Poverty and Charity in the rise of Islam

Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 13-30

  Bonner, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

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EID: 84897245087     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. The phrase is borrowed from the European medievalist G. Todeschini. See his "'Quantum valet?' Alle origini di un'economia della povertà", Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo 98(1992):173-234;
2. and his Il prezzo della salvezza. Lessici medievali del pensiero economico (Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1994).
3. See also L. K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978).
4. M. Bonner, "Definitions of Poverty and the Rise of the Muslim Urban Poor", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3rd series, 6(1996):339-340.
5. Ruddu l-sa'il wa-law bi-ra's al-qata. Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Bukhari, Jami' (Leiden: Brill, 1862-1908), 1:352, zakat 2; 1:369, zakat 41; 1:380, zakat 63;
6. Bonner, "Definitions", 339, n. 16.
7. Malik, Muwatta' (Cairo: 'Isa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1370/1951), 2:282, zakat 26, nos. 49, 50;
8. Bukhari, Jami' 1:379, zakat 59;
9. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Musnad (Bulaq: al-Matba'a al-Amiriyya, 1313; reprint, Beirut, 1389/1969), 1:25, 2:55.
10. 2, 2:870;
11. and his Islamic Taxation in the Classic Period (Copenhagen: Branner and Korch, 1950);
12. W. Schmucker, Untersuchungen zu einigen wichtigen bodenrechtlichen Konsequenzen der islamischen Eroberungsbewegung (Bonn: Selbstverlag des orientalischen Seminars der Universität, 1972)
13. O. Carré, Mystique et politique: lecture révolutionnaire du Koran par Sayyid Qutb (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1984), 152f.
14. C. Décobert, Le mendiant et le combattant. L'institution de l'islam (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1991), esp. 238f.
15. M. W. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953), 72f. On the ridda wars
16. see E. Shoufani, Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973);
17. translation of Tabari's chronicle covering the ridda is by F. Donner, The Conquest of Arabia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
18. G. W. Heck, "Gold Mining in Arabia and the Rise of the Islamic State", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42(1999):364-395.
19. A. Noth, Quellenkritische Studien (Bonn: Selbstverlag des orientalischen Seminars der Universität, 1973);
20. new version, based on a translation by M. Bonner and in collaboration with L. Conrad, entitled The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-Critical Study (Princeton, N. J.: Darwin Press, 1994).
21. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, 72-73.
22. Goldziher's Muhammedanische Studien (Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1888).
23. A translation of this book has been published: Muslim Studies, ed. Stern, trans. S. M. Stern and C. M. Barber (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966).
24. W. M. Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: S. M.: Clarendon Press, 1956), 250-260.
25. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, 3.
26. M. Rodinson, Mahomet (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1968).
27. A translation of this book has been published: A. Carter, trans. Muhammad (New York: Pantheon, 1971);
28. R. Simon, Meccan Trade and Islam: Problems of Origin and Structure (Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó, 1989);
29. M. Ibrahim, Merchant Capital and Islam (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990)
30. with observations on Meccan poverty within the context of capital accumulation by the Meccan leadership. Earlier work on Meccan trade, going back to Lammens, is summarized by Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, 3
31. and by P. Crone in Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 231.
32. Set out in Muhammad at Mecca, xi-xvi.
33. Crone, Meccan Trade, 231.
34. These include Ibrahim, Merchant Capital;
35. J. Chabbi, Le seigneur des tribus. L'Islam de Mahomet (Paris: Noâsis, 1997);
36. Décobert, Le mendiant;
37. and M. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
38. The term revisionist-used by J. Koren and Y. Nevo in "Methodological Approaches to Islamic Studies", der Islam 68(1991):87-101, as well as by Décobert and others-has acquired currency, even though the revisionists themselves mostly have not adopted the term.
39. S. Bashear, "On the Origins and Development of the Meaning of Zakat in Early Islam", Arabica 40(1993):84-113. See also the articles in EI2 on "Sadaka" (A. Zysow), 9:708-716, and "Zakat" (A. Zysow), 11:406-422; and Timur Kuran's contribution to this volume (chapter 14).
40. Sadaqa and zakat do not appear in the massive concordance by M. Arazi and S. Masalha (Six Early Arab Poets: New Edition and Concordance [Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Max Schloessinger Memorial Series, 1999]);
