Wabanaki Homeland and the New State of Maine: The 1820 journal and plans of survey of Joseph Treat

Wabanaki Homeland and the New State of Maine: The 1820 Journal and Plans of Survey of Joseph Treat

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-300

  Pawling, Micah A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

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EID: 84897211947     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (475)

1. Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy", in Handbook ofortk American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, gen. ed., vol. 15, 'Northeast, ed. Bruce Trigger (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), 123-146;
2. Harald E. L. Prins, The Mi'fcmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival (Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996);
3. Harald E. L. Prins, "Tribulations of a Border Tribe: Discourse on the Political Ecology of the Aroostook Band of the Micmacs", Ph. D. diss., Political and Social Science, New School for Social Research, 1990, 274-320.
4. Frank G. Speck, "The Eastern Algonkian Wabanaki Confederacy", American Anthropologist 17(1915):492-508;
5. Frank G. Speck, Penobscot Man: The Life History of a Forest Tribe in Maine (1940; reprint, with a new preface by David Sanger and additional photographs, University of Maine Press, 1997), 16-24;
6. Wilson D. Wallis and Ruth Sawtell Wallis, The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955), 14;
7. Alvin Hamblen Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England", Ph. D. diss., Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974, 6-14;
8. Colin G. Calloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 306.
9. Joseph Treat, Executive Council Papers, September 1, 1820, box 1, folder 17, MeSA;
10. Francis M. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-18 42 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 198.
11. James S. Leamon, "Separation Politics in the Post-Revolutionary War Era", in Maine The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present, ed. Richard W. Judd, Edwin A. Churchill, and Joel W. Eastman (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1995), 169-178 (hereafter Maine);
12. Richard R. Wescott and Edward O. Schriver, "The Separation Movement in the Federal Movement", in Maine, 178-192;
13. James S. Leamon, "Revolution and Separation: Maine's First Efforts at Statehood", in Maine in the Early Republic: From Revolution to Statehood, ed. Charles E. Clark, James S. Leamon, and Karen Bowden (Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England, 1988), 83-99;
14. Ronald F. Banks, Maine Becomes a State: The Movement to Separate Maine from Massachusetts, 17 85-1820 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1970);
15. Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760-1820 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990);
16. James S. Leamon, Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 166-223.
17. Stephen J. Hornsby, Victor A. Konrad, and James Herlan, eds., The Northeast Borderlands: Four Centuries of Interaction (Fredericton: Acadiensis Press and Canadian-American Center, University of Maine, 1989);
18. David Demeritt, "Representing the 'True' St. Croix: Knowledge and Power in the Partition of the Northeast", William and Mary Quarterly 54, no. 3(July 1997):515-548;
19. Ronald D. Tallman and Julie I. Tallman, "The Diplomatic Search for the St. Croix River, 1796-1798", Acadiensis 1, no. 2(Spring 1972):59-71;
20. William F. Ganong, "A Monograph of the Evolution of the Boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick", Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, section II (1901), 244-278;
21. Cole Harris, "Social Power and Cultural Change in Pre-Colonial British Columbia", BC Studies, no. 115/116(Autumn/Winter 1997/1998):45-82.
22. Richard W. Judd, "The Aroostook War, 1828-1842", in Maine, 345-353;
23. Richard W. Judd, Aroostook: A Century of Logging in Northern Maine (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1988; reprint with research assistance by Patricia A. Judd, 1989), 1-146;
24. Francis M. Carroll, "Kings and Crises: Arbitrating the Canadian-American Boundary Dispute and the Belgian Crisis of 1830-1831", England Quarterly 13, no. 2(June 2000):179-201;
25. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure, 195-306;
26. Harris, "Social Power and Cultural Change", 45-82.
27. Micah A. Pawling, Stephen J. Hornsby, and Alaric Faulkner, "The French Survey the Interior, 1671-17 55", in Historical Atlas of Maine, ed. Stephen J. Hornsby and Richard W. Judd, cartography by Michael Hermann (Orono: University of Maine Press, forthcoming) (hereafter HAM);
28. Stephen J. Hornsby and Micah A. Pawling, "The British Survey the Interior, 1760-1764", HAM;
29. Richard W. Judd and Micah A. Pawling, "Surveying the Northern Interior, 1820-1839", HAM;
30. Stephen J. Hornsby and John G. Reid, introduction to England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons, ed. Hornsby and Reid (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2005), 3-14;
31. Honorius Provost, Chaudiere-Kennebec grand chemin seculaire (Quebec: Editions Garneau, 1974);
32. Barry Rodrigue, "The Making of the St. Lawrence-Maine System: The Canada Road Frontier, 1790-1860", Ph. D. diss., Geography, Universite Laval, Quebec, 1999;
33. Richard I. Ruggles, A Country So Interesting: The Hudson s Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670-1870 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991), 73;
34. Prins, "Tribulations of a Border Tribe", 273-320. For one of the earliest maps of Maine's interior and beyond
35. see Hector Andigne de Grandfontaine's 1671 map manuscript published in Alaric Faulkner and Gretchen Faulkner, The French at Pentagoet, 1635-16 74.' An Archaeological Portrait of the Acadian Frontier (Augusta: Maine Historic Preservation Commission and New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, 1987), 14-35.
36. Bruce J. Bourque, with contributions by Steven L. Cox and Ruth H. Whitehead, Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 134-135, 161, & 182-183.
37. Moses Greenleaf (1777-1834), Indian Place. J\[ames: Indian Names of Some of the Streams, Islands, etc., on the Penobscot and St. John Rivers in Maine: Taken from a Letter from Moses Greenleaf, Esq., to Rev. Dr. Morse (Bangor, Me.: Privately printed, 1903), 3-12;
38. Walter A. MacDougall, Settling the Maine Wilderness: Moses Greenleaf, His Maps, and His Household of Faith, 1777-1834 (Portland, Me.: Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education, University of Southern Maine, Occasional Publication no. 3, 2006). I would like to thank Sylvia J. Sherman and acknowledge the late Patty K. Lincoln at the Maine State Archives, Augusta, Maine, for pointing this out to me.
