Quebec identity: The challenge of pluralism

Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-212

  Maclure, Jocelyn ^a  

^a NONE

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References (232)

1. Michel Venne, "Un pont entre deux rives: Entrevue avec Graham Fraser," Le Devoir, 19 May 2001, d4.
2. See Quebec, Vision: A Policy Statement on Immigration and Integration (Montréal: Ministère des communautés culturelles et de l'immigration, 1990);
3. Joseph H. Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 107-39.
4. Quebec, Vision: A Policy Statement, 15.
5. Alain-G. Gagnon, "Plaidoyer pour l'interculturalisme," Possibles 24, no. 4 (2000): 11-25.
6. Guy Laforest, Trudeau and the End of a Canadian Dream, trans. Paul Leduc Browne and Michelle Weinroth (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995).
7. On the different visions of federalism put forward by Quebec and the rest of Canada, see Will Kymlicka, "Multinational Federalism in Canada: Rethinking the Partnership," in Beyond the Impasse: Toward Reconciliation, ed. G. Laforest and Roger Gibbins (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1998).
8. See James Tully, "Introduction," in Multinational Democracies, ed. Alain-G. Gagnon and J. Tully (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 1-33.
9. Charles Taylor, "The Stakes of Constitutional Reform," in Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Federalism and Nationalism, ed. Guy Laforest, trans. Ruth Abbey for this essay (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993), 141, 145.
10. Jocelyn Maclure, "Identité et politique: Penser la nation politique à l'ère des identités multiples," Possibles 24 (spring-summer 2000): 229-39.
11. See James Tully, The Unattained yet Attainable Democracy: Canada and Quebec Face the New Century: The Desjardins Lecture (Montreal: Quebec Studies Program, McGill University, 2000).
12. For an exemplification of the "sovereigntist by default" position, see Alain-G. Gagnon and François Rocher, "Faire l'histoire au lieu de la subir," in Répliques aux détracteurs de la souveraineté, ed. A.-G. Gagnon and F. Rocher (Montréal: vlb, 1992), 27-47.
13. For an analysis that takes account of factors both endogenous and exogenous to Quebec society, see Jocelyn Létourneau, Les années sans guide: Le Canada à l'ère de l'économie migrante (Montréal: Boréal, 1996).
14. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. Joan Stambaugh (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
15. Zygmunt Bauman, "From Pilgrim to Tourist - or a Short History of Identity," in Questions of Cultural Identity, ed. Stuart Hall (London: Sage, 1996), 18-36;
16. Charles Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition," ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
17. Mikhaël Elbaz, "Introduction," in Les frontières de l'identité: Modernité et postmodernisme au Québec, ed. M. Elbaz, Andrée Fortin, and Guy Laforest (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1996), 8.
18. For Dumont, fundamental values such as truth and democracy necessitate this interpretive work: "At bottom, the utopia of a body of knowledge that would rally the unanimous adherence of its compilers, and the utopia of a polity that would give rise to a convergence of freedoms, both presuppose an even more distant utopia: a community of those who interpret history" (Fernand Dumont, Récit d'une émigration: Mémoires [Montréal: Boréal, 1997], 296).
19. Fernand Dumont, Genèse de la société québécoise (Montréal: Boréal, 1993), 12.
20. Michel Seymour, La nation en question (Montréal: L'Hexagone, 1999), 98.
21. See Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, "Intellectuals and Power," in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. Donald F. Bouchard, trans. D.F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon for this essay (Ithaca, ny: Cornell University Press, 1977), 205-17.
22. See David Owen, "Orientation and Enlightenment: An Essay on Genealogy and Critique," in Foucault contra Habermas, ed. Samantha Ashenden and D. Owen (London: Sage, 1999).
23. Michel Foucault, "The Masked Philosopher," in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, trans. Alan Sheridan for this essay (New York: New Press, 1997), 327.
24. On this subject, see the interesting column by Pierre Foglia, "Une soirée culturelle," La Presse, 7 October 1999, a5.
25. Alain Dubuc, "Tourner la page," La Presse, 19 February 2000. It is perhaps worth stressing that Dubuc's columns also contain ideas that can help to move the debate forward.
