What is a city? An essential definition for sustainability

Urbanization and Sustainability: Linking Urban Ecology, Environmental Justice and Global Environmental Change

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 11-25

  Marcotullio, Peter J ^a   Solecki, William ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

City as entity; City as quality; Definition of city; Urban ecosystem approaches; Urbanization process

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897380126     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5666-3_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Amin, A., &Graham, S. (1999). Cities of connection and disconnection. In J. Allen, D. Massey, &M. Pryke (Eds.), Unsettling cities (pp. 7-38). London: Routledge in association with The Open University.
2. Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development, from the dawn of history to the present. Chicago: (Translated by Christopher Braider) University of Chicago Press.
3. Berry, B. J. L. (1973). The human consequences of urbanization. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
4. Brockerhoff, M. P. (2000). An urbanizing world. Population Bulletin, 55(3), 1-44.
5. Brown, L. (2001). Eco-economy, building an economy for the earth. New York: W. W. Norton &Company.
6. Brown, L., &Jacobson, J. L. (1987). The future of urbanization: Facing the ecological and economic constraints. Washington, DC: World watch Institute.
7. Brown, M. A., Southworth, F., &Sarzynski, A. (2008). Shrinking the carbon footprint of Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Metropolitan Policy Program.
8. Carter, H. (1983). An introduction to urban historical geography. London: Edward Arnold.
9. Chase-Dunn, C. K. (1975). The system of world cities, A.D. 800-1975. In M. Timberlake (Ed.), Urbanization in the world-economy (pp. 269-292). London: Academic Press, Inc'.
10. Chase-Dunn, C. K., &Manning, E. S. (2002). City systems and world systems: Four millennia of city growth and decline. Cross-Cultural Research, 36(4), 379-398.
11. Childe, V. G. (1950). The urban revolution. Town Planning Review, 21(1), 3-17.
12. Collins, J. P., Kinzig, A., Grimm, N. B., Fagan, W. F., Hope, D., Wu, J., &Borer, E. T. (2000). A new urban economy. American Scientist, 88(5), 416-425.
13. Corbyn, Z. (2010, July 16). Ecologists shun the urban jungle; Only one in six papers tackles inhabited areas. Nature. doi: 10.1038/news.2010.359.
14. Davis, K. (1972). World urbanization 1950-1970: The urban situation in the world as a whole. World Urbanization (Population Monograph Series no. 9). Berkeley: University of California.
15. Dodman, D. (2009). Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment and Urbanization, 21(1), 185-201.
16. Dodman, D., &Satterthwaite, D. (2009, March 12-13). Are cities really to blame? Urban world.
17. Douglas, I. (1981). The city as an ecosystem. Progress in Physical Geography, 5(3), 315-367.
18. Durkheim, E. (1984) [orig. 1893]. The division of labor in society. New York: (Translated by W.D. Halls) Free Press.
19. Forman, R. T. T., &Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. New York: Wiley.
20. Friedmann, J. (1986). The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 17, 69-83.
21. Friedmann, J. (2002). The prospect of cities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
22. Friedmann, J., &Miller, J. (1965). The urban field. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 31(4), 312-320.
23. Gordon, D. (1978). Capitalist development and the history of American cities. In W. K. Tabb &L. Sawers (Eds.), Marxism and the metropolis (pp. 25-63). New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Gottmann, J. (1961). Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States. Vol. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund
25. Gottmann, J. (1976). Megalopolitan systems around the world. Ekistics, 243, 109-113.
26. Grimm, N. B., Grove, J. M., Pickett, S. T. A., &Redman, C. L. (2000). Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience, 50(7), 571-584.
27. Harvey, D. (1989). The urban experience. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
28. Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of post modernity. Cambridge: Blackwell.
29. Institute for Urban Strategies. (2010). Global power city index 2010. Tokyo: The Mori Memorial Foundation.
30. Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Vintage Books.
31. Lefebvre, H. (2003). The urban revolution. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
32. Lo, F.-c., &Yeung, Y.-m. (Eds.) (1998). Globalization and the world of large cities. Tokyo: United Nations University.
33. Machlis, G. E., Force, J. E., William, J., &Burch, R. (1997). The human ecosystem part I: The human ecosystem as an organization concept in ecosystem management. Society &Natural Resources, 10, 347-367.
34. Maine, H. (1861). Ancient law. New York: H. Holt and company.
35. Marcotullio, P. J. (2005). Time-space telescoping and urban environmental transitions in the Asia Pacific. Yokohama: United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies.
36. Marcotullio, P. J., de Sherbinin, A. &Baptista, S. (2012). Urbanization, poverty and ecosystem degradation. In F. DeClerck, J. C. Ingram &C. R. del Rio (Eds.), Integrating Ecology into Poverty Alleviation and International Development Efforts: A Practical Guide. Springer Verlag, pp. 101-124.
37. Massey, D. S. (1996). The age of extremes: Concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century. Demography, 55(4), 395-412.
38. McDonnell, M. J., &Pickett, S. T. A. (1991). Comparative analysis of ecosystems along gradients of urbanization: Opportunities and limitations. In J. J. Cole, G. M. Lovett, &S. E. G. Findlay (Eds.), Comparative analyses of ecosystems, patterns, mechanisms and theories (pp. 351-255). New York: Springer.