39. Patty K. Lincoln and Sylvia J. Sherman, "Joseph Treat Timeline", MeSA;
40. Frederick Mellen, Executive Council Reports, March 9, 1829, box 27, folder 2, MeSA.
41. G. A. Rawlyk, "J. B. Brebner and Some Recent Trends in Eighteenth Century Maritime Historiography", Northeast Borderlands, 32-63;
42. Graeme Wynn, "New England's Outpost in the Nineteenth Century", JSIprtheast Borderlands, 64-90;
43. Harold McGee, "Four Centuries of Borderland Interaction: It Depends on Who Draws the Line and When", Borderlands, 140-148;
44. P. A. Buckner, "The Borderlands Concept: A Critical Appraisal", Northeast Borderlands, 152-158;
45. Philip Buckner, "How Canadian Historians Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love the Americans!" Acadiensis 25, no. 2(Spring 1996):117-140;
46. Alan Taylor, "Centers and Peripheries: Locating Maine's History", Maine History 39, no. 1(Spring 2000):2-15.
47. Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy (New York: Walker & Co., 2002), 206-218;
48. Harris, "Social Power and Cultural Change", 45-82;
49. Cole Harris, "How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94, no. 1(March 2004):165-182.
50. Emerson W. Baker and John G. Reid, "Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal", William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 1(January 2004):77-106;
51. Andrea Bear Nicholas and Harald Prins, "The Spirit in the Land: The Native People of Aroostook", The County, Land of Promise: A Pictorial History of Aroostooli County, Maine (Norfolk, Va.: Donning Co., 1989), 18-37;
52. Alec McEwen, ed., In Search of the Highlands: Mapping the Canada-Maine Boundary, 1839, The Journals of Featherstonhaugh and Mudge, August to November 1839 (Fredericton, N. B.: Acadiensis Press, 1998);
53. Pauleena M. Seeber, "The Maine Indian Guide", in Papers of the Nineteenth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1988), 175-185;
54. William Austin Brooks, "Canoeing Down the Penobscot", Outing 34, no. 4(My 1899):395-400.
55. J. B. Harley, "New England Cartography and the Native Americans", in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson W. Baker et al. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 285-313;
56. Harald E. L. Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of European Invasion", American Beginnings, 95-117;
57. G. Malcolm Lewis, "The Indigenous Maps and the Mapping of North American Indians", The Map Collector (Tring, Eng.) 9(1979):25-32;
58. G. Malcolm Lewis, "Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans", in Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis, vol. 2, bk. 3 of The History of Cartography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 51-182;
59. Louis De Vorsey Jr., "American Indians and the Early Mapping of the Southeast", in William P. Cumming, The Southeast in Early Maps, 3d ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 65-98;
60. Gregory A. Waselkov, "Indian Maps of the Colonial Southeast: Archaeological Implications and Prospects", in Cartographic Encounters: Pcrspcctivcs on Native American Mapmaking and Map Use, ed. G. Malcolm Lewis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 205-221;
61. Mark Warhus, Another America: Native American Maps and the History of Our Land (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), 12-13;
62. G. Malcolm Lewis, "The Study of Maps Made by First Nations Peoples: Retrospect and Prospect", Cartographic Perspectives, no. 48(Spring 2004):7a-7 c.
63. James Taylor Carson, "Ethnogeography and the Native American Past", Ethnohistory 49, no. 2(Fall 2002):769-788.
64. G. Malcolm Lewis, "Indicators of Unacknowledged Assimilations from Amerindian Maps on Euro-American Maps of North America: Some General Principles Arising from a Study of La Verendrye's Composite Map, 1728-29", Imago Mundi 38(1986):9-34;
65. Margaret Wickens Pearce, "Native Mapping in Southern New England Indian Deeds", in Cartographic Encounters, 157-186;
66. Margaret W. Pearce, "Encroachment by Word, Axis, and Tree: Mapping Techniques from the Colonization of New England", Cartographic Perspectives, no. 48(Spring 2004):24-38.
67. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy", 124;
68. Prins, "Tribulations of a Border Tribe", 274-320.
69. Penobscot Treaty with Massachusetts, Penobscot County Court House, Bangor, Maine (hereafter PCCH), Registry of Deeds, vol. 4, 191-198, received and entered on June 30, 1818/July 1, 1818;
70. "Treaty made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, June 29, 1818", Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-Third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: Wm. R. Smith & Co., 1843), 253-256;
71. "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, June 29, 1818", in Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775-1979, ed. Vine Deloria Jr. and Raymond J. DeMallie, vol. 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 1097-1098 (hereafter DAID).
72. Aimee Dolloff and the Penobscot Nation Cultural and Historic Preservation Department, "Naming Places the Penboscot Way", Bangor Daily News, September 23-24, 2006, special 4-page pullout.
73. Joseph Treat, "Journal and Plans of Survey by Joseph Treat-1820", Maine Land Office Field Notes, vol. 14, MeSA, 24. Treat showed Dudley's camp, located down river from Madamiscontis Stream, as the farthest settlement on the Penobscot River.
74. Treat, "Journal", 118;
75. Graeme Wynn, (Timber Colony: A Historical Geography of Early Nineteenth Century New Brunswick (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 11-25.
76. See Census for 1820 (Washington: Gales & Seaton, 1821;
77. Edward Thomas Coke, A Subaltern's Furlough: Descriptive. Scenes in Various Parts of the United States, Upper and Lower Canada, JSlew Brunswick, and Nova Scotia during the Summer and Autumn of 1832 (London: Saunders and Otley, 1832), Canadian Institute of Historical Microfilms (hereafter CIHM microfiche) 27425, 368;
78. Colin Campbell, "Journal of Campbell's Expedition by Boat from St. Andrews, New Brunswick 'for the exploration of Mt. Cathardin &c.', September 22 to October 13, 1819", Maine Historical Society, Portland, Maine (hereafter MeHS). Campbell noted in his journal that his survey party cut vegetation to widen carrying or portage trails for his skiffs.