26. Jean-François Lisée, Sortie de secours: Comment échapper au déclin du Québec (Montréal: Boréal, 2000), 19-64.
27. In doing so, I will draw rather freely on the Cambridge contextualist school, of which Quentin Skinner is undoubtedly one of the foremost representatives. For a discussion of his work, see James Tully, ed., Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
28. Michel Foucault, "What Is Enlightenment?" in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, trans. Catherine Porter for this essay (New York: New Press, 1997), 316.
29. Michel Foucault, "Polemics, Politics and Problematizations," in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, trans. Lydia Davis for this essay, 112.
30. James Tully, "Democracy and Globalization: A Defeasible Sketch," in Canadian Political Philosophy: Contemporary Reflections, ed. Ronald Beiner and Wayne Norman (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 2001). Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations are the best exemplification of this philosophical approach.
31. For a more detailed discussion of these issues, see Daniel Tanguay, "Requiem pour un conflit générationnel," Argument 1 (fall 1998): 58-80;
32. Éric Bédard's reply, "L'esprit-boomer n'a pas d'âge," Argument 2 (winter 2000): 142-9.
33. Sigmund Freud, "Mourning and Melancholia," in The Freud Reader, ed. Peter Gay (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1989), 584.
34. "This melancholia constitutes one of the fundamental templates - and perhaps even the episteme in terms of memory and history - of past and contemporary Quebec literary and scientific production" (Jocelyn Létourneau, "'Impenser' le pays et toujours l'aimer," Cahiers internationaux de sociologie 105 [1998]: 363;
35. see also, by the same author, "Pour une révolution de la mémoire collective: Histoire et conscience historique chez les Québécois," Argument 1 [fall 1998]: 41-57).
36. Jean Larose, whom I include here in my analysis of the melancholy social discourse, considers the Québécois to have never fully consoled themselves for the loss of the continent and, because of that, to be living in a state of perpetual "continental melancholy" (Larose, L'amour du pauvre [Montréal: Boréal, 1991], 87).
37. See also philosopher Daniel Jacques's discussion of the "traumatic historical memory" of certain Quebec authors in his essay "La mort annoncée d'un projet insignifiant?" in Possibles 19 (winter-spring 1995): 216.
38. With the rise of the Parti Québécois and the separatist movement, the old identity descriptor "French Canadian" fell into disuse; nowadays, the vast majority of French-speaking Quebecers would refer to themselves as "Québécois." 4 Gérard Bouchard, L'histoire comparée des collectivités neuves: Une autre perspective pour les études québécoises (Montreal: Quebec Studies Program, McGill University, 1999), 26.
39. Paul-Émile Borduas, Écrits/Writings 1942-1958 (Halifax and New York: Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and New York University Press, 1978), 45.
40. Ronald Rudin, Making History in Twentieth-Century Quebec (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 93.
41. Maurice Séguin, Une histoire du Québec: Vision d'un prophète, ed. Denis Vaugeois (Montréal: Guérin, 1995), 15.
42. As Jean Lamarre summarizes, "for neo-nationalism, a school of thought developed and epitomized by the Montreal historiographic school, the economic inferiority of the French Canadians, the retrograde nature of their institutions, the disproportionate influence of the clergy over the society, as well as the national phenomenon of survivance, are simply the various consequences of how the French Canadian historical process was severed by the English conquest" (Lamarre, Le devenir de la nation québécoise selon Maurice Séguin, Guy Frégault et Michel Brunet (1944-1969) [Sillery, Que.: Septentrion, 1993], 19).
43. Guy Frégault, La guerre de la Conquête (Montréal: Fides, 1954), 100.
44. Rudin, Making History, 129.
45. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, "New Treason of the Intellectuals," in Against the Current: Selected Writings, 1939-1966, ed. Gérard Pelletier, new trans. George Tombs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1996).
46. Hubert Aquin, Writing Quebec (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1988), 35.
47. Aquin, Writing Quebec, 42.
48. Hubert Aquin, Next Episode (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 2001, trans. Sheila Fischman), 13-14. In a similar vein, the narrator in Aquin's novel Blackout (Toronto: House of Anansi, 1974, trans. Alan Brown) sighs, "Dear lost country, how like you I am" (95).
49. Aquin, Writing Quebec, 34.
50. Aquin, Next Episode, 98.
51. "Today I tend to think that our cultural existence can be something other than a perpetual challenge, and that the fatigue can come to an end" (Aquin, Writing Quebec, 42).
