Cinema and the sandinistas: Filmmaking in revolutionary Nicaragua

Cinema and The Sandinistas: Filmmaking in Revolutionary Nicaragua

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-323

  Buchsbaum, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897324166     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (234)

1. Manuel Pereira, "Prehistoria del Cine Nica, " Cine Cubano, 96 (1980): 3.
2. "Regresar a casa, " Cine Cubano, 96 (1980): 62.
3. "Regresar a casa, " Cine Cubano, 96 (1980) Ibid., 64.
4. The Declaration was published, Cine Cubano, 96 (1980): 6-7.
5. Donald Hodges, Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty first Century (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992), 186.
6. "Creación del Instituto Nicaragüense de Cine (INCINE), " in La gaceta-diario oficial, September 22, 1979.
7. Manuel Pereira, "Prehistoria del Cine Nica, " 3.
8. "An 'Other' History: The New Latin American Cinema, " Radical History Review 41 (1988): 116.
9. "Latin American Center of New Cinema." Reprinted in Octavio Getino, Cine latinoamericano: Economías y nuevas tecnologías audiovisuales (Buenos Aires: Legasa, 1988): 260.
10. Zuzana M. Pick, The New Latin American Cinema: A Continental Project (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993), 19-37.
11. Julio García Espinosa, "Cuban Cinema, " in Latin American Visions, ed. Pat Aufderheide (Philadelphia: Neighborhood Film/Video Project of the International House, 1989), 53.
12. Teresa Toledo, 10 años del nuevo cine latinoamericano (Spain: Verdoux, S.K., Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, and Cinemateca de Cuba, 1990).
13. Margaret Randall, Sandino's Daughters Revisited: Feminism in Nicaragua (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 55.
14. New Latin American Cinema, ed. Coco Fusco (Buffalo: Hallwalls, Contemporary Art Center, 1987), 209.
15. Ambrosio Fornet, "Trente ans de cinéma dans la Révolution, " in Le cinéma cubain, ed. Paolo Antonio Paranagua (Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1990), 101.
16. Rosa María Torres and José Luis Coraggio, Transición y crisis en Nicaragua (San José: Dei, 1987).
17. Roberto Bardini, Edén Pastora, un cero en la historia (México: Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 1984).
18. Valerie Miller, The Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign in Nicaragua in Revolution, ed. Thomas W. Walker (New York: Praeger, 1982), 244.
19. John Booth, The End and the Beginning (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982), 187.
20. Adiós muchachos: Una memoria de la revolución Sandinista (México: Aguilar, 1999), 64.
21. Torres and Coraggio, Transición y crisis en Nicaragua, 146.
22. Jorge Jenkins Molieri, El desafío indígena en Nicaragua: El caso de los miskitos (Managua: Editorial Vanguardia, 1986), 271.
23. Edmund T. Gordon, "History, Identity, Consciousness, and Revolution Afro-Nicaraguans and the Nicaraguan Revolution, " in Ethnic Groups and the Nation State, ed. CIDCA (Stockholm: Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, 1987) 151-152.
24. Jorge Fraga, "el noticiero ICAIC latinoamericano: función política y lenguaje cinematográfico, " Cine Cubano, 71/72 (n.d.): 24-31.
25. Holly Sklar, Washington's War on Nicaragua (Boston: South End Press, 1989), 103.
26. Carlos M. Vilas, State, Class, and Ethnicity in Nicaragua, Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast, trans. Susan Norwood (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989), 2-6.
27. Donald Hodges, Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 97-99.
28. David Whisnant, Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 201-204.
29. John Beverley and Marc Zimmerman, Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), chap. 4.
30. Greg Dawes, Aesthetics and Revolution, Nicaraguan Poetry 1979- 1990 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 25-32.
31. "Kramer contra mí, " Ventana, 6, January 24, 1981, 13.
32. "El Regreso del Dragón, " Ventana, 7, January 31, 1981, 14.