79. Letter from Joseph Treat to Governor William King, December 12, 1820, William King Papers (hereafter WKP) coll. 165, box 18, folder
80. Harris, "Social Power and Cultural Change", 45-82.
81. Jean M. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Naticlc, Massachusetts, 1650-1790 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 168-215;
82. Speck, Penobscot Man, 203-240;
83. Theodore Binnema, "Old Swan, Big Man, and the Siksika Bands, 17 94-1815", Canadian Historical Review 77, no. 1(March 1996):1-32;
84. Prins, The Mi'kmaq, 1996, 32-33;
85. Jacques Ferland, "Mattanawcook Islanders and the Meaning of Family among Nineteenth-Century Penobscot Indians", paper presented at the Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine, June 13, 1997 (on file with author);
86. Gavin Taylor, "Ruled with a Pen: Land, Language, and the Invention of Maine", Ph. D. diss., History, College of William and Mary, 2000, 18-86;
87. American Friends Service Committee, The Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes: A Resource Book about the Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Micmac, and Abenaki Indians (Bath, Me.: Maine Indian Program, 1989), D-78-D-84.
88. William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 127-156.
89. In the 1818 Penobscot Treaty with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Penobscots retained the islands in the Penobscot River and the "upper four townships" of land six miles square each, two of which were located on each side of the Penobscot River at the mouth of the Mattawamkeag River. The other two townships were on the West Branch of the Penobscot near "Nolacemeac Lake", or present-day Millinocket, Maine. In addition, the Penobscots had a two-acre land lot along the river in Brewer, Maine. "Treaty Made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot Tribe of Indians, June 2, 1818", Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-Third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: William R. Smith & Co., 1843), 253-255.
90. Cole Harris, Making JS[atii/e Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2002), 265-292;
91. O'Brien, Dispossession By Degrees, 168-215.
92. Ethnohistorians have made similar observations in southern New England. See Daniel R. Mandell, Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 6-7;
93. David J. Silverman, Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha's Vineyard, 1600-1871 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), xxi.
94. Treat, "Journal", 19-22, 24, and 32.
95. Thomas L. Doughton, "Unseen Neighbors: Native Americans of Central Massachusetts, A People who had 'Vanished'", in After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian England, ed. Colin G. Calloway (Hanover, N. H.: Dartmouth College and University Press of New England, 1997), 207-230;
96. Calloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont, 224-25;
97. David L. Ghere, "The 'Disappearance' of the Abenaki in Western Maine: Political Organization and Ethnocentric Assumptions", American Indian Quarterly 17, no. 2(Spring 1993):193-207;
98. Donna Keith Baron, J. Edward Hood, and Holly V. Izard, "They Were Here All Along: The Native American Presence in Lower-Central New England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", William and Mary Quarterly 53, no. 3(July 1996):561-586.
99. Penobscot Indian Petition to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, November 2, 1776, Massachusetts Archives Collection, SC1/57X, vol. 144, p. 363, Massachusetts State Archives, Boston (hereafter MaSA).
100. A version of this Penobscot petition is published in Peter Force, ed., American Archives: Containing a Documentary History of the United States of America⋯, fifth series, M. St. Clair Clarke and Peter Force, series eds. (Washington, D. C.: GPO, 1843), 3:807-808.
101. Reverend John Coffin, "Tour to Hanover New Hampshire: With a Design to Enter Charles Coffin as a Frenchman in Dartmouth College, 1795", Collections of the Maine Historical Society, series 1, 4:325;
102. Petition of Penobscot Captain Francis Loring and Joseph Lyon, February 10, 1819, 1819 Senate document #6315, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
103. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure, 2001;
104. Judd, "The Aroostook War, 1828-1842", in Maine, 345-353.
105. M. H. Edney, "British Military Education, Mapmaking, and the Military 'Map-mindedness' in the Later Enlightenment", Cartographic Journal 31, no. 1(June 1994):14-20.
106. Treat, "Journal", 7 and 214;
107. John Harvey Treat, The. Treat Family: A Genealogy of Trott, Tratt, and Treat for Fifteen Generations, and Four Hundred and Fifty Years in England and America⋯ (Salem, Mass.: Salem Press & Publishing Co., 1893), 289-290;
108. Bangor Historical Magazine 2, no. 5(November 1886):85-86.
109. Petition of Gabriel Johonnot and Joseph Treat, June 12, 1804, 1804 Senate document #3185, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA;
110. Petition of 32 Settlers on the Penobscot River, January 7, 1806, 1806 Senate document # 3444, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
111. Charles Turner Jr., "A Description of Natardin or Catardin Mountain-Being an Extract from a Letter,⋯ in the Summer of 1804⋯", Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, second series, vol. 8 (1819; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 112-116.
112. See "Penobscot River-West Branch 1817-Joseph Treat's Survey of the North Line of 9 townships in that vicinity", December 1817, location 2120-0703, box 2, folder 20, MeSA;
113. "Plan of Township Number 1", August 30, 1818, Maine Land Office Plan Books, vol. 2, p. 17, MeSA.
114. Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, Old John Neptune and Other Maine Indian Shamans (1945; reprint, University of Maine Press, 1980), 7;
115. Letter from Joseph Treat to Governor William King, September 27, 1820, WKP, coll. 165, box 18, folder 9, MeHS. Treat's total cost of his 1820 survey, which he billed to the Legislature, was $359.75. John Neptune was paid a total of $65.00, $55.00 of which was for his services (at $1.00/day) and $10.00 for a new birchbark canoe and paddle.
116. See Joseph Treat, Executive Council Papers, 1820, box 1, folder 40, MeSA.
117. Penobscot Nation, Penobscot Nation's Island Inventory (Indian Island, Old Town, Me.: Penobscot Tribal Reservation Housing Authority, June 1979), appendix A, 35. For an account of the 1816 Penobscot induction ceremony
118. see "Penobscot Indian Chief", United States Gazette (Philadelphia), Saturday, October 4, 1817;
119. Speck, Penobscot Man, 240-243. For Native place-names of Old Town/Indian Island, see
120. Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names of the Penobscot Yalley and the Maine Coast, Maine Studies no. 55 (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1941), 35-38;
121. Speck, Penobscot Man, 6-7, 26.
122. Eckstorm, Old John Neptune, 3-15, 31-38, 60-73;
123. Speck, Penobscot Man, 221-222, 240-243;
124. Dean R. Snow, "Eastern Abenaki", in Trigger, Northeast, 137-147;
125. Bunny McBride, Women of the Dawn (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 79-88.
126. New England Historical and Genealogical Register 6, no. 1(1852):101.
127. Statutes at Large, 96th Cong., 2d sess., vol. 94, part 2 (Washington, D. C.: GPO, 1980), public law 96-420;
128. State of Maine, "Indian Treaties", Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-Third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: William Smith & Co., 1843), 253-266;
129. Maine Indian Tribal-State Commission (hereafter MITSC), "Maine Indian Claims Settlement: Concepts, Context, and Perspectives", unpublished report by the MITSC, Executive Director Diana Scully, Hallo well, Maine, 1995;
130. Paul Brodeur, Restitution: The Land Claims of the Mashpee, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot Indians of New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985), 69-141;
131. Micah A. Pawling and John Bear Mitchell, "Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act of 1980", in Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty, ed. Donald L. Fixico (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, in press).