52. Aquin, Blackout, 27.
53. Gaston Miron, "A Lesson in Commitment," in Embers and Earth (Selected Poems), trans. Marc Plourde for this essay (Montreal: Guernica Editions, 1984), 47. See also "October" in the same collection.
54. Gaston Miron, "Le bilingue de naissance," in L'homme rapaillé (Montréal: Typo, 1998), 221.
55. Miron, "A Long Road," in Embers and Earth (trans. Marc Plourde for this essay), 105, 112.
56. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Press, 1968), 226.
57. The influence of thinkers such as Albert Memmi and Frantz Fanon on the Parti pris members and other anti-colonialist intellectuals has been repeatedly emphasized, so there is no need for me to belabour the point. See Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, and A. Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, trans. Howard Greenfeld (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), as well as the important prefaces to these two works by Jean-Paul Sartre.
58. "As such, violence aimed either at overthrowing the state or mobilizing the populace was never rejected by the journal. If in general it did not contemplate violence, it was because it considered it unadvisable from a tactical standpoint" (Bélanger, Quatre idéologies, 179; see also 191).
59. Gérald Godin, "La folie bilinguale," Parti pris 3 (May 1966): 57.
60. André D'Allemagne, Le colonialisme au Québec (Montréal: Les éditions R-B, 1966), 14.
61. Miron, "Le mot juste," in L'homme rapaillé, 237.
62. Andrée Fortin, Passage de la modernité: Les intellectuels québécois et leurs revues (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1993), 172.
63. Pierre Vallières, White Niggers of America, trans. Joan Pinkham (Toronto and Montreal: McClelland & Stewart, 1971), 47.
64. Pierre Vallières, La liberté en friche (Montréal: Québec Amérique, 1979), 9, 14.
65. Serge Cantin, "Une herméneutique critique de la culture," in L'horizon de la culture: Hommage à Fernand Dumont, ed. Simon Langlois and Yves Martin (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1995), 63. Dumont makes his relationship with psychoanalysis explicit in his essay collection Le sort de la culture (Montreal: L'Hexagone, 1987), 19, 240.
66. Fernand Dumont, Genèse de la société québécoise (Montréal: Boréal, 1993), 13-14.
67. "During the initial phases of the development of a collectivity, tendencies and impediments are formed which, though they do not determine what follows according to ineluctable mechanisms, remain imperatives that underlie the constantly renewed torrent of events. As if history were situated at two levels, the sediments of the formative phase remain active under the events of subsequent periods, so that by digging down to this deep layer of history, we will have the possibility of better understanding the meaning of the present" (Dumont, Genèse, 331).
68. Fernand Dumont, Récit d'une émigration (Montréal: Boréal, 1997), 143.
69. Dumont, Genèse, 133. This is the key idea of the short volume by Bouthillette, Le Canadien français et son double, cited above.
70. Dumont, Récit d'une émigration, 129.
71. Dumont, Genèse, 324.
72. Heinz Weinmann, "Le Québec: entre utopie et uchronie," Liberté 36 (April 1994): 143.
73. Dumont, Le sort de la culture, 242.
74. Fernand Dumont, Raisons communes (Montréal: Boréal, 1995), 79.
75. Dumont, Genèse, 331.
76. Serge Cantin, Ce pays comme un enfant: Essais sur le Québec (1988-1996) (Montréal: L'Hexagone, 1997), 41.
77. Serge Cantin, "Pour sortir de la survivance," Le Devoir, 14-15 August 1999, a9.
78. Jocelyn Létourneau, in his essay "'Impenser' le Québec et toujours l'aimer," offers a fuller examination of the role of the nationalist intellectual belonging to a small nation. I shall return to this essay later.