33. Ramiro Lacayo, "Memoria histórica del pueblo, " Ventana, 8, February 7, 1981, 8-9.
34. "La TV debe ser un proyecto cultural revolucionario" [Television Should Be a Revolutionary Cultural Project], Ventana, 11, March 1, 1981, 2-3, 15.
35. "Un gran desconocido: El cine latinamericano, " Ventana, 11, March 1, 1981, 11.
36. "Apuntes sobre el Cine Latinamericano, " Ventana, 12, March 7, 1981, 14.
37. "Nicaragua, sede IV Reunión del MECLA, " Ventana, 13, March 14, 1981, 10.
38. "Un Cine Que Expresa la Vida, " Ventana, 15, March 28, 1981, 2-5.
39. Emilio Rodríguez, "La otra cara del oro, " Ventana, 20, July 18, 1981.
40. Ramiro Lacayo Deshón, "Del Aguila al Dragón: Crónicas de una Invasión, " Ventana, 43, October 31, 1981.
41. John Beverley and Marc Zimmerman, Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions, 58-59.
42. Carlos Mohs, "Impresiones Primeras sobre Del Aguila al Dragón, " El Nuevo Diario, October 22, 1981, 4.
43. Alfonso Gumucio Dagrón, El cine de los trabajadores (Managua: Central Sandinista de Trabajadores, 1981), 94.
44. "Cine Obrero Sandinista, " Plural, vol. 11, 130 (July 1982): 35.
45. "Popularizing Media: The Politics of Video in the Nicaraguan Revolution" (1996), 208.
46. Carlos Powell, "Filming a New Kind of Army, " Barricada International, April 21, 1988, 14-16.
47. "De las cámaras de tortura al Departamento de Estado, " Nicaráuac 11 (May 1985): 17-34.
48. "The Nicaraguan Prisoner, " The MacNeil-Lehrer Report, March 12, 1982.
49. 1960s: Revolution in the Revolution, ed. Robin Blackburn, trans. Bobbye Ortiz (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967).
50. Strategy for Revolution, ed. Robin Blackburn (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969).
51. David Nolan, The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution (Coral Gables, Fla.: Institute of Interamerican Studies/University of Miami, 1984), 22-24.
52. Donald C. Hodges, Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 221-225.
53. George Black, Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua (London: Zed Books, 1981), 87-89.
54. Omar Cabezas, Fire from the Mountain: The Making of a Sandinista, trans. Kathleen Weaver (New York: New American Library, 1982).
55. "La montaña era como un crisol donde se forjaban los mejores cuadros." (The mountain was like a crucible where the best cadres were forged.) Nicaráuac, 1 (May-June 1980): 8-24.
56. Cabezas, Fire from the Mountain: The Making of a Sandinista, 132.
57. Carlos M. Vilas, "Socialismo en Nicaragua?" Nueva Sociedad, 91 (September-December 1987): 159-175.
58. "The Democratization of Culture, " in Hacia una política cultural de la revolución popular Sandinista (Managua: Ministerio de Cultura, 1982), 250.
59. John Beverley and Marc Zimmerman, Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990).
60. David Whisnant, Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
61. Klaas Wellinga, Entre la poesía y la pared: Política cultural Sandinista (Costa Rica: FLASCO, Amsterdam: Thela, 1994).
62. Margaret Randall, Sandino's Daughters Revisited: Feminism in Nicaragua (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 106.
63. Carlos V. Ibarra, "Qué nos vino de Macondo?" Ventana, 122, July 2, 1983, 7.
64. Robert D. McFadden, "3 Canadian Films Called 'Propaganda' by U.S., " New York Times, February 25, 1983, 4-5.
65. Stuart Taylor Jr., "Court Backs Propaganda Label for 3 Canadian Films, " New York Times, April 29, 1987, A28.
66. Danny Peary, Cult Movies (New York: Delta, 1981), 215-218.
67. Bulletin 2 of the Commission of Classification of Cinema, n.d. (probably end of 1984).
68. Ambrosio Fornet, "Trente ans de cinéma dans la Revolucion, " 91.
69. Julio García Espinosa, "El cine y la toma del poder, " Plural, 74 (November 1977): 22.
70. Antonio Paranagua, "News From Havana A Restructuring of Cuban Cinema, " Framework 35, 1988, 90.
71. Ramiro Lacayo, "Anotaciones a la cultura de resistencia, " Ventana, 30, July 18, 1981, 19.
72. Carlos Vicente Ibarra, "Crónica sobre un verano ardiente. (El cine que nos envían), " Ventana, 35, August 22, 1981, 13.