132. Penobscot treaty with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, August 8, 1796, Hancock County Registry of Deeds Office (Ellsworth, Maine) (hereafter HCRD), book 27, pp. 6-7. For a recent publication of the treaty, see
133. "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, August 8, 1796", DAID, vol. 2, 1999, 1094-1095;
134. Harald E. L. Prins, "The Crooked Path of Dummer's Treaty: Anglo-Wabanaki Diplomacy and the Quest for Aboriginal Rights", in Papers of the Thirty-third Algonquian Conference, ed. H. C. Wolfart (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2002), 360-377.
135. Harris, "Social Power and Cultural Change", 45-82;
136. Harris, Making Native. Space, 2002.
137. D. N., "Old Town", Old Town Enterprise (Old Town, Me.), March 3, 1888, p. 4, col. 3.
138. Deposition of Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune, April 16, 1836, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 77, 429-433, received and entered on July 18, 1836.
139. Richard W. Judd, Common Lands, Common People: The Origins of Conservation in Northern JS[ew England (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 156.
140. Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995), 2-29, 89-113.
141. Speck, Penobscot Man, 82-91.
142. Keith H. Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), 3-8, 143-152.
143. Brian Scott Robinson, "Burial Ritual, Groups, and Boundaries on the Gulf of Maine: 8600-3800 BP", Ph. D. diss., Anthropology, Brown University, 2001, 229.
144. Amy E. Den Ouden, Beyond Conquest: Native Peoples and the Struggle for History in New England (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005).
145. Petition of John Marsh, October 20, 1793, 1795 resolve, chapter 48, approved June 2, 1795, original legislative papers, MaSA;
146. Penobscot Indian Deed to John Marsh, July 8, 1793, recorded June 11, 1796, HCRD, book 4, pp. 70-71.
147. Gene Wollstadt and Amy Morin, eds., Histoires de Vile: History and Memories of French Island, Old Town, Maine (Old Town, Me.: Nos Histoires de llle Group, 1999), 7-20;
148. Anonymous Plan of "Islands in Penobscot River, above Bangor, 1812", Maps and Plans #2640, third series, vol. 41, pp. 27-28, MaSA.
149. Deed of Eastern Lands Agent Salem Town on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to Joseph Treat and Daniel Webster for islands "no. 1" through "no. 3" in the Penobscot River, May 1, 1804, received June 6, 1804, HCRD, book 14, pp. 335-337.
150. Wollstadt and Morin, Nos Histoires de Vile, 7-20. Present-day Treat-Webster Island is locally known as French Island by the Franco-American inhabitants.
151. B. S. Deane, "Plan of Milford ME Copied from Treat's Plans and Extended East of Main Street", April 1857, PCCH, received March 20, 1899, Plan book, vol. 6, p. 33.
152. Anonymous Plan of "Islands in Penobscot River, above Bangor, 1812", Maps and Plans #2640, third series, vol. 41, pp. 27-28, MaSA.
153. Deed of Eastern Lands Agent Salem Town on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to Joseph Treat for nine islands in the Penobscot River and seven islands in the Stillwater River, June 17, 1805, recorded May 27, 1807, HCRD, book 22, p. 238. The figure for the cost of Treat's islands was smeared with ink, but the total appears to have been $150.
154. Deposition of Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune, April 16, 1836, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 77, 429-433, received and entered on July 18, 1836.
155. D. N., "Marsh Island", Old Town Enterprise, vol. 1, no. 2, March 10, 1888, p. 4, col. 3;
156. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 30. Eckstorm provided several possible meanings for the Old Town Falls carry, all of which signify an important portage around the falls. The meaning given in the text is the most specific offered by Eckstorm, provided by Mrs. Peter W. Ranco.
157. Deposition of Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune, April 16, 1836, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 77, 429-433, received and entered on July 18, 1836;
158. Anonymous Plan of "Islands in Penobscot River, above Bangor, 1812", Maps and Plans #2640, third series, vol. 41, pp. 27-28, MaSA.
159. "Pounding Salmon: How the Noble Fish are Caught along the Penobscot", Up-River News (Bangor, Maine), vol. 2, no. 46, April 20, 1889, p. 8, col. 6.
160. Bruce B. Collette and Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds., Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, 3d ed. (Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002), 174-179;
161. Catherine C. Carlson, "'Where's the Salmon?': A Reevaluation of the Role of Anadromous Fisheries in Aboriginal New England", in Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern Nortfo America, ed. George P. Nicholas (New York: Plenum Press, 1988), 47-80;
162. Speck, Penobscot Man, 82-91;
163. Jack Noon, Fishing in New Hampshire: A History (Warner, N. H.: Moose Country Press, 2003), 24-39.
164. Speck, Penobscot Man, 82-91.
165. Cronon, Changes in the Land, 22-23;
166. Judd, Common Lands, Common People, 122-172.
167. Collette and Klein-MacPhee, Bigelow and Schroeder, 125-132;
168. Judd, Common Lands, Common People, 157-159;
169. Speck, Penobscot Man, 86;
170. John McPhee, The Founding Fisk (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002);
171. C. Boyd Pfeiffer, Shad Fishing: A Complete Guide to Species, Gear, and Tactics (Mechanicsville, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003), xiii-xiv, 1-27.