39. McDonnell, M. J., Pickett, S. T. A., Groffman, P., Bohlen, P., Pouyat, R. V., Zipperer, W. C., Parmelee, R. W., Carreiro, M. M., &Medley, K. (1997). Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems, 1(1), 21-36.
40. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K., &Breuste, J. H. (Eds.). (2009). Ecology of cities and towns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. McGee, T. G. (1991). The emergence of Desakota regions in Asia: Expanding a hypothesis. In N. Ginsburg, B. Koppel, &T. G. McGee (Eds.), The extended metropolis, settlement transition in Asia (pp. 3-25). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
42. McGee, T. G. (1995). Metrofitting the emerging mega-urban regions of ASEAN. In T. G. McGee &I. M. Robinson (Eds.), The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia (pp. 3-26). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
43. McGranahan, G., Marcotullio, P. J., et al. (2005). Urban systems, Chapter 27. In Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Ed.), Current state and trends: Findings of the condition and trends working group. Ecosystems and human well-being (Vol. 1, pp. 795-825). Washington, DC: Island Press.
44. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being, Vol. 1 Current state and trends. Washington, DC: Island Press.
45. NcIntyre, N. E., Knowles-Yanez, K., &Hope, D. (2000). Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: Differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences. Urban Ecosystems, 4(1), 5-24.
46. Odum, E. (1991). Earth stewardship. Pan Ecology, 6(5).
47. Pacione, M. (2001). Urbangeography, aglobal perspective. London: Routledge.
48. Peter, J. Marcotullio, P. J., de Sherbinin, A., &Baptista, S. (2012). Urbanization, poverty and ecosystem degradation. In F. DeClerck, J. C. Ingram, &C. Rumbaitis del Rio (Eds.), Integrating ecology into poverty alleviation and international development efforts: A practical guide (pp. 101-124). New York: Springer.
49. Redfield, R. (1953). Primitive world and its transformations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
50. Robinson, J. (2002). Global and world cities: A view from off the map. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 531-554.
51. Robinson, J. (2004). In the tracks of comparative urbanism: Difference, urban modernity and the primitive. Urban Geography, 25(8), 709-723.
52. Sassen, S. (1991). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
53. Sassen, S. (1994). Cities in a world economy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
54. Satterthwaite, D. (2007). The transition to a predominantly urban world and its underpinnings. IIED Human settlements discussion paper series. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
55. Schneider, A., Friedl, M. A., &Potere, D. (2009). A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data. Environmental Research Letters, 4(044003), 1-11.
56. Seto, K. C., Sanchez-Rodriquez, R., &Fragkias, M. (2010). The new geography of contemporary urbanization and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 55(4), 1-28.
57. Short, J. R., &Kim, Y.-H. (1999). Globalization and the city. London: Longman.
58. Simmel, G. (1997) [orig. 1903]. The metropolis and mental life. In D. Frisby &M. Featherstone (Eds.), Simmel on culture. London: Sage Publisher.
59. Skole, D. L. (2004). Geography as a great intellectual melting pot and the preeminent interdisciplinary environmental discipline. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(4), 739-743.
60. Soja, E. W. (2000). Postmetropolis, critical studies of cities and regions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
61. Srinivas, H. (2000). Focusing on the real environmental culprits - Urban areas: UNU’s City Inspirations Initiative. Global Environmental Change, 10, 233-236.
62. Stage, J., Stage, J., &McGranahan, G. (2009). Is urbanization contributing to higher food prices? London: International Institute for Environment and Development and UNFPA.
63. Sterns, F., &Montag, T. (Eds.). (1974). The urban ecosystem: A holistic approach. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson &Ross, Inc.
64. Sumner, G. W. (1906). Folkways. Boston: Ginn Publishers.
65. Sutton, P. C., Anderson, S. J., Elvidge, C. D., Tuttle, B. T., &Ghosh, T. (2009). Paving the planet: Impervious surface as a proxy of human ecological footprint. Progress in Physical Geography, 33(4), 510-527.
66. Taylor, P. J. (2004). World city network, a global urban analysis. London: Routledge.
67. Timberlake, M. (2010). Introduction: What are cities? In R. Paddison &M. Timberlake (Eds.), Urban studies, economy, Vol. 1, What are cities? (pp. xxxiii-xl). London: Sage.
68. Tisdale, H. (1942). The process of urbanization. Social Forces, 20(3), 311-316.
69. Tonnies, F. (1955) [orig. 1887]. Community and society. New York: Harper &Row.
70. UNFPA. (2007). State of the world population: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York: United Nations Population Fund.
71. Wackernagel, M., &Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
72. Webber, M. (1963). Order in diversity: Community without propinquity. In L. Wingo (Ed.), Cities and space: The future use of urban land. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
73. Weber, M. (1958). The city. New York: (Translated and edited by D. Martindale and G. Neuwirth).
74. Weber, A. F. (1967) [orig. 1899]. The growth of cities in the nineteenth century, a study in statistics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (Originally published by Macmillan).
75. Wheatley, P. (1971). The pivot of the four quarters: Preliminary enquiry into the origins and character of the ancient Chinese City. Chicago: Aldine.
76. White, M., &White, L. (1962). The intellectual versus the city, from Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
77. Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1-24.
78. Wolman, M. G. (2004). The more things change. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(4), 723-728.