73. Carlos Vicente Ibarra, "Crítica Cinematográfica y Sociedad Revolucionaria, " Ventana, 60, February 27, 1982, 14.
74. Martin Walsh, The Brechtian Aspect of Radical Cinema, ed. Keith M. Griffiths (London: British Film Institute, 1981).
75. Dana Polan, "A Brechtian Cinema? Towards a Politics of Self- Reflexive Film, " in Movies and Methods, vol. 2, ed. Bill Nichols (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).
76. Noël Carroll, Mystifying Movies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 90-96.
77. Víctor Martín Borrego, "Un drama sentimental socialista? Retrato de Teresa, " Ventana, 22, May 23, 1981, 13.
78. John King, Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America (New York: Verso, 1990), 159.
79. Nicaragua en cifras (Managua: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, 1986).
80. Howard Dratch and Barbara Margolis, "Film and Revolution in Nicaragua. An Interview with INCINE Filmmakers, " Cineaste, vol. 15, 3 (1987): 27-29.
81. Geske Dijkstra, Industrialization in Sandinista Nicaragua: Policy and Practice in a Mixed Economy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), 121.
82. Michele Najlis, Caminos de la estrella polar (Managua: Vanguardia, 1990), 14-16.
83. Michael Chanan, The Cuban Image. Cinema and Cultural Politics in Cuba (London: British Film Institute, 1985), 14-15.
84. "Alsino se debate entre la fantasía y la realidad, " Ventana, 80, July 31, 1982, 2-7.
85. Klaas Wellinga, Entre la poesía y la pared (San José: Flacso; Amsterdam: Thela, 1994).
86. Littín, "Alsino y la Realidad Mágica Nicaragüense, " Nicaráuac año 4, 9 (1988): 161-162.
87. Gabriel García Márquez, "Alsino y el Cóndor, " 163-165.
88. Francis Pisani, and Jesús Ceberio, Sandinistas (Managua: Editorial Vanguardia, 1986, 1987), 87.
89. Sergio Ramírez, Adiós muchachos: Una memoria de la revolución Sandinista (México, D. F.: Aguilar, 1999), 66.
90. David E. Whisnant, "Rubén Darío as a Focal Cultural Figure in Nicaragua: The Ideological Uses of Cultural Capital, " Latin American Research Review 27, 3 (1992): 7-49.
91. Tomás Borge, The Patient Impatience, trans. Russell Bartley, Darwin Flakoll, and Sylvia Yoneda (Willimantic, Conn.: Curbstone Press, 1991).
92. Dennis Gilbert and David Block, eds., Sandinistas: Key Documents/Documentos Claves (Ithaca, N.Y.: Latin American Studies Program, Cornell University, 1990), 30.
93. Carlos M. Vilas, "El impacto de la guerra de agresión en la revolución Sandinista, " Revista nicaragüense de ciencias sociales 2, 2 (March 1987): 11.
94. Holly Sklar, Washington's War on Nicaragua (Boston: South End Press, 1988), 138-140.
95. Thomas W. Walker, ed., Nicaragua: The First Five Years (NewYork: Praeger, 1985), 523- 532.
96. Walker, Nicaragua: The First Five Years, 531.
97. Brizio N. Biondi-Morra, Hungry Dreams: The Failure of Food Policy in Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979-1990 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993), 50.
98. James Pfeiffer, "Bananeras: Workers, Peasants, and Democracy on a Nicaraguan State Farm, " International Journal of Political Economy 20 (Fall 1990): 69-80.
99. Pfeiffer, "Bananeras, " 74.
100. Carlos M. Vilas, State, Class, and Ethnicity in Nicaragua: Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1989), 8-12.