79. Bouthillette and Cantin, "Lettres sur le Québec," 43; Bouthillette agrees (33).
80. Cantin, Ce pays comme un enfant, 131.
81. Cantin, "Pour sortir de la survivance." 83 Dumont, Genèse, 335.
82. Louis Cornellier, Plaidoyer pour l'idéologie tabarnaco (Montréal: Balzac-Le Griot, 1997), 11.
83. Louis Cornellier, "Des universitaires sur la planète Hollywood," Le Devoir, 12 August 1998, a6.
84. Louis Cornellier, "Contre la colonisation douce," L'Action nationale 88 (September 1998): 70.
85. Laurent-Michel Vacher, Un Canabec libre: L'illusion souverainiste (Montréal: Liber, 1991).
86. Christian Dufour, A Canadian Challenge/Le Défi québécois (Lantzville, bc: Oolichan Books, 1990), 18;
87. see also 40. On the effects of the Conquest, Dufour reiterates his positions in his La rupture tranquille (Montréal: Boréal, 1992), 21-9. For an effective, detailed critique of Dufour's interpretation, see Dimitrios Karmis, "Interpréter l'identité québécoise," in Québec: État et société, ed. Alain-G. Gagnon (Montréal: Québec Amérique, 1994), 307-9.
88. Dufour, A Canadian Challenge, 89.
89. Karmis, "Interpréter l'identité québécoise," 309. What is more, Dufour, like Dumont and Cantin before him, uses the metaphor of the child to describe the Québécois condition. See Dufour, A Canadian Challenge, 63.
90. Jean Larose, La petite noirceur (Montréal: Boréal, 1987), 176.
91. Jean Larose, "Entretien," in Marcos Ancelovici and Francis Dupuis-Déri, L'archipel identitaire: Recueil d'entretiens sur l'identité culturelle (Montréal: Boréal, 1997), 71-2.
92. Jean Larose, La souveraineté rampante (Montréal: Boréal, 1994), 62.
93. Larose, La petite noirceur, 49; emphasis in original.
94. Larose, La souveraineté rampante, 13.
95. Larose, "Entretien," 71.
96. Larose, La petite noirceur, 11.
97. Hélène Jutras, Quebec Is Killing Me, trans. Hélène Jutras and Michael Gnarowski (Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 1995), 10.
98. Yvon Montoya and Pierre Thibeault, Frénétiques (Montréal: Triptyque, 1999), 13.
99. "L'esprit d'Argument," Argument 1 (fall 1998): 3.
100. Daniel Tanguay, "Requiem pour un conflit générationnel," Argument 1 (fall 1998): 58-80.
101. "France-Québec: regards sur un éternel malentendu," Argument 1 (spring 1999): 18 (my emphasis).
102. Daniel Tanguay, "Un retour d'Europe," Argument 1 (spring 1999): 28.
103. Tanguay, "Un retour d'Europe," 34 (my emphasis). Tanguay's paper draws heavily on an essay by André Laurendeau titled "Return from Europe," in Witness for Quebec, comp. and trans. Philip Stratford (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1973), 213-16. Yet although Laurendeau's piece was written in 1963, he leaves much more room for doubt and nuance in his assessment of Quebec culture than does Tanguay.
104. "De la scène à la politique: Entretien avec Robert Lepage," Argument 1 (spring 1999): 99.
105. Jean-François Lisée, Sortie de secours: Comment échapper au déclin du Québec (Montréal: Boréal, 2000), 19-22;
106. Alain Dubuc, "Penser en gagnants," La Presse, 22 February 2000.
107. For a penetrating reading of the work of Herder, see Charles Taylor, Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 79-99.
108. Léon Dion, "Une identité incertaine," in L'horizon de la culture, 467.
109. "It [the language] is the only vector of interactions and shared experiences which can nourish a true Quebec identity in the long term" (Gérard Bouchard, "Manifeste pour une coalition nationale," Le Devoir, 4-5 September 1999, a13; my emphasis).
110. Jocelyn Létourneau, "Pour une révolution de la mémoire collective: Histoire et conscience historique chez les Québecois," Argument 1 (fall 1998): 43.
111. Cantin associates the conceptualizations of the plural, hybrid nature of the Québécois identity with the passive and complacent assimilation of postmodern thought. Colonized to the marrow, Québécois intellectuals are claimed to be displaying a depressingly servile propensity to bow to an imported discourse that is now proliferating here. See Serge Cantin, "J'impense, donc j'écris: Réplique à Jocelyn Létourneau," Argument 1 (spring 1999): 140. Yet it has never occurred to Cantin to doubt the indigenousness of Fernand Dumont's thought, though the latter has openly acknowledged his debt to Gaston Bachelard and other foreign intellectuals.