172. Collette and Klein-MacPhee, Bigelow and Schroeder, 118-125;
173. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 25-26;
174. Judd, Common Lands, Common People, 122-172.
175. White, The Organic Machine, 2-29, 89-113.
176. Governor Increase Sumner's message to the Senate and House of Representatives, June 22, 1797, 1797 Senate document #4688, original legislative papers, MaSA;
177. Letter by Governor Increase Sumner to the Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, June 22, 1797, 1797 resolve, chapter 45, approved June 23, 1797, original legislative papers, MaSA. A "cultural broker" is generally defined as an individual who, motivated by "necessity, convenience, and sheer pleasure,⋯ appropriated cultural habits from others and in doing so altered [his or her] identity"
178. Quote from William B. Hart, "Black 'Go-Betweens' and the Mutability of 'Race', Status, and Identity on New York's Pre-Revolutionary Frontier", in Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawh Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, ed. Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 90. For other examples, see
179. Elizabeth A. Perkins, "Distinctions and Partitions amongst Us: Identity and Interaction in the Revolutionary Ohio Valley", Contact Points, 205-234;
180. Robert S. Grumet, ed., Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632-1816 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996);
181. Brian C. Hosmer, "Reflections on Indian Cultural 'Brokers': Reginald Oshkosh, Mitchell Oshkenaniew, and the Politics of Menominee Lumbering", Ethnohistory 44, no. 3(Summer 1997):493-509.
182. Resolve on the Message from the Governor Respecting Certain Complaints of the Penobscot Indians, 1797 resolve, May session, chapter 45, approved June 23, 1797, Acts and Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., 1896), 532 (hereafter ALCM).
183. Wollstadt and Morin, Nos Histoires de Vile, 7-8;
184. Petition of Passamaquoddy Indians, through Missionary James Romagne, to the General Court of Massachusetts, January 1, 1801, 1800 resolve, chapter 129, approved March 4, 1801, original legislative papers, MaSA.
185. Penobscot speech to Colonel Jonathan Lavdey and Joseph Treat, Bangor, September 15, 1801, 1801 Senate document #2838, 1802 unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
186. Petition of Joseph Pease, Franwook Sabion, Captain Nichola, and Joseph Loling, to Massachusetts's governor and General Court, Boston, September 24, 1801, 1801 Senate document #2838, 1802 unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
187. Penobscot deed to Joseph Treat, September 17, 1801, HCRD, received August 19, 1808, book 26, p. 33.
188. Penobscot timber lease, Esquire Orson and six others, July 23, 1802, copy, 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA. It is highly probable that Penobscots Francis Sabien and Joseph Lolen who signed the Penobscot leases were Franwook Sabion and Joseph Loling, respectively, who petitioned Massachusetts in 1801. To compare the different spellings of the names, see footnote 70.
189. Resolve concerning Penobscot Indian leases and contracts, 1803 resolve, May session, chapter 27, approved June 18, 1803, ALCM, 1898, 845-846.
190. Letter by Francis L. B. Goodwin to the Massachusetts's General Court, n. d., 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA;
191. Taylor, "Centers and Peripheries", 3-16.
192. Timber lease transfer, August-November 1803, 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA;
193. Penobscot timber lease stipulations, July 22, 1802, 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA;
194. Penobscot timber lease to Richard Winslow, Old Town Falls, October 27, 1803, 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
195. Eckstorm, Indian, Place-Names, 38-39.
196. Penobscot deed, Squire Orson and nine other Penobscot leaders, January 12, 1804, 1808 House document #6329, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA. Treat wrote Orson Island was between 1, 500 and 2, 000 acres. Orson Island, the largest of the Penobscot reservation islands, is located 0.9 miles upriver from the Indian Island bridge.
197. Treat, "Journal", 14;
198. Penobscot Nation, Pmobscotlotions Island Inventory, appendix A, 35.
199. Penobscot deed to Joseph Treat, July 15, 1804, HCRD, book 26, pp. 31-32;
200. Penobscot timber lease to Joseph Treat, July 15, 1804, third series, vol. 44, no. 2718, MaSA;
201. Plan of Joseph Treat's timber, drawn by Captain Nichola Neptune, third series, vol. 44, p. 3, no. 2720, MaSA. Treat petitioned the Maine Legislature in 1832 requesting to purchase his leased timber lands which, according to him, expired in 1834. His petition, which the legislature did not pass, defined the timber land as extending "three quarters of a mile wide on each side of the Madawamkeag and Madunkecunk Streams, extending back six miles from the Penobscot." See
202. Petition of Joseph Treat to the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Maine, January 1832, legislative graveyard, box 74, folder 28, MeSA. !!80. Penobscot deed to Joseph Treat, Isaac Hatch, and Josiah Brewer, August 13, 1804, third series, vol. 44, p. 3, no. 2719, pp. a-c, MaSA;
203. Penobscot deed to I. Hatch and others, August 13, 1804, HCRD, book 15, pp. 360-361.
204. Penobscot treaty with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, August 8, 1796, HCRD, book 27, pp. 6-7;
205. "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, August 30, 1786", DAID, vol. 1, 90-91.
206. Petition of Gabriel Johonnot and Joseph Treat, June 12, 1804, 1804 Senate document #3185, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA.
207. Petition of thirty-two settlers on the Penobscot River, January 7, 1806, 1806 Senate document #3444, unpassed legislation, original legislative papers, MaSA. Massachusetts responded that settlers who have lived along the Penobscot River before January 1, 1784, were entitled to a deed of a 100-acre lot for $ 15. Those settlers who arrived between January 1, 1784, and February 17, 1798, would receive title to their land lots for $50, but these land transactions must be completed before six months from the resolve, dated January 1806.
208. Deed of Eastern Lands Agent Salem Town on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to Joseph Treat and Daniel Webster for islands "no. 1" through "no. 3" in the Penobscot River, May 1, 1804, received June 6, 1804, HCRD, book 14, pp. 335-337.
209. Deed of Eastern Lands Agent Salem Town on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to Joseph Treat for nine islands in the Penobscot River and seven islands in the Stillwater River, June 17, 1805, recorded May 27, 1807, HCRD, book 22, p. 238.
210. Deposition of Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune, April 16, 1836, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 77, 429-433, received and entered on July 18, 1836.