101. The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 239-242.
102. Augusto C. Sandino: El pensamiento vivo, vol. 1, ed. Sergio Ramírez (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1981), 324-328.
103. Whisnant, Rascally Signs in Sacred Places, 358.
104. Greg Dawes, Aesthetics and Revolution: Nicaraguan Poetry 1979-1990 (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1993), 39-43.
105. Fernando Birri, "For a Nationalist, Realist, Critical and Popular Cinema, " Screen 27, 3-4 (May- Aug. 1986): 89.
106. Fernando Birri, "Por un cine nacional, realista, crítico y popular, " Areito, 37 (1984): 6-7.
107. Fernando Birri, El alquimista poético-político por un nuevo cine latinamericano, 1956-1991 (Madrid: Catedral Filmoteca Española, 1996), 295-303.
108. Dee Dee Halleck, "Nicaraguan Video: 'Live from the Revolution, ' " in Communicating in Popular Nicaragua, ed. Armand Mattelart (New York: International General, 1986), 119.
109. Carlos M. Vilas, "Family Affairs: Class, Lineage and Politics in Contemporary Nicaragua, " Journal of Latin American Studies 24 (1992): 328.
110. Jaime Wheelock Román, La Reforma Agraria (Managua: Vanguardia, 1990), 64.
111. Eduardo Baumeister, "The Structure of Nicaraguan Agriculture and the Sandinista Agrarian Reform." in Richard L. Harris and Carlos M.Vilas, eds., Nicaragua: A Revolution Under Siege (London: Zed Books, 1985), 19.
112. John Weeks, The Economies of Central America (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985), 160.
113. Carlos M. Vilas, "Reforma Agraria, agroexportación y empleo rural en Nicaragua, " Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 18 (1984).
114. Michael Zalkin, "Agrarian Class Structure in Nicaragua in 1980. A New Interpretation and Some Implications, " Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 16, 4 (July 1989).
115. Peter Utting, Economic Reform and Third-World Socialism (Houndsmill: MacMillan: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1992), 228.
116. Marvin Ortega, "The State, the Peasantry and the Sandinista Revolution, " Journal of Development Studies (July 1990) 122-142.
117. Carmen Diana Deere, Peter Marchetti, and Nola Reinhardt. "The Peasantry and the Development of the Sandinista Agrarian Policy, " Latin American Research Review XX(3) (1985), 88.
118. Eduardo Baumeister, "Farmers' Organizations and Agrarian Transformation, " in The New Politics of Survival: Grassroots Movements in Central America, ed. Minor Sinclair (NewYork: Monthly Review Press, 1995), 239-249.
119. Elizabeth Dore, "The Great Grain Dilemma: Peasants and State Policy in Revolutionary Nicaragua, " Peasant Studies, vol. 19. 2 (Winter 1990): 116.
120. Eduardo Baumeister, "Agrarian Reform, " in Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua, ed. Thomas W. Walker (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991), 237.
121. Philip R. Martinez, "Peasant policy within the Nicaraguan agrarian reform, 1979- 1989." World Development, vol. 21, 3 (March 1993): 479-481.
122. Elizabeth Dore, "La respuesta campesina a las políticas agrarias y commerciales enNicaragua: 1979-1988, " Estudios sociales centroamericanos, vol. 49 (January-April 1989): 33.
123. Carlos M. Vilas, The Sandinista Revolution: National Liberation and Social Revolution in Central America, trans. Judy Butler (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1986), 268.
124. Carlos M. Vilas, "El impacto de la transición revolutionaria en las clases populares: La clase obrera en la revolución Sandinista, " Cuadernos políticos, 48 (October/December 1986): 92.
125. Orlando Núñez, "The Third Social Force in National Liberation Movements, " Latin American Perspectives, vol. 8, 2 (Spring 1981) 5-21.
126. "La tercera fuerza en los movimientos de liberación nacional." Estudios sociales centroamericanos 27 (September/October 1980): 141-157.