112. Guy Laforest, De l'urgence: Textes politiques, 1994-1995 (Montréal: Boréal, 1995), 155.
113. While Denis Monière shows how Laurendeau appropriated the heritage of Henri Bourassa and Lionel Groulx, Louis Balthazar explains the originality of Laurendeau's nationalism. See D. Monière, "André Laurendeau et le renouvellement de la pensée nationaliste," in Penser l'éducation: Nouveaux dialogues avec André Laurendeau, ed. Nadine Pirotte (Montréal: Boréal, 1989), 73-85;
114. Louis Balthazar, "André Laurendeau, un artiste du nationalisme," in André Laurendeau: Un intellectuel d'ici, ed. Robert Comeau and Lucille Beaudry (Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1990), 169-78.
115. As early as 1967, Laurendeau wrote, "More and more we live in pluralistic societies, wherein certain over-simplified kinds of identification become less and less possible." (Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism [Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967-70], 1: xlviii). much we are all caught up in it, for all are attempts to repudiate it; and second, how shallow and partial are the onesided judgments we make around it" (Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989], x).
116. Cantin associates the conceptualizations of the plural, hybrid nature of the Québécois identity with the passive and complacent assimilation of postmodern thought. Colonized to the marrow, Québécois intellectuals are claimed to be displaying a depressingly servile propensity to bow to an imported discourse that is now proliferating here. See Serge Cantin, "J'impense, donc j'écris: Réplique à Jocelyn Létourneau," Argument 1 (spring 1999): 140. Yet it has never occurred to Cantin to doubt the indigenousness of Fernand Dumont's thought, though the latter has openly acknowledged his debt to Gaston Bachelard and other foreign intellectuals.
117. Guy Laforest, De l'urgence: Textes politiques, 1994-1995 (Montréal: Boréal, 1995), 155.
118. While Denis Monière shows how Laurendeau appropriated the heritage of Henri Bourassa and Lionel Groulx, Louis Balthazar explains the originality of Laurendeau's nationalism. See D. Monière, "André Laurendeau et le renouvellement de la pensée nationaliste," in Penser l'éducation: Nouveaux dialogues avec André Laurendeau, ed. Nadine Pirotte (Montréal: Boréal, 1989), 73-85;
119. Louis Balthazar, "André Laurendeau, un artiste du nationalisme," in André Laurendeau: Un intellectuel d'ici, ed. Robert Comeau and Lucille Beaudry (Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1990), 169-78.
120. As early as 1967, Laurendeau wrote, "More and more we live in pluralistic societies, wherein certain over-simplified kinds of identification become less and less possible." (Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism [Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967-70], 1: xlviii). destination, and both are called independence. This has taken place under the pressure of necessity" (Vadeboncoeur, To be or not to be, 36). Vadeboncoeur reiterates this position in his recent Gouverner ou disparaître (Montréal: Typo, 1993).
121. Laforest, De l'urgence, 159.
122. Jean Bouthillette, Le Canadien français et son double (Montréal: L'Hexagone, 1972), 13.
123. Laforest, De l'urgence, 169.
124. Jocelyn Létourneau, "'Impenser' le pays et toujours l'aimer," Cahiers internationaux de sociologie 105 (1998): 363.
125. Cantin, "J'impense, donc j'écris," 141.
126. Létourneau, "'Impenser' le pays," 364.
127. Marc Chevrier, "Our Republic in America," in Vive Quebec! New Thinking and New Approaches to the Quebec Nation, ed. M. Venne, trans. Robert Chodos and Louisa Blair (Toronto: James Lorimier, 2001), 92-3. In the text initially published in Le Devoir, Chevrier added that "while we sit by in idle discussion, the Victorian Dominion will use the opportunity to maintain its hold, and in its eyes, Quebec will remain a crazy quilt of ethnic groups and individuals sewn onto the great fabric of a liberal, monarchist, and multicultural society" (Chevrier, "Notre république en Amérique," Le Devoir, 10-11 July 1999, a11).
128. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 26.
129. See Jacques Beauchemin, "Defence and Illustration of a Nation Torn," in Vive Quebec!, 159.
130. Daniel Jacques, "From 'Winning Conditions' to 'Meaningful Conditions,'" in Vive Quebec!, 45.
131. James Tully, "Introduction," in Multinational Democracies, ed. Alain-G. Gagnon and J. Tully (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 6.
