메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 588-608

Hospital costs and inpatient mortality among children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease

Author keywords

acute inpatient care; geographic variation; Health care costs; health policy; pediatrics; quality of care

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; FEMALE; HEART SURGERY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL COST; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK REDUCTION;

EID: 84897386436     PISSN: 00179124     EISSN: 14756773     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12120     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 33845987944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research accessed on April 2, 2009
    • Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. 2009. " Introduction to the HCUP Kids' Inpatient Database " [accessed on April 2, 2009]. Available at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/kid/kid-2009-introduction.jsp
    • (2009) Introduction to the HCUP Kids' Inpatient Database
  • 2
    • 84897426261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research accessed on April 2, 2010
    • Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. 2010. " Pediatric Quality Indicators, Version 4.2 " [accessed on April 2, 2010]. Available at http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Archive/default.aspx
    • (2010) Pediatric Quality Indicators, Version 4.2
  • 3
    • 0009649019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2001. Refinement of the HCUP Quality Indicators. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
    • (2001) Refinement of the HCUP Quality Indicators
  • 4
    • 0037743455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-Based Referral Results in Significantly Reduced Mortality after Congenital Heart Surgery
    • Allen, S. W., K. Gauvreau, B. T. Bloom, and, K. J. Jenkins,. 2003. " Evidence-Based Referral Results in Significantly Reduced Mortality after Congenital Heart Surgery." Pediatrics 112 (1 Pt 1): 24-8.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , Issue.1 PART 1 , pp. 24-28
    • Allen, S.W.1    Gauvreau, K.2    Bloom, B.T.3    Jenkins, K.J.4
  • 5
    • 84897395624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Hospital Association. Chicago, IL: Health Forum, LLC
    • American Hospital Association. 2006. 2005 Annual Survey. Chicago, IL: Health Forum, LLC.
    • (2006) 2005 Annual Survey
  • 6
    • 78449294768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on Silber et al.: Investing in Postadmission Survival - A "failure-to-Rescue" U.S. Population Health
    • Barnato, A. E., 2010. " Comment on Silber et al.: Investing in Postadmission Survival-A "Failure-to-Rescue" U.S. Population Health." Health Services Research 45 (6 Pt 2): 1903-7.
    • (2010) Health Services Research , vol.45 , Issue.6 PART 2 , pp. 1903-1907
    • Barnato, A.E.1
  • 7
    • 77449159110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Survival Better at Hospitals with Higher "end-of-Life" Treatment Intensity?
    • Barnato, A. E., C. C. Chang, M. H. Farrell, J. R. Lave, M. S. Roberts, and, D. C. Angus,. 2010. " Is Survival Better at Hospitals with Higher "End-of-Life" Treatment Intensity? " Medical Care 48 (2): 125-32.
    • (2010) Medical Care , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-132
    • Barnato, A.E.1    Chang, C.C.2    Farrell, M.H.3    Lave, J.R.4    Roberts, M.S.5    Angus, D.C.6
  • 8
    • 34249065192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case Volume and Mortality in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients in California, 1998-2003
    • Bazzani, L. G., and, J. P. Marcin,. 2007. " Case Volume and Mortality in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients in California, 1998-2003." Circulation 115 (20): 2652-9.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115 , Issue.20 , pp. 2652-2659
    • Bazzani, L.G.1    Marcin, J.P.2
  • 9
    • 20544458330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Ozone and Mortality with Comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study
    • Bell, M. L., F. Dominici, and, J. M. Samet,. 2005. " A Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Ozone and Mortality with Comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study." Epidemiology 16 (4): 436-45.
    • (2005) Epidemiology , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 436-445
    • Bell, M.L.1    Dominici, F.2    Samet, J.M.3
  • 11
    • 33646346357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-Hospital Mortality for Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome after Stage i Surgical Palliation: Teaching versus Nonteaching Hospitals
    • Berry, J. G., C. G. Cowley, C. J. Hoff, and, R. Srivastava,. 2006. " In-Hospital Mortality for Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome after Stage I Surgical Palliation: Teaching versus Nonteaching Hospitals." Pediatrics 117 (4): 1307-13.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 1307-1313
    • Berry, J.G.1    Cowley, C.G.2    Hoff, C.J.3    Srivastava, R.4
  • 12
    • 2942627951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RACHS-1 Risk Categories Reflect Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay in a Large German Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Population
    • Boethig, D., K. J. Jenkins, H. Hecker, W. R. Thies, and, T. Breymann,. 2004. " The RACHS-1 Risk Categories Reflect Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay in a Large German Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Population." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 26 (1): 12-7.
