad A.A., Dick Ø.B. The road to deforestation: an assessment of forest loss and its causes in Basho Valley, Northern Pakistan. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15:370-380.
4. Ali J., Nyborg I.L.P. Corruption or an Alternative System? Re-assessing Corruption and the role of the Forest Services in the Northern Areas, Pakistan. Int. For. Rev. 2010, 12(3):209-220.
5. Ali T., Shahbaz B., Suleri A. Analysis of myths and realities of deforestation in Northwest Pakistan: implications for forestry extension. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2006, 8(1):107-110.
6. Alston L.J., Libecap G.D., Schneider R. Property rights and the preconditions for markets: the case of the Amazon frontier. J. Inst. Theor. Econ. 1995, 151(1):89-107.
7. Badola R. Attitudes of local people towards conservation and alternatives to forest resources: a case study from the lower Himalayas. Biodivers. Conserv. 1998, 7(10):1245-1259.
8. BirdLife International, 2012. Birdlife online world bird database: Important Bird Areas (IBAs), Machiara National Park. Available via DIALOG. (retrieved on May 2012). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16396.
9. Bhandari B.S., Nautiyal D.C., Gaur R.D. Structural attributes and productivity potential of an alpine pasture of Garhwal Himalaya. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 1999, 78(3-4):321-329.
10. Bhatt B.P., Sachan M.S. Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass Bioenergy 2004, 27(1):69-75.
11. Bhutta Z.A., Hafeez A., Rizvi A., Ali N., Khan A., Ahmad F., Bhutta S., Hazir T., Zaidi A., Jafarey S.N. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2013, 381(9884):2207-2218.
12. Buffum B., Gratzer G., Tenzin Y. Forest grazing and natural regeneration in a late successional broadleaved community forest in Bhutan. Mt. Res. Dev. 2009, 29(1):30-35.
13. Butt T.M. Sustainable forest management: A case study on Machiara National Park in District Muzaffarabad, State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. (Masters thesis) 2006, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
14. Chaturvedi O.P., Singh J.S. Accumulation, transfers and dissipation of energy in chir pine forests. Biomass Bioenergy 1991, 1(6):363-367.
15. Cochard R. Natural hazards mitigation services of carbon-rich ecosystems. Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere 2013, 221-293. Springer, Heidelberg. R. Lal, K. Lorenz, R.F. Hüttl, B.U. Schneider, J. von Braun (Eds.).
16. Cochard R. Consequences of deforestation and climate change on biodiversity. Land Use, Climate Change and Biodiversity Modeling: Perspectives and Applications 2011, 30-55. IGI Global, Hershey, USA. Y. Trisurat, R. Shrestha, R. Alkemade (Eds.).
17. Dar M.E.U.I. A Study on Human Livelihoods and Impacts on the Vegetation of Machiara National Park, District Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan 2012, Dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.
18. Dar M.E.U.I., Cochard R., Shrestha R., Ahmad S. Plant resource utilization by local inhabitants around Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2012, 10:1139-1148.
19. Dar N.I., Minhas R.A., Zaman Q., Linkie M. Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human-carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142(10):2076-2082.
20. De Sherbinin A., van Wey L.K., McSweeney K., Aggarwal R., Barbieri A., Henry S., Hunter L.M., Twine W., Walker R. Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Glob. Environ. Change 2008, 18:38-53.
21. Dhyani S., Maikhuri R.K., Dhyani D. Energy budget of fodder harvesting pattern along the altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 35:1823-1832.
22. Drèze J., Sen A. An Uncertain Glory. India and its Contradictions 2013, Penguin Books, UK.
23. ERRA Muzaffarabad and Neelum District Profile 2007, Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabitlitation Authority, Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
24. Evans R. The erosional impacts of grazing animals. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 1998, 22(2):251-268.
25. FAO State of the World's Forests 2011 2011, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
26. Gazdar, H., 2003. A review of migration issues in Pakistan. Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Department for International Development, London, UK. Available via DIALOG. (retrieved on December 2013). http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0903/Dhaka_CP_4.pdf.
27. Gechter, M., 2010. Examining the sex ratio in Pakistan. Working Paper, Pomona College, Claremont, California.
28. Government AJK Revised Management Plan: Protected Areas Management Project-Machiara National Park 2009, Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
29. Government AJK Draft Revised Management Plan: Protected Areas Management Project-Machiara National Park 2005, Department of Wildlife & Fisheries, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
30. Government AJK, 2004. The Machiara Messenger: The Official Urdu News Letter of Protected Areas Management Project-Machiara. National Park, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
31. Gupta R.K. Impact of human influences on the vegetation of the Western Himalaya. Biomed. Life Sci. 1978, 37(2):111-118.
32. Gurung B., Nelson K.C., Smith J.L.D. Impact of grazing restrictions on livestock composition and husbandry practices in Madi Valley, Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Environ. Conserv. 2010, 36(4):338-347.
33. Hamid, S., 2010. Rural to urban migration in Pakistan: the gender perspective. PIDE Working Papers 56. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, pp. 1-21.
34. Kala C. Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 19(2):368-378.
35. Khan S.R., Khan S.R. Assessing poverty-deforestation links: evidence from Swat, Pakistan. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 68:2607-2618.
36. Kupper P. Wildnis schaffen. Eine Transnationale Geschichte des Schweizerischen Nationalparks 2012, Haupt Verlag, Berne, Switzerland.
37. Mayer A.C., Huovinen C. Silvopastoralism in the Alps: Native plant species selection under different grazing pressure. Ecol. Eng. 2007, 29(4):372-381.