132. See Tully, "Introduction," Multinational Democracies, 2-4.
133. Létourneau, "Pour une révolution," 47.
134. Gérard Bouchard, La nation québécoise au futur et au passé (Montréal: vlb éditeur, 1999), 46-61.
135. Dimitrios Karmis and Jocelyn Maclure, "Two Escape Routes from the Paradigm of Monistic Authenticity: Post-Imperialist and Federal Perspectives on Plural and Complex Identities," Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (May 2001): 361-85.
136. Guy Laforest, "The Need for Dialogue and How to Achieve It," in Beyond the Impasse: Toward Reconciliation, ed. G. Laforest and Roger Gibbins (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1998), 413-28.
137. On the relationship between nationalism and the people who endorse it, see Charles Taylor's clarifications in "Nationalism and Modernity," in The Morality of Nationalism, ed. Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 31-55.
138. Ronald Rudin, Making History in Twentieth-Century Quebec (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 153-98.
139. Marc Angenot and Nadia Khouri, "Quebec's Media and the Single Orthodoxy," Cité libre 27 (summer 1999): 6-7. In the same vein, see M. Angenot, "Les intellectuels nationalistes et la Pensée unique," Le Devoir, 19 July 1996, a9.
140. On the subject of this "dialogue of the deaf," see the incisive remarks of Alain Roy in "Identité et ressentiment," Liberté 40 (April 1998): 90-121.
141. See Kenneth McRoberts, "La thèse tradition-modernité: L'historique québécois," in Les frontières de l'identité: Modernité et postmodernisme au Québec, ed. Mikhaël Elbaz, Andrée Fortin, and Guy Laforest (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1996), 29-45.
142. Gérard Pelletier, "Cité libre confesse ses intentions," in Cité libre: Une anthologie, ed. Yvan Lamonde and Gérard Pelletier (Montréal: Stanké, 1991), 23.
143. Gérard Pelletier and Yvan Lamonde, "Introduction," in Cité libre: Une anthologie, 13. Liberal individualism, then associated with an irreligious stance, could not be endorsed by the founders of Cité libre, who were greatly inspired by the personalism of Emmanuel Mounier.
144. André-J. Bélanger, Quatre idéologies du Québec en éclatement: La Relève, La JEC, Cité libre, Parti pris (Montréal: Hurtubise hmh, 1977), 81.
145. Trudeau, "Nationalist Alienation," in Against the Current: Selected Writings, 1939-1966, ed. Gérard Pelletier (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1996), 143.
146. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, "Quebec and the Constitutional Problem," in Federalism and the French Canadians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1968), 5-6.
147. Trudeau, "New Treason of the Intellectuals," in Against the Current, 163.
148. Trudeau, "De libro, tributo... et quibusdam aliis" and "The Practice and Theory of Federalism," in Federalism, 151-81.
149. Trudeau, "Nationalist Alienation," 143.
150. Trudeau, "Federalism, Nationalism and Reason," in Federalism, 190.
151. Trudeau, "New Treason of the Intellectuals," 151.
152. Trudeau, "Federalism, Nationalism and Reason," 189.
153. For a critique of this conception of freedom, see Charles Taylor, "What's Wrong with Negative Liberty?" in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Alan Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 175-93.
154. Trudeau, "Quebec and the Constitutional Problem," 32-3.
155. Trudeau, "New Treason of the Intellectuals," 169.
156. Bélanger, Quatre idéologies, 129.
157. The Essential Trudeau, 78.
158. For discussions of this genre of liberalism, see Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition," ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992);
159. Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
160. Derriennic, Nationalisme et démocratie, p. 38.
161. Daniel Weinstock, "La problématique multiculturaliste," in Histoire de la philosophie politique, vol. 5, ed. Alain Renaut with Pierre-Henri Tavoillot and Patrick Savidan (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1999), 452.
162. For a synopsis of the situation, see Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, vol. 2 (Ottawa: The Commission, 1996).
163. Taiaiake Alfred, Peace, Power, Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
164. For a corresponding reading, see Michael MacMillan, "La Loi sur les langues officielles et la Charte de la langue française. Vers un consensus?" Globe: Revue internationale d'études québécoises 2 (1999): 83-100.