    • (2004) European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-17
    • Boethig, D.1    Jenkins, K.J.2    Hecker, H.3    Thies, W.R.4    Breymann, T.5
  • 13
    • 0037250721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk Factors for Long Intensive Care Unit Stay after Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children
    • Brown, K. L., D. A. Ridout, A. P. Goldman, A. Hoskote, and, D. J. Penny,. 2003. " Risk Factors for Long Intensive Care Unit Stay after Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children." Critical Care Medicine 31 (1): 28-33.
    • (2003) Critical Care Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-33
    • Brown, K.L.1    Ridout, D.A.2    Goldman, A.P.3    Hoskote, A.4    Penny, D.J.5
  • 14
    • 2342446541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Too Much Ado about Two-Part Models and Transformation? Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures
    • Buntin, M. B., and, A. M. Zaslavsky,. 2004. " Too Much Ado about Two-Part Models and Transformation? Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures." Journal of Health Economics 23 (3): 525-42.
    • (2004) Journal of Health Economics , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 525-542
    • Buntin, M.B.1    Zaslavsky, A.M.2
  • 15
    • 84897410514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics accessed on December 30, 2012
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2012. " Producer Price Index " [accessed on December 30, 2012]. Available at http://www.bls.gov/ppi/
    • (2012) Producer Price Index
  • 18
    • 77956797230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services accessed on October 3, 2012
    • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2012. " Acute Inpatient PPS Wage Index " [accessed on October 3, 2012]. Available at http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS/ wageindex.html
    • (2012) Acute Inpatient PPS Wage Index
  • 20
    • 77949897499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital Cost of Care, Quality of Care, and Readmission Rates: Penny Wise and Pound Foolish?
    • Chen, L. M., A. K. Jha, S. Guterman, A. B. Ridgway, E. J. Orav, and, A. M. Epstein,. 2010. " Hospital Cost of Care, Quality of Care, and Readmission Rates: Penny Wise and Pound Foolish? " Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (4): 340-6.
    • (2010) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.170 , Issue.4 , pp. 340-346
    • Chen, L.M.1    Jha, A.K.2    Guterman, S.3    Ridgway, A.B.4    Orav, E.J.5    Epstein, A.M.6
  • 21
    • 84936916896 scopus 로고
    • Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots
    • Cleveland, W. S., 1979. " Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots." Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (368): 829-36.
    • (1979) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.74 , Issue.368 , pp. 829-836
    • Cleveland, W.S.1
  • 22
    • 33644621271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors Associated with Increased Resource Utilization for Congenital Heart Disease
    • Connor, J. A., K. Gauvreau, and, K. J. Jenkins,. 2005. " Factors Associated with Increased Resource Utilization for Congenital Heart Disease." Pediatrics 116 (3): 689-95.
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.116 , Issue.3 , pp. 689-695
    • Connor, J.A.1    Gauvreau, K.2    Jenkins, K.J.3
  • 23
    • 0001544579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of Medical Care, and Child Health
    • Currie, J., and, J. Gruber,. 1996. " Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of Medical Care, and Child Health." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (2): 431-66.
    • (1996) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.111 , Issue.2 , pp. 431-466
    • Currie, J.1    Gruber, J.2
  • 24
    • 0042405015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between Caseload and Morbidity and Mortality in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery-A Four Year Experience
    • Dagan, O., E. Birk, Y. Katz, O. Gelber, and, B. Vidne,. 2003. " Relationship between Caseload and Morbidity and Mortality in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery-A Four Year Experience." Israel Medical Association Journal 5 (7): 471-4.
    • (2003) Israel Medical Association Journal , vol.5 , Issue.7 , pp. 471-474
    • Dagan, O.1    Birk, E.2    Katz, Y.3    Gelber, O.4    Vidne, B.5
  • 26
    • 0019495499 scopus 로고
    • Prognosis, Survival, and the Expenditure of Hospital Resources for Patients in an Intensive-Care Unit
    • Detsky, A. S., S. C. Stricker, A. G. Mulley, and, G. E. Thibault,. 1981. " Prognosis, Survival, and the Expenditure of Hospital Resources for Patients in an Intensive-Care Unit." New England Journal of Medicine 305 (12): 667-72.