211. Resolve 1807, chapter 27, "Resolve respecting Penobscot Indians⋯ appointing Horatio G. Balch, Esq. Superintendent", approved February 5, 1807, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts⋯ 1807 (Boston: Adams and Rhoades, 1807), 24-25.
212. Thomas Pownall, "Journal of the Voyage of Gov. Thomas Pownall, from Boston to Penobscot River, May 1759"
213. with notes by J. Williamson, in Collections of the Maine Historical Society (Portland, Me.), series 1, 5:1(1857):365-387;
214. David Lynn Ghere, "Abenaki Factionalism, Emigration, and Social Continuity: Indian Society in Northern New England." Ph. D. diss., History, University of Maine, 1988, 266-271;
215. David L. Ghere, "The Twilight of Abenaki Independence: The Maine Abenaki During the 1750s", M. A. thesis, History, University of Maine at Orono, December 1980, 127-136;
216. David L. Ghere, "Diplomacy and War on the Maine Frontier, 1678-1759", in Maine, 139;
217. Pauleena MacDougall, The Penobscot Dance of Resistance: Tradition in the History of a People (Durham, N. H.: University of New Hampshire Press, published through University Press of New England Press, 2004), 89;
218. Joel W. Eastman, The History of Sears Island Searsport, Maine (Bath, Me.: Golden Offset and Searsport Historical Society, 1976), 16-17. For the 1775 Watertown Conference between Penobscot leaders and Massachusetts, see
219. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775, and of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix⋯ (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 225-226, 360, 369-372, and 391-392;
220. Frederick Kidder, Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia during the Revolution⋯ (Albany, N. Y.: Joel Munsell, 1867), 51-54;
221. Leamon, Revolution Down east, 94-95;
222. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years, 212;
223. MacDougall, Penobscot Dance of Resistance, 94-95;
224. Micah A. Pawling and Donald G. Soctomah, "Defining Native Space in Eastern Maine, 1775-1833", HAM.
225. Richard I. Hunt Jr., "British-American Rivalry for the Support of the Indians of Maine and Nova Scotia, 1775-1783", M. A. thesis, History, University of Maine at Orono, 1973, 61-70;
226. Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 36;
227. Prins, The Mi'lmaq, 157-158;
228. "A Treaty of Alliance and Friendship", between the Mi'kmaqs, Maliseets, and Massachusetts, July 19, 1776, in Baxter Manuscripts, vol. 24, 188-193;
229. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years, 212;
230. MacDougall, Penobscot Dance of Resistance, 99.
231. Letter from Daniel Davis to Governor James Sullivan, Boston, August 21, 1807, Resolve 1807, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
232. resolve 1807, chapter 27, "Resolve respecting Penobscot Indians⋯ appointing Horatio G. Balch, Esq. Superintendent", approved February 5, 1807, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts⋯ 1807 (Boston: Adams and Rhoades, 1807), 24-25.
233. Report by Superintendent of Indian Affairs Horatio G. Balch to the General Court of Massachusetts, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 97, approved February 19, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
234. Virginia Dejohn Anderson, Creatures of Empire: How Domestic Animals Transformed Early America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
235. Report by Superintendent of Indian Affairs Horatio G. Balch to the General Court of Massachusetts, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 97, approved February 19, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
236. Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors;
237. resolve, chapter 27, "Resolve respecting Penobscot Indians⋯ appointing Horatio G. Balch, Esq. Superintendent", approved February 5, 1807, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts⋯ 1807 (Boston: Adams and Rhoades, 1807), 24-25.
238. Report by Superintendent of Indian Affairs Horatio G. Balch to the General Court of Massachusetts, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 97, approved February 19, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
239. Speech by Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan to the Senate and House of Representatives, February 18, 1808, 1807 resolve, chapter 166, approved March 12, 1807, original legislative papers, MaSA. By July 1808, Horatio G. Balch wanted "to commence actions against sixteen or eighteen" trespassers.
240. Letter by Daniel Davis to Massachusetts Governor James Sullivan, Boston, July 12, 1808, 1807 resolve, chapter 166, approved March 12, 1807, original legislative papers, MaSA.
241. Resolve to defray expenses of Penobscot Indians in Boston, 1808 resolve, chapter 84, approved February 2, 1808, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston: Adams and Rhoades, 1810), 80.
242. Deposition of Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune, April 16, 1836, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 77, 429-433, received and entered on July 18, 1836.
243. Petition of Penobscot Governor Atian Michael, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA. Governor Michael's use of "English" instead of "American" encroachments may suggest that some Penobscots, or the transcriber of the petition, saw more similarities between the English and Americans, especially since both groups generally spoke the same language. According to Dean Snow, Attean Elmut was the Penobscot chief from 1806 to 1809. It is highly probable that Governor Atian Michael was Elmut's given name. Atian or Attean are both variations of the French name Etienne, which is equivalent to Stephen or Steven in English.
244. See Snow, "Eastern Abenaki", 141.
245. Petition of Penobscot Governor Atian Michael, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
246. Penobscot Indian Conference notes, n. d., Boston, 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
247. Petition of Penobscot Governor Atian Michael, n. d., resolve 1807, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
248. Penobscot Indian Conference notes, n. d., Boston, 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA
249. Petition of Penobscot Governor Atian Michael, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA;
250. Superintendent of Indian Affairs Horatio G. Balch's 1807 accounts, 1807 resolve, chapter 97, approved February 19, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA;
251. Letter from Horatio Balch to Daniel Davis, Bangor, August 10, 1807, 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA;
252. Superintendent of Indian Affairs Horatio G. Balch's report to the Senate and House of Representatives, 1807 resolve, chapter 97, approved February 19, 1808, original papers, MaSA.
253. Treat, "Journal", 208.
254. Petition of Penobscot Governor Atian Michael, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
255. Prins, The Mi'kmaq, 120-121;
256. Prins, "The Crooked Path of Dummer's Treaty", 360-377.
257. Original emphasis. Letter to James Sullivan from Horatio Balch, Bangor, July 7, 1807, 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA;
258. Penobscot Conference notes, n. d., 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
259. Letter to James Sullivan from Horatio G. Balch, Bangor, July 7, 1807, 1807 resolve, chapter 149, approved March 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA;
260. Letter from Horatio G. Balch to Massachusetts General Court, n. d., 1809 resolve, chapter 160, approved March 3, 1810, original legislative papers, MaSA.