165. Derriennic, Nationalisme et démocratie, 73-4; see also 39, 103.
166. Derriennic, Nationalisme et démocratie, 107, 111.
167. Derriennic, Nationalisme et démocratie, 136 (my emphasis).
168. Marc Angenot, "Démocratie à la québécoise," Le Devoir, 13 June 1996, a9, and "Les intellectuels nationalistes et la Pensée unique." 53 Marc Angenot, Les idéologies du ressentiment (Montréal: xyz éditeur, 1996).
169. See Jacques Pelletier, Au delà du ressentiment: Réplique à Marc Angenot (Montréal: xyz éditeur, 1996);
170. Alain Roy, "Identité et ressentiment," Liberté 40 (avril 1998): 90-121. As Roy states on page 97 of his paper, "Though starting as a work of reflection, Les idéologies du ressentiment metamorphoses into a diatribe; analysis gives way to polemics. This translates into a writing style pervaded with irony and agressivity." 55 Angenot, Les idéologies du ressentiment, 29.
171. Pelletier, Au delà du ressentiment, 30;
172. Roy, "Identité et ressentiment," 94.
173. Angenot, Les idéologies du ressentiment, 96 (emphasis in original).
174. Angenot, Les idéologies du ressentiment, 166.
175. Régine Robin, "Vieux schnock humaniste cultivé et de gauche cherche coin de terre pour continuer à penser. Nationalistes s'abstenir. Répondre au journal Spirale. Discrétion non assurée," Spirale 150 (September-October 1996): 4 (emphasis in original). In the same vein, see her interview with Yvon Montoya and Pierre Thibeault in Frénétiques (Montréal: Triptyque, 1999), 128.
176. Régine Robin, "L'impossible Québec pluriel: La fascination de 'la souche,'" in Les frontières de l'identité, 304.
177. Robin, "Défaire les identités fétiches," 229.
178. Robin, "L'impossible Québec pluriel," 296.
179. Robin, "Défaire les identités fétiches," 216.
180. Robin, "Défaire les identités fétiches," 220.
181. Régine Robin, The Wanderer, trans. Phyliss Aronoff (Montreal: Alter Ego Editions, 1997), 39.
182. Robin, "Défaire les identités fétiches," 237.
183. Robin, "L'impossible Québec pluriel," 297, 309.
184. See, for example, Diane Lamoureux, "Agir sans 'nous,'" in Les limites de l'identité sexuelle, ed. D. Lamoureux (Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage, 1998).
185. Robin, "Défaire les identités fétiches," 238.
186. For slightly different interpretations of the concept of "community of conversation," see Jeremy Webber, Reimagining Canada: Language, Culture, Community, and the Canadian Constitution (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994).
187. The first part of this chapter is based on the first section of the paper I wrote with Dimitri Karmis, "Two Escape Routes from the Paradigm of Monistic Authenticity: Post-Imperialist and Federal Perspectives on Plural and Complex Identities," Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (May 2001): 361-85; cited previously.
188. Stuart Hall, "Who Needs Identity?" in Questions of Cultural Identity, ed. S. Hall and Paul du Gay (London: Sage, 1996), 2.
189. For an effective critique of Marxist reductionism, see Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London: Verso, 1985)
190. Danielle Juteau, L'ethnicité et ses frontières (Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1999).
191. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London and New York: Verso, 1991), 10.
192. Craig Calhoun, "Nationalism and Civil Society," in Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, ed. C. Calhoun (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 331. See also his Nationalism (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997).
193. Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), 145, 158.
194. Sherry Simon et al., Fictions de l'identitaire au Québec (Montreal: xyz éditeur), 1991, 26.
195. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 11; my parenthesis.
196. James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 24.
197. Rob Walker, a professor of political theory at the University of Victoria, has shown how the "realist" argument in international relations to the effect that only chaos and anarchy can characterize an international order composed of nation-states is in fact based on the Hobbesian spatial resolution of the problem of authority. See R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
198. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books 1979), 26.
199. Georg Wilhelm Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Allen W. Wood, trans. H.B. Nisbet (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
200. Hall, "Who Needs Identity?" 4.
201. Homi Bhabha and Jonathan Rutherford, "The Third Space: Interview with Homi Bhabha," in Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, ed. Jonathan Rutherford (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990), 208.