    • (1981) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.305 , Issue.12 , pp. 667-672
    • Detsky, A.S.1    Stricker, S.C.2    Mulley, A.G.3    Thibault, G.E.4
  • 27
    • 78449289971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranking Hospitals on Surgical Mortality: The Importance of Reliability Adjustment
    • Dimick, J. B., D. O. Staiger, and, J. D. Birkmeyer,. 2010. " Ranking Hospitals on Surgical Mortality: The Importance of Reliability Adjustment." Health Services Research 45 (6 Pt 1): 1614-29.
    • (2010) Health Services Research , vol.45 , Issue.6 PART 1 , pp. 1614-1629
    • Dimick, J.B.1    Staiger, D.O.2    Birkmeyer, J.D.3
  • 28
    • 84855280813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Hospital Risk-Standardized Mortality Rates Calculated by Using In-Hospital and 30-Day Models: An Observational Study with Implications for Hospital Profiling
    • Drye, E. E., S. L. Normand, Y. Wang, J. S. Ross, G. C. Schreiner, L. Han, M. Rapp, and, H. M. Krumholz,. 2012. " Comparison of Hospital Risk-Standardized Mortality Rates Calculated by Using In-Hospital and 30-Day Models: An Observational Study with Implications for Hospital Profiling." Annals of Internal Medicine 156 (1 Pt 1): 19-26.
    • (2012) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.156 , Issue.1 PART 1 , pp. 19-26
    • Drye, E.E.1    Normand, S.L.2    Wang, Y.3    Ross, J.S.4    Schreiner, G.C.5    Han, L.6    Rapp, M.7    Krumholz, H.M.8
  • 30
    • 0037452507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 2: Health Outcomes and Satisfaction with Care
    • Fisher, E. S., D. E. Wennberg, T. A. Stukel, D. J. Gottlieb, F. L. Lucas, and, E. Pinder,. 2003a. " The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 2: Health Outcomes and Satisfaction with Care." Annals of Internal Medicine 138 (4): 288-98.
    • (2003) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 288-298
    • Fisher, E.S.1    Wennberg, D.E.2    Stukel, T.A.3    Gottlieb, D.J.4    Lucas, F.L.5    Pinder, E.6
  • 31
    • 0037452530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 1: The Content, Quality, and Accessibility of Care
    • Fisher, E. S., D. E. Wennberg, T. A. Stukel, D. J. Gottlieb, F. L. Lucas, and, E. L. Pinder,. 2003b. " The Implications of Regional Variations in Medicare Spending. Part 1: The Content, Quality, and Accessibility of Care." Annals of Internal Medicine 138 (4): 273-87.
    • (2003) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 273-287
    • Fisher, E.S.1    Wennberg, D.E.2    Stukel, T.A.3    Gottlieb, D.J.4    Lucas, F.L.5    Pinder, E.L.6
  • 33
    • 0043246499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality for Congenital Heart Surgery in Children May Reflect Unequal Access to Care
    • Gonzalez, P. C., K. Gauvreau, J. A. Demone, G. E. Piercey, and, K. J. Jenkins,. 2003. " Regional Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality for Congenital Heart Surgery in Children May Reflect Unequal Access to Care." Pediatric Cardiology 24 (2): 103-8.
    • (2003) Pediatric Cardiology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-108
    • Gonzalez, P.C.1    Gauvreau, K.2    Demone, J.A.3    Piercey, G.E.4    Jenkins, K.J.5
  • 34
    • 0032968577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive Margins with Survey Data
    • Graubard, B. I., and, E. L. Korn,. 1999. " Predictive Margins with Survey Data." Biometrics 55 (2): 652-9.
    • (1999) Biometrics , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 652-659
    • Graubard, B.I.1    Korn, E.L.2
  • 35
    • 0037125874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Volume Related to Outcome in Health Care? A Systematic Review and Methodologic Critique of the Literature
    • Halm, E. A., C. Lee, and, M. R. Chassin,. 2002. " Is Volume Related to Outcome in Health Care? A Systematic Review and Methodologic Critique of the Literature." Annals of Internal Medicine 137 (6): 511-20.