127. La Transición difícil: La autodeterminación de los pequeños países periféricos, Coordinadores José Luis Coraggio and Carmen Diana Deere (Mexico: siglo veintiuno, 1986), 299.
128. Deere, Marchetti, and Reinhardt, "The Peasantry and the Development of the Sandinista Agrarian Policy, " 97.
129. Martha Clarissa Hernández, Vargas was responsible for the baseball uniforms, and her comment 34.
130. "Cinenicacentroacaribe, " El nuevo diario, November 9, 1999.
131. Birri, El alquimista poético-político, 229-235.
132. Vargas, "Cinenicacentroacaribe, " El Nuevo Diario, November 9, 1999.
133. David Kunzle, The Revolutionary Murals of Revolutionary Nicaragua (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), 96.
134. Carlos M. Vilas, Transición desde el subdesarrollo: Revolución y reforma en la periferia (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1989), 210.
135. Holly Sklar, Washington'sWar on Nicaragua, 117-118.
136. Ramiro Lacayo Deshón, "El Esbozo de Daniel, " Ventana, 86, September 11, 1982.
137. Lacayo Deshón, Nadie de importancia (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1986), 23-30.
138. Dennis Gilbert, The Sandinistas (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 141.
139. Beverley and Zimmerman, Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions, 72-73.
140. Whisnant, Rascally Signs, 165-168.
141. Ambrosio Fornet, "Trente ans de cinéma dans la Révolution, " in Le cinéma cubain, ed. Paolo Antonio Paranagua (Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1990), 87.
142. Omar Cabezas, Fire from the Mountain, 203.
143. Douglas Carcache, "Filman primera obra literaria nicaragüense, " El Nuevo Diario, September 13, 1984.
144. " 'El centerfielder' no es tan fácil como aparenta, " Barricada, September 15, 1984, 12.
145. P. Sollis, "The Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua: Development and Autonomy, " Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 21 (1987): 499.
146. "Institutional Struggle, Conflict and Reconciliation: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State (1979-1985)" in CIDCA/Development Studies Unit, Ethnic Groups and the Nation State, 106 (Stockholm: Univ. of Stockholm, 1987).
147. Bernard Nietschmann, The Unknown War: The Miskito Nation, Nicaragua and the United States (New York: Freedom House, 1989).
148. Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz, The Miskito Indians of Nicaragua (London: Minority Rights Group, 1988).
149. Carlos M. Vilas, State, Class and Ethnicity in Nicaragua: Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast, trans. Susan Norwood (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1991), 125.
150. Reynaldo Reyes and J. K. Wilson, Ráfaga: The Life Story of a Nicaraguan Miskito Comandante (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 44.
151. Sklar, Washington'sWar on Nicaragua, 104.
152. Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz, The Miskito Indians of Nicaragua, Minority Rights Group, Report 79 (London: Minority Rights Group, 1988).
153. Vilas, State, Class and Ethnicity in Nicaragua, 34-35.
154. Charles R. Hale, Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 240-241.
155. Felix Navarrete, "El espectro de la guerra. Un homenaje cinematográfico a la juventud nicaragüense, " El nuevo diario, November 28, 1987.
156. Felix Navarrete, "El espectro de la guerra. Un homenaje cinematográfico a la juventud nicaragüense, " El nuevo diario, November 28, 1987, 4-5.
157. "Don Teófilo y la 'Tour Eiffel, ' " Ventana, May 20, 1989.
158. Historia del cine latinoamericano (Buenos Aires: Legasa, 1987), 175-176.
159. Paolo Antonio Paranagua, "News From Havana. A Restructuring of Cuban Cinema, " Framework 35 (1988): 99.
160. Teófilo Ayerdis Ortez, "Don Teófil ataca de nuevo, " Ventana, June 3, 1989. 35.
161. John King, Magical Reels, 241.
162. "Cinema and Underdevelopment" in Twenty-fiveYears of the New Latin American Cinema, ed. Michael Chanan (London: British Film Institute, 1983), 12.
163. Octavio Getino, Cine y dependencia: El cine en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Puntosur Editores, 1990), 61.