41. nor in the important essay by M. M. Bravmann ("The Surplus of Property: An Early Arab Social Concept", der Islam 38 [1962]: 28-50
42. also in The Spiritual Background of Early Islam [Leiden: Brill, 1972]: 229-253).
43. On the other hand, see E. Landau-Tasseron, "Asad from Jahiliyya to Islam", Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 6(1985):13;
44. Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam;
45. and Ibrahim, Merchant Capital.
46. Décobert, Le mendiant, 28-29.
47. For an example, see M. Bonner, "Ja'a'il and Holy War in Early Islam", der Islam 68(1991):45-64;
48. and his Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, Conn.: American Oriental Society, 1996), 11-42.
49. A strategy along these lines has been suggested by J. E. Wansbrough in Lingua Franca in the Mediterranean (Richmond, U. K.: Curzon Press, 1996), 55-58;
50. see also his reviews of Crone's Meccan Trade in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 52(1989):339-340
51. and of Robert Simon's Meccan Trade in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53(1990):510-511.
52. Modern reworkings of tribal data extracted from medieval Arabic genealogical sources include Werner Caskel, Ǧamharat an-nasab. Das genealogische Werk des Hišam ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi (Leiden: Brill, 1966);
53. T. Nishio et al., A Dictionary of Arab Tribes (Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1999).
54. M. Lecker, The Banu Sulaym (Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1989).
55. On this see Noth, Early Arabic Historical Tradition.
56. P. Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
57. For a less optimistic view, see G. R. Hawting's review of Lecker's Banu Sulaym in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54(1990):359-362;
58. and his The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 111-129.
59. Ta'aqur, ta'ati, munajada, tanajud, mumajada, mijad.
60. I discussed this practice in a paper, "God's Camel: Competitive Feasting in Ancient Arabia and Early Islam", at the American Oriental Society in Philadelphia, March 1996.
61. J. Stetkevych has also taken up this topic, noting the parallel with the potlatch in Muhammad and the Golden Bough: Reconstructing Arabian Myth (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).
62. On sacrifice, the main authority is still J. Chelhod, Le sacrifice chez les Arabes: recherches sur l'évolution des rites sacrificiels en Arabie occidentale (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955).
63. Yaqut, Buldan, ed. F. Wüstenfeld (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1866-1877), 3:430-431;
64. Ibn Habib, al-Muhabbar, ed. I. Lichtenstadter (Hyderabad: Matba'at Jamiyat Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyah, 1942), 142;
65. J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1927), 90;
66. Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 1:62;
67. 2, 2:998.
68. A. J. Wensinck, Concordance et indices de la Tradition musulmane (Leiden: Brill, 1962), 4:296.
69. Bravmann, "The Surplus of Property."
70. Bonner, "Definitions", 337.
71. M. Mauss, "Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques", Sociologie et anthropologie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950), 30-186..
72. Simon, Meccan Trade, 78-91.
73. Abu 'Ali Ahmad al-Marzuqi, Kitab al-azmina wal-amkina (Hyderabad: Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyya, 1332/1914), 2:161-170;
74. Ibn Habib, al-Muhabbar, 263-268;
75. Ahmad al-Ya'qubi, Ta'rikh (Beirut: Dar Sadir lil-tiba'a wal-nashr, 1379/1960), 1:270-171;
76. S. al-Afghani, Aswaq al-'Arab fi l-jahiliyya wal-Islam (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1960);
77. Simon, Meccan Trade, 78-91;
78. Crone, Meccan Trade, 170-175, 183.
79. Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani, Sifat Jazirat al-'Arab (Leiden: Brill, 1884-1901; reprint, 1968), 179-180.
80. Yaqut, Mu'jam al-buldan, s.v. "'Ukaz"; Wellhausen, Reste, 88-91.
81. al-Marzuqi, Kitab al-azmina wal-amkina, 2:165.
82. Wellhausen, Reste, 92;
83. Crone, Meccan Trade, 170ff.
84. Bravmann, "Surplus", in Spiritual Background, 237.
85. 2, 9:863-868, and literature cited there.
86. 'Urwa b. al-Ward, Diwan (Cairo: n. p., 1966), 91;
87. Abul-Faraj al-Isfahani, Kitab al-aghani (Cairo: Matba'at Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 1927-1958), 3:75;
88. 'A. 'A. Salim, Ta'rikh al-'Arab fi 'asr al-jahiliyya (Beirut: Dar al-Nahda al-'Arabiyya, n. d), 439-440.
89. Abul-Faraj, Kitab al-aghani, 3:78. At 3:81
90. A. Morabia, Le gihâd dans l'Islam médiéval (Paris: A. Michel, 1993), 40;
91. Løkkegaard, "Fay'", 2:1005.
92. Ibrahim, Merchant Capital, 145-146.
93. G. Garbini, "Preistoria e protostoria", in I primi arabi, ed. B. Chiesa et al. (Milan: Jaca Book, 1994), 11-18.
94. B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (New York: Routledge, 1922).