    • (2002) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.137 , Issue.6 , pp. 511-520
    • Halm, E.A.1    Lee, C.2    Chassin, M.R.3
  • 36
    • 0031810778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Effect of Hospital and Surgeon Volume on In-Hospital Mortality
    • Hannan, E. L., M. Racz, R. E. Kavey, J. M. Quaegebeur, and, R. Williams,. 1998. " Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Effect of Hospital and Surgeon Volume on In-Hospital Mortality." Pediatrics 101 (6): 963-9.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101 , Issue.6 , pp. 963-969
    • Hannan, E.L.1    Racz, M.2    Kavey, R.E.3    Quaegebeur, J.M.4    Williams, R.5
  • 37
    • 43449133325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: How Do Hospital Organizational Structure and Processes Affect Quality of Care?
    • Hearld, L. R., J. A. Alexander, I. Fraser, and, H. J. Jiang,. 2008. " Review: How Do Hospital Organizational Structure and Processes Affect Quality of Care? " Medical Care Research and Review 65 (3): 259-99.
    • (2008) Medical Care Research and Review , vol.65 , Issue.3 , pp. 259-299
    • Hearld, L.R.1    Alexander, J.A.2    Fraser, I.3    Jiang, H.J.4
  • 38
    • 46749089120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital Mortality for Norwood and Arterial Switch Operations as a Function of Institutional Volume
    • Hirsch, J. C., J. G. Gurney, J. E. Donohue, A. Gebremariam, E. L. Bove, and, R. G. Ohye,. 2008. " Hospital Mortality for Norwood and Arterial Switch Operations as a Function of Institutional Volume." Pediatric Cardiology 29 (4): 713-7.
    • (2008) Pediatric Cardiology , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 713-717
    • Hirsch, J.C.1    Gurney, J.G.2    Donohue, J.E.3    Gebremariam, A.4    Bove, E.L.5    Ohye, R.G.6
  • 39
    • 84871894829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Association between Health Care Quality and Cost: A Systematic Review
    • Hussey, P. S., S. Wertheimer, and, A. Mehrotra,. 2013. " The Association between Health Care Quality and Cost: A Systematic Review." Annals of Internal Medicine 158 (1): 27-34.
    • (2013) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.158 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-34
    • Hussey, P.S.1    Wertheimer, S.2    Mehrotra, A.3
  • 42
    • 66749092222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Efficiency: The Association of Hospital Costs and Quality of Care
    • Jha, A. K., E. J. Orav, A. Dobson, R. A. Book, and, A. M. Epstein,. 2009. " Measuring Efficiency: The Association of Hospital Costs and Quality of Care." Health Affairs 28 (3): 897-906.
    • (2009) Health Affairs , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 897-906
    • Jha, A.K.1    Orav, E.J.2    Dobson, A.3    Book, R.A.4    Epstein, A.M.5
  • 43
    • 78650574193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence on the Efficacy of Inpatient Spending on Medicare Patients
    • Kaestner, R., and, J. H. Silber,. 2010. " Evidence on the Efficacy of Inpatient Spending on Medicare Patients." Milbank Quarterly 88 (4): 560-94.
    • (2010) Milbank Quarterly , vol.88 , Issue.4 , pp. 560-594
    • Kaestner, R.1    Silber, J.H.2
  • 45
    • 84862910310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource Use among Adult Congenital Heart Surgery Admissions in Pediatric Hospitals: Risk Factors for High Resource Utilization and Association with Inpatient Death
    • Kim, Y. Y., K. Gauvreau, E. A. Bacha, M. J. Landzberg, and, O. J. Benavidez,. 2011. " Resource Use among Adult Congenital Heart Surgery Admissions in Pediatric Hospitals: Risk Factors for High Resource Utilization and Association with Inpatient Death." Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 4 (6): 634-9.
    • (2011) Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 634-639
    • Kim, Y.Y.1    Gauvreau, K.2    Bacha, E.A.3    Landzberg, M.J.4    Benavidez, O.J.5
  • 47
    • 0023182010 scopus 로고
    • The Volume-Outcome Relationship: Practice-Makes-Perfect or Selective-Referral Patterns?
    • Luft, H. S., S. S. Hunt, and, S. C. Maerki,. 1987. " The Volume-Outcome Relationship: Practice-Makes-Perfect or Selective-Referral Patterns? " Health Services Research 22 (2): 157-82.