164. Paolo Antonio Paranagua, "Brésil, " in Les cinémas de l'Amérique latine, ed. Guy Hennebelle and Alfonso Gumucio Dagrón (Paris: CinémAction/Lherminier, 1981), 145.
165. Randal Johnson and Robert Stam, eds., Brazilian Cinema, Expanded Edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 88.
166. "For an Imperfect Cinema, " in Twenty-five Years, ed. Michael Chanan, 33.
167. "Theory and Practice of Film and Popular Culture in Cuba" in Cinema and Social Change in Latin America, ed. Julianne Burton (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 24.
168. Michael Chanan, Chilean Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 1976), 83-84.
169. Jacqueline Mouesca, Plano secuencia de la memoria de Chile: Veinticinco años de cine chileno (1960-1985) (Madrid: Ediciones Michay, 1988), 54.
170. Jean Verdejo, Zuzana Mirjam Pick, and Gaston Ancelovici, "Chili, " in Les cinémas de l'Amérique latine, 210.
171. Gumucio Dagrón, Les cinémas de l'Amérique latine, 206.
172. Jorge Sanjinés, Theory and Practice of a Cinema with People (Willamantic, Conn.: Curbstone Press, 1989).
173. Mouesca, Plano secuencia, 32.
174. Octavio Getino and Fernando Solanas, Cine, cultura y descolonización (Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno, 1973).
175. Octavio Getino, A diez años de hacia un tercer cine (Mexico, D.F.: Filmoteca UNAM, 1982).
176. Octavio Getino, Cine y dependencia El cine en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Puntosur Editores, 1990).
177. Octavio Getino, Notas sobre cine argentino y latinoamericano (Mexico: Edimedios, 1984). 15.
178. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen, eds., Questions of Third Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 1989).
179. The New Latin American Cinema: A Continental Project (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993), 200-201.
180. Getino, Notas sobre cine argentino y latinoamericano, 116.
181. "A Closer Look at Third Cinema, " Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, vol. 21, 2 (June 2001) 153-166.
182. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, " in Illuminations, Hannah Arendt, ed. (New York: Shocken, 1969).
183. "Fernando E. Solanas y Octavio Getino responden a cine cubano, " Cine Cubano 56/57 (March 1969): 33.
184. Louis Marcorelles, Cahiers du cinéma, 210 (March 1969): 62.
185. "El cine como parte de los proyectos de liberación" in A diez años de "hacia un tercer cine, " 34.
186. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino, "Towards a Third Cinema" in Twenty five Years, ed. Michael Chanan, 26.
187. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino, "Towards a Third Cinema" in Twenty five Years, Ibid., 27.
188. Robert Stam, "The Hour of the Furnaces and the Two Avant- Gardes" in The Social Documentary in Latin America, ed. Julianne Burton (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990), 264.
189. "El cine como hecho político, " in Cine, cultura y descolonización, 141.
190. Perón, Solanas expressed his annoyance at the European left's criticism of Perón in Framework 10 (Spring 1979): 35-38.
191. "El cine como hecho politico, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, 144.
192. "El cine como hecho politico, " Cine, cultura y descolonización,, Ibid., 129.
193. Getino, Cine argentino entre lo posible y lo deseable (Buenos Aires: CICCUS, 1998): 59.
194. "El cine como hecho político, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, 134.
195. "Apuntes para un juicio crítico descolonizado, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, 116.
196. "El cine como hecho político, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, 131.
197. "El cine como hecho politico, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, Ibid., 133.
198. "El cine como hecho político, " Cine, cultura y descolonización, 147.
199. Fernando Ferreira, Luces, cámara memoria: Una historia social del cine argentino (Buenos Aires: Corregidor, 1995), 298.
200. "L'Influence du 'Troisième Cinéma' dans le monde, " Dossier réuni par Ciném Action, Revue Tiers Monde vol. XX, 79 (July-September 1979): 617-618.