261. Petition of Penobscot Governor Joseph Lorain, n. d., 1810 resolve, chapter 98, approved February 25, 1811, original legislative papers, MaSA.
262. Snow, "Eastern Abenaki", 141.
263. Petition of Indian Agent John Blake on behalf of the Penobscot tribe, n. d., 1810 resolve, chapter 98, approved February 25, 1811, original legislative papers, MaSA.
264. Letter to the General Court by James Sullivan, June 9, 1808, 1808 resolve, chapter 194, approved June 10, 1808, original legislative papers, MaSA.
265. Petition of Penobscot Governor Joe Lolar, Esquire Joe Mary Neptune, Captain John Neptune, Francis Loring, and Captain Joseph Michel, January 24, 1812, 1812 resolve, chapter 143, approved February 27, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA;
266. Letter to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House by Martin Kinsley, June 11, 1811, 1812 resolve, chapter 143, approved February 27, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA.
267. Snow, "Eastern Abenaki", 141;
268. Speck, Penobscot Man, 234;
269. Harald E. L. Prins, "Chief Big Thunder (1827-1906): The Life History of a Penobscot Trickster", Maine History 37, no. 3(Winter 1998):140-158. The estimated Penobscot population "of upwards of two hundred souls" in 1812 might have been low, especially considering that there were 374 Penobscots in 1818. See
270. Pauleena M. MacDougall, "Indian Island, Maine, 1780-1930", Ph. D. diss., History, University of Maine, Orono, 1995, 70-71.
271. Petition of Penobscot Joseph Neptune, Captain John Neptune, Captain Francis Loring, and Captain Wine Michel, in the House on February 8, 1812, 1811 resolve, chapter 124, approved February 21, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA.
272. Letter to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House by Martin Kinsley, June 11, 1811, 1812 resolve, chapter 143, approved February 27, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA;
273. Letter to the President of the Senate and House by Martin Kinsley, February 10, 1812, 1812 resolve, chapter 143, approved February 27, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA.
274. Proposed sale of islands in the Penobscot River by Joseph Treat, Richard Webster, Daniel Webster, and Ebenezer Webster, April 23, 1811, 1812 resolve, chapter 143, approved February 27, 1812, original legislative papers, MaSA.
275. Petition of Joseph Treat, June 8, 1812, with affidavits of Park Holland
276. Deed from Joseph Treat and members of the Webster family to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the Penobscot Indians, fishing islands, March 13, 1813, received and recorded on June 26, 1813, HCRD, book 33, pp. 303-304;
277. Resolve on the Petition of Joseph Treat, chapter CLV, approved February 27, 1813, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Passed at the Session, in October 1812, and January 1813 (Boston: Russell and Cutler, 1813), 143-144.
278. Joseph Treat, The Vindication of Captain Joseph Treat, Late of Twenty-first Regiment, United States Infantry, Against the Atrocious Calumny Comprehended in Major General Brown's Official Report of the Battle of Chippeway (Philadelphia: n. p., 1815), CIHM microfiche 61812.
279. Treat, The Treat Family, 289-290.
280. Petition of Penobscot Orson Nicolas and Joseph Loland, Boston, February 6, 1818, 1817 resolve, chapter 120, approved February 13, 1818, original legislative papers, MaSA.
281. Letter from Edward H. Robbins, Daniel Davis, and Mark Langdon Hill to the chiefs and other Indians of the Penobscot Tribe, Boston, May 11, 1818, John Blake's papers
282. "Indian Papers, 1811-1821", ClCFl, M159.1, Bangor Historical Society, Bangor, Maine (hereafter BHS);
283. Daniel Davis and Mark Langdon Hill's speech to the Penobscots, Bangor, June 24, 1818, John Blake's papers
284. "Indian Papers, 1811-1821', 'ClCFl, Ml59.1, BHS;
285. "Treaty with the Indians", Eastern Argus (Portland, Me.), vol. 15, no. 771, Tuesday, July 14, 1818, p. 3, col. 1;
286. Penobscot treaty with Massachusetts, PCCH, Registry of Deeds, vol. 4, 191-198, received and entered on June 30, 1818/July 1, 1818;
287. "Treaty made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, June 29, 1818, Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-Third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: Wm. R. Smith & Co., 1843), 253-256;
288. "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, June 29, 1818, DAID, vol. 2, 1097-1098;
289. Harley, "New England Cartography and the Native Americans", 285-313.
290. Meeting of Eastern Lands Commissioners, Eastern Argus, vol. 56, no. 778, September 1, 1818, p. 2, col. 2.
291. Treat, The Treat Family, 289-290;
292. Moses Greenleaf, Map Exhibiting the Principal Original Grants and Sales of Lands in the State of Maine, engraved by W. Chapin, published by Shirley and Hyde, 1829, flat file, Special Collections, Fogler Library, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. (At the Maine State Archives, this map's reference number is 4-05-13.);
293. "Resolve for the Conveying Land to Joseph Treat, on conditions, February 7 th, 1820", chapter 41, Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Passed at their Session⋯ 1820 (Boston: Russell & Gardner, 1820), 126-127.
294. Eastern Argus, vol. 62, no. 891, Tuesday, July 11, 1820, p. 3, cols. 1-2;
295. Hancock Gazette and Penobscot Patriot (Belfast, Me.), vol. 1, no. 3, Thursday, July 20, 1820, p. 2, cols. 1-2;
296. Salem Gazette (Salem, Mass.), vol. 34, no. 56, Friday, July 14, 1820, p. 3, cols. 1-2.
297. Testimony of Joseph Butterfield, January 8, 1822, Secretary of State Miscellaneous box, Indian Files, folder 1822, MeSA;
298. MacDougall, "Indian Island, Maine", 117;
299. Daniel Vickers, "Those Dammed Shad: Would the River Fisheries of New England Have Survived in the Absence of Industrialization?" William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 4(October 2004):685-712. For a comparison of Native fishing experiences in New Brunswick, Canada, see
300. Bill Parenteau, "'Care, Control and Supervision': Native People in the Canadian Atlantic Salmon Fishery, 1867-1900", Canadian Historical Review 79, no. 1(March 1998):1-35;
301. Bill Parenteau and James Kenny, "Survival, Resistance, and the Canadian State: The Transformation of New Brunswick Native Economy, 1867-19 30", Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 13(2002):49-72;
302. Bill Parenteau and Richard W. Judd, "More Buck for the Bang: Sporting and the Ideology of Fish and Game Management in Northern New England and the Maritime Provinces, 1870-1900", England and the Maritime Provinces, 232-251, 391-396.