202. Clifford, Routes, 246.
203. Josée Bergeron, "Identité choisie, imposée, suggérée," Francophonies d'Amérique 9 (1999): 154.
204. Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 33.
205. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, 150.
206. Charles Taylor, Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 83.
207. Daniel Jacques, Nationalité et modernité (Montreal: Boréal, 1998), 19 (my emphasis).
208. Jacques, Nationalité et modernité, 226.
209. Jacques, "From 'Winning Conditions,'" in Vive Quebec! New Thinking and New Approaches to the Quebec Nation, ed. Michel Venne, trans. Robert Chodos and Louisa Blair (Toronto: James Lorimer, 2001), 48.
210. See also Michel Venne, "La fin d'un faux débat entre nationalismes civique et ethnique," Le Devoir, 14 April 2000.
211. For a view that is complementary to mine in many respects, see Geneviève Nootens, "L'identité postnationale: Itinéraire(s) de la citoyenneté dans la modernité avancée," Politique et Sociétés 18 (1999): 99-120.
212. Nancy Huston, Pour un patriotisme de l'ambiguïté (Montréal: Fides, 1995).
213. Clifford, Routes, 36.
214. As Michel Venne suggests, "we are all pure laine. Some of us were knitted here. Others are pure laine knitted elsewhere. The wool of the first group is no purer than that of the second." Moreover, being pure laine, that is, an authentic subject, does not exclude métissage and hybridity; quite the contrary. See Michel Venne, "Nous sommes tous des pure-laine," Le Devoir, 18 October 1999, a6.
215. Connolly, Identity/Difference, 159.
216. James Tully, "Identity Politics," in The Cambridge History of Twentieth Century Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
217. See, for example, Joseph H. Carens, "Immigration, Political Community, and the Transformation of Identity: Quebec's Immigration Policies in Critical Perspective," in Is Quebec Nationalism Just? Perspectives from Anglophone Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995)
218. Ines Molinaro, "Contexte et intégration: Les communautés allophones au Québec," Globe 2 (1999): 101-24.
219. Jacques Parizeau, "Lettre ouverte aux souverainistes," Le Devoir, 19 December 1996, a7.
220. Jacques Parizeau, Pour un Québec souverain (Montréal: vlb, 1997), 156 (my emphasis).
221. Cited in Anne Trépanier, "La grammaire générative de l'argumentaire souverainiste en 1995" (master's thesis, Department of French Language and Literature, McGill University, 1998), 63.
222. For enlightening perspectives, see Pierre Nepveu, L'écologie du réel: Mort et naissance de la littérature québécoise contemporaine (Montréal: Boréal, 1988);
223. Simon Harel, Le voleur de parcours: Identité et cosmopolitisme dans la littérature québécoise contemporaine (Montréal: Le Préambule, 1989).
224. Monique LaRue, L'arpenteur et le navigateur (Montréal: Fides, 1996), 8.
225. Julien Harvey, "Le Québec, société plurielle en mutation?" Globe 1 (1998): 43.
226. Robin, "L'impossible Québec pluriel: La fascination de 'la souche,'" in Les frontières de l'identité: Modernité et postmodernisme au Québec, ed. Mikhaël Elbaz, Andrée Fortin, and Guy Laforest (Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1996), 307.
227. Jocelyn Létourneau, "Rethinking Quebec (in the Canadian Landscape)," in Vive Quebec! New Thinking and New Approaches to the Quebec Nation, ed. Michel Venne, trans. Robert Chodos and Louisa Blair (Toronto: James Lorimer, 2001), 59.
228. See Jocelyn Maclure, "Vers une société post-impériale," Le Devoir, 11 July 2000, a7;
229. Groupe de réflexion sur les institutions et la citoyenneté, "D'égal à égal," Le Devoir, 28 March 1994, a7.
230. See Daniel Salée, "La mondialisation et la construction de l'identité au Québec," in Les frontières de l'identité, 110-23
231. "Quebec Sovereignty and the Challenge of Linguistic and Ethnocultural Minorities: Identity, Difference and the Politics of Ressentiment," Quebec Studies 24 (fall 1997): 6-23.
232. Michel Foucault, "The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom," in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, trans. P. Aranov and D. McGrawth for this essay (New York: New Press, 1997), 298.