    • (1987) Health Services Research , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-182
    • Luft, H.S.1    Hunt, S.S.2    Maerki, S.C.3
  • 48
    • 0027991786 scopus 로고
    • Does More Intensive Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly Reduce Mortality? Analysis Using Instrumental Variables
    • McClellan, M., B. J. McNeil, and, J. P. Newhouse,. 1994. " Does More Intensive Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly Reduce Mortality? Analysis Using Instrumental Variables." Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (11): 859-66.
    • (1994) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.272 , Issue.11 , pp. 859-866
    • McClellan, M.1    McNeil, B.J.2    Newhouse, J.P.3
  • 51
    • 84855170521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earlier Surgical Intervention in Congenital Heart Disease Results in Better Outcome and Resource Utilization
    • Panni, R. Z., A. Ashfaq, and, M. M. Amanullah,. 2011. " Earlier Surgical Intervention in Congenital Heart Disease Results in Better Outcome and Resource Utilization." BMC Health Services Research 11: 353.
    • (2011) BMC Health Services Research , vol.11 , pp. 353
    • Panni, R.Z.1    Ashfaq, A.2    Amanullah, M.M.3
  • 54
    • 0029334177 scopus 로고
    • Lessons for Guidelines from the Diffusion of Innovations
    • Rogers, E. M., 1995. " Lessons for Guidelines from the Diffusion of Innovations." Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 21 (7): 324-8.
    • (1995) Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement , vol.21 , Issue.7 , pp. 324-328
    • Rogers, E.M.1
  • 55
    • 79551559934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital Spending and Inpatient Mortality: Evidence from California: An Observational Study
    • Romley, J. A., A. B. Jena, and, D. P. Goldman,. 2011. " Hospital Spending and Inpatient Mortality: Evidence from California: An Observational Study." Annals of Internal Medicine 154 (3): 160-7.
    • (2011) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.154 , Issue.3 , pp. 160-167
    • Romley, J.A.1    Jena, A.B.2    Goldman, D.P.3
  • 57
    • 0035584553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Center Volume on Outcome of Ventricular Septal Defect Closure and Arterial Switch Operation
    • Scott, W. A., and, D. E. Fixler,. 2001. " Effect of Center Volume on Outcome of Ventricular Septal Defect Closure and Arterial Switch Operation." American Journal of Cardiology 88 (11): 1259-63.
    • (2001) American Journal of Cardiology , vol.88 , Issue.11 , pp. 1259-1263
    • Scott, W.A.1    Fixler, D.E.2
  • 60
    • 83255192336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter Two - Causes and Consequences of Regional Variations in Health Care
    • In, edited by T. G. M. Mark V. Pauly, and P. B. Pedro, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
    • Skinner, J., 2011. " Chapter Two-Causes and Consequences of Regional Variations in Health Care." In Handbook of Health Economics, edited by, T. G. M. Mark V. Pauly, and, P. B. Pedro, pp. 45-93. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
    • (2011) Handbook of Health Economics , pp. 45-93
    • Skinner, J.1
  • 62
    • 0037006212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and Volume of Cases in Paediatric Cardiac Surgery: Retrospective Study Based on Routinely Collected Data
    • Spiegelhalter, D. J., 2002. " Mortality and Volume of Cases in Paediatric Cardiac Surgery: Retrospective Study Based on Routinely Collected Data." British Medical Journal 324 (7332): 261-3.
    • (2002) British Medical Journal , vol.324 , Issue.7332 , pp. 261-263
    • Spiegelhalter, D.J.1
  • 66
    • 84855744260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency accessed on April 2, 2012
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. " Frequently Asked Questions on Mortality Risk Valuation " [accessed on April 2, 2012]. Available at http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/pages/ MortalityRiskValuation.html
    • (2012) Frequently Asked Questions on Mortality Risk Valuation
  • 68
    • 49549106273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Relationship between Hospital Surgical Case Volumes and Mortality Rates in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A National Sample, 1988-2005
    • Welke, K. F., B. S. Diggs, T. Karamlou, and, R. M. Ungerleider,. 2008. " The Relationship between Hospital Surgical Case Volumes and Mortality Rates in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A National Sample, 1988-2005." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 86 (3): 889-96.
    • (2008) Annals of Thoracic Surgery , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 889-896
    • Welke, K.F.1    Diggs, B.S.2    Karamlou, T.3    Ungerleider, R.M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.