201. Alfonso Gumucio Dagrón. "El cine militante en américa latina desde 1969, " Plural, vol. 9, 98 (November 1979): 53.
202. Julio García Espinosa, "El Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano en el Mundo de Hoy" in El nuevo cine latinoamericano en el mundo de hoy (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1988), 137.
203. Getino, Cine latinoamericano: Economías y nuevas tecnologías audiovisuales (Buenos Aires: Legasa, 1988).
204. Getino's figures, I have used figures from VII festival del nuevo cine latinoamericano (Mexico: Coordinación Cultural/Dirección de Cinematografía, 1986).
205. Tim Barnard, "After the Military: Film in the Southern Cone Today, " Review: Latin American Literature and Arts, 46 (Fall 1992): 29-36.
206. Randal Johnson, "The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Cinema, 1960- 1990, " Iris, 13 (Summer 1991).
207. Michael Chanan, ed., Chilean Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 1976).
208. Getino, Cine latinoamericano, 137-138.
209. Randal Johnson, "The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Cinema, 1960-1990, " 110.
210. María Hurtado, ed., La Industria cinematográfica chilena: Desafíos y realidad (Santiago: CENECA, 1986), 26.
211. Getino, Cine latinoamericano, 225.
212. Getino, Cine latinoamericano, Ibid., 78.
213. Néstor García Canclini, "La cultura visual en la época del posnacionalismo Quién nos va a contar la identidad?" Nueva sociedad, 127 (September-October 1993): 29.
214. Getino "El cine: Entre la extinción y el cambio, " Plural, 188 (May 1987): 38.
215. "El cine y la toma del poder, " Plural (Mexico), 74 (November 1977): 25.
216. Chanan."Revolution and Dreams, " Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, vol. 11 (1992): 47.
217. Agustín Mahieu, "El cine cubano, " Cuadernos hispanoamericanos, 348 (June 1979): 646.
218. John Beverley, Review of The Cuban Image, Cuban Studies, vol. 20 (1990): 207.
219. John Sinclair, Latin American Television: A Global View (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 156.
220. Peter Schumann, "La Experiencia de la Historia, " in El nuevo cine latinoamericano en el mundo de hoy, 198.
221. Alfredo Guevara, "Un cine de combate, " Pensamiento crítico, 42 (1970): 12.
222. Kathleen Newman, "National Cinema after Globalization: Fernando E. Solanas' Sur and the Exiled Nation, " Quarterly Review of Film and Video, vol. 14, 3 (1993): 69-83.
223. John Booth, The End of the Beginning: The Nicaraguan Revolution, 145.
224. María Molero, Nicaragua Sandinista: Del sueño a la realidad (Managua: CRIES y IEPALA, 1988), 39.
225. Luis Serra, "The Grass-Roots Organizations, " in Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua, ed. Thomas W. Walker (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991), 49-75.
226. Elizabeth Dore and John Weeks, The Red and the Black: The Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1992).
227. Phil Ryan, The Fall and Rise of the Market in Sandinista Nicaragua (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1995), 132-140.
228. "La industria del cine en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay" in VII festival internacional del nuevo cine latinoamericano (Mexico, D.F.: Coordinación de Difusión Cultural, Dirección de Cinematografía, 1986.
229. Randal Johnson, "In the Belly of the Ogre, " in Mediating Two Worlds, ed. John King, Ana López, and Manuel Alvarado (London: British Film Institute, 1993), 206.
230. "Reconceptualizing National Cinemas, " Quarterly Review of Film and Video, vol. 14, 3 (1993): 50.
231. Pat Aufderheide, "Latin American Cinema and the Rhetoric of Cultural Nationalism: Controversies at Havana in 1987 and 1989, " Quarterly Review of Film and Video, vol. 12, 4 (1991): 70.
232. R. Ruby Rich, "An/Other View of New Latin American Cinema, " Iris, 13 (Summer 1991) 5-28.
233. Carlos M. Vilas, "Nicaragua: A Revolution that Fell from the Grace of the People, " in Socialist Register: Communist Regimes-The Aftermath (London: Merlin Press, 1991) 302-321.
234. King, Magical Reels, 146.