38. Mayer A.C., Stöckli V., Konold W., Kreuzer M. Influence of cattle stocking rate on browsing of Norway spruce in subalpine wood pastures. Agroforest. Syst. 2006, 66(2):143-149.
39. Minhas R.A., Ahmed K.B., Awan M.S., Dar N.I. Social Organization and Reproductive Biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan). Pak. J. Zool. 2010, 42(2):143-156.
40. Myers N, Mittermeier R.A, Mittermeier C.G, Fonseca G.A.B., Kent J. Biodiversity hotposts for consevation priorities. Nature 2000, 403:853-885.
41. Nanda A.S., Nakao A.T. Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: current status and future prospectus. Anim. Sci. J. 2003, 74(6):443-455.
42. PMD Climatic Data Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir Pakistan Karachi 2010, Pakistan Meteorological Department, Pakistan, (Available via DIALOG, (retrieved May 2011). http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/average_normal.txt.
43. Pandey K.K. Study of the effect of photo-irradiation on the surface chemistry of wood. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2005, 90:9-20.
44. Pant H., Tewari A. Carbon sequestration in Chir-Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests under various disturbance levels in Kumaun Central Himalaya. J. For. Res. 2013, 2013:1-5.
45. Paudel K.P., Andersen P. Assessing rangeland degradation using multi temporal satellite images and grazing pressure surface model in Upper Mustang. Trans Himalaya Nepal. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010, 114:1845-1855.
46. Peduzzi P. Landslides and vegetation cover in the 2005 North Pakistan earthquake: a GIS and statistical quantitative approach. Nat. Hazard Earth Syst. 2010, 10:623-640.
47. PD AJK, 2011. Planning and Development Department, Azad Jammu and Kashmir: AJK at a Glance. Available via DIALOG. (retrieved March 2013). http://www.pndajk.gov.pk/glance.asp.
48. Potts M. The unmet need of family planning. Sci. Am. 2000, 282:88-99.
49. Rahman A., Duncan A.J., Miller D.W., Clemens J., Frutos P., Gordon I.J., Rehman A., Baig A., Ali F., Wright I.A. Livestock feed resources, production and management in the agro-pastoral system of the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan region of Pakistan: The effect of accessibility. Agric. Syst. 2008, 96:26-36.
50. Robinson S. Carrying Capacity of Pasture and Fodder Resources in the Tajik Pamirs 2012, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
51. Saleem S., Bobak M. Women's autonomy, education and contraception use in Pakistan: a national study. Reprod. Health 2005, 2(8):1-8.
52. Schickhoff U. Das Kaghan-Tal im Westhimalaya (Pakistan). Studien zur landschaftsökologischen Differenzierung und zum Landschaftswandel mit vegetationskundlischem Ansatz 1993, Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn, Germany.
53. Schickhoff U. Die Degradierung der Gebirgswälder Nordpakistans. Faktoren, Prozesse und Wirkungszusammenhänge in einem regionalen Mensch-Umwelt-System 2002, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
54. Schütte S., Kreutzmann H. Linking relief and development in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Mt. Res. Dev. 2011, 31(1):5-15.
55. Shahbaz B., Ali T., Suleri A.Q. Dilemmas and challenges in forest conservation and development interventions: Case of Northwest Pakistan. For. Policy Econ. 2011, 13:473-478.
56. Shaheen H., Qureshi R.A., Ullah Z., Ahmad T. Anthropogenic pressure on the western Himalayan moist temperate forests of Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Bot. 2011, 43(1):695-703.
57. Shaheen H., Khan S.M., Harper D.M. Species diversity, community structure, and distribution patterns in Western Himalayan Alpine pastures of Kashmir, Pakistan. Mt. Res. Dev. 2011, 31(2):153-159.
58. Shashi M., Poonam D. Declining sex ratio: an analysis with special reference to Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir. Asian J. For. Res. Bus. Econ. Manage. 2013, 3(7):212-220.
59. Siddiqui, K.M., 1997. Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study. Country Report-Pakistan. Working Paper no: APFSOS/WP/11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok/Rome.
60. Singh J.S., Gupta S.R. Grasslands of Southern Asia. Natural Grasslands. Ecosystems of the World 8B 1993, 83-124. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. R.T. Coupland (Ed.).
61. Singh G., Rawat G.S., Verma D. Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by villagers and seasonal "Dhaba owners" in the tourist affected regions of Gharwal Himalaya. India. Energ. Policy 2010, 38(4):1895-1899.
62. Somuncu, M., Khan, A.A., Waseem, L.A., 2010. Review of Protected Areas System in Pakistan: Present Status and Problems Concerning Future Development. Available via DIALOG. (retrieved August 2012). http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/47/1155/13587.pdf.
63. Thapa G.P. Land use, land management and environment in a subsistence mountain economy in Nepal. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1996, 57(1):57-71.
64. Tulachan P.M., Neupane A. Livestock in mixed farming systems of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas 1999, 116. Trends and Sustainability. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal.
65. Ur-Rahman A., Khan A.N., Collins A.E., Qazi F. Causes and extent of environmental impacts of landslide hazard in the Himalayan region: a case study of Murree. Pakistan Earth Environ. Sci. 2011, 57(2):413-434.
66. World Bank, 2012. World Bank: World Development Indicators. Available via DIALOG. (retrieved December 2012). http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx.
67. WWF Boundary delineation of Machiara National Park 2008, GIS Laboratory, WWF-Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.