303. Appendix A. Eastern Argus, vol. 18, no. 899, Tuesday, September 5, 1820, p. 2, cols. 2-3;
304. Hancock Gazette and Penobscot Patriot, vol. 1, no. 9, Thursday, August 31, 1820;
305. "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, August 17, 1820", and "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Maine, August 17, 1820", DAID, vol. 2, 1099-1102.
306. See "Treaty Between the Penobscot and Massachusetts, August 8, 1796", DAID, 1094-1095;
307. 1793/1796 Penobscot Treaty of Marsh Island, Hancock County Registry of Deeds, Ellsworth, Maine, book 4, pp. 70-71.
308. Bangor Historical Magazine, vol. 2, no. 5 (November 1886), 85-86. After 1820, Penobscot leaders preserved the tradition of articulating tribal concerns to the General Court in Boston by sending additional delegates to Maine's capital in Portland and later Augusta. Neptune was a key figure in this political diplomacy and emerged as a leading spokesman and active petitioner for his people. See
309. MacDougall, "Indian Island", 98-104 and 107-109;
310. MacDougall, Penobscot Dance of Resistance, 2004. It is possible that Penobscot Francis Lolon might also be Joseph Loland who signed the 1818 petition drafted by Joseph Treat.
311. Letter from Joseph Treat to Governor William King, November 21, 1820, WKP, coll. 165, box 18, folder 13, MeHS.
312. Park Holland, Life, and Diaries, copied by Mary H. Curran, 1915, Bangor Pubic Library, Bangor, Maine, 40-41;
313. Frederick S. Allis Jr., ed., "Diary of Park Holland from his surveys in Eastern Maine [about 1784-1794]", in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts Collections, vol. 36, William Bingham's Lands, 1790-18 20 (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1954), 204-233;
314. Park Holland, "Plan survey by, of Indian Lands on both sides of Penobscot River, claim to which was released by Indians, dated 1797", third series, vol. 19, page 29, maps and plans no. 1459, MaSA.
315. Eckstorm, Old John Neptwne, 79, 175n.
316. Treat, "Journal", 69.
317. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure, 60-67.
318. Treat, "Journal", 69;
319. Abraham Gesner, New Brunswick: With Notes for Immigrants: Comprehending the Early History An Account of the Indians⋯ (London: Simmonds and Ward, 1847), CIHM microfiche 35386, 112;
320. Lewis, "The Indigenous Maps", 25-32;
321. Prins, "Children of Gluskap", 95-117;
322. Garrick Mallery, "Picture-writing of the American Indians", Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1888-89 (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1893), figs. 457 and 458.
323. Lewis, "Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use", 84-86. The Penobscot spelling of wikhikenel is awihkhikanal, referring to a letter or anything that is written. See
324. Frank T. Siebert, Penobscot Dictionary, courtesy of and on file at the Department of Cultural and Historic Preservation, Penobscot Indian Nation, Indian Island, Maine, p. 95.
325. Arthur J. Krim, Acculturation of the New England Landscape: Native and English Toponymy of Eastern Massachusetts", New England Prospect: Maps, Place Names, and the Historical Landscape (Boston: Boston University, Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife Annual Proceedings, 1980), 69-88;
326. Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Exploration of Landscape and History (New York: Knopf, 1988), 1-33;
327. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees, 168-215. While "worldview" has come to have many definitions to different scholars, it is used here primarily to mean how a particular cultural group perceives themselves "in relation to all else"
328. Robert Redfield, The Primitive World and Its Transformations (1953; reprint, Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1963), 84-110;
329. A. Irving Hallowell, "Objibwa Ontology, Behavior, and World View", in Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Pawl Radin, ed. S. Diamond (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), 19-52;
330. Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 10.
331. Treat, "Journal", 32-33;
332. Nicholas N. Smith, "The Three Faces of Katahdin", in Papers of the Twenty-second Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), 336-345;
333. Eugene Vetromile, The Abnakis and their History or Historical Notes on the Aborigines of Acadia (New York: James B. Kirker, 1866), CIHM microfiche 33924, 62-67;
334. Calvin Martin, Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 113-149;
335. Adrian Tanner, Bringing Home Animals: Religious Ideology and Mode of Production of the Mistassini Cree Hunters (Saint Johns: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1979).
336. John G. Reid, "An International Region of the Northeast: Rise and Decline, 1635-1762", in Hornsby et al., The Northeast Borderlands, 10-25;
337. John G. Reid, Six Crucial Decades: Times of Change in the History of the Maritimes (Halifax: Nimbus Publishers, 1987), 29-57;
338. John G. Reidetal., eds., The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004);
339. Naomi E. S. Griffiths, The Context of Acadian History; 1686-1784 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 95-107;
340. Jean Daigle, Acadia from 1604 to 1763: An Historical Synthesis", in Acadia of the Maritimes: Thematic Studies from the Beginning to the Present, ed. Jean Daigle (Moncton: University of Moncton Press, 1995), 1-43;
341. Leon Theriault, "Acadia from 1763 to 1990", Acadia of the Maritimes, 45-88;
342. Historical Atlas of Canada, Geoffrey J. Matthews, cartographer, vol. 1, From the Beginnings to 1800, ed. R. Cole Harris (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), plate 30;
343. Prins, The Mi'kmaq, 148-154;
344. L. F. S. Upton, Micmacs and Colonists: Indian-White Relations in the Maritimes, 1713-1867 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1979), 56;
345. Geoffrey Plank, An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign against the Peoples of Acadia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001);
346. Geoffrey Plank, "New England Soldiers in the St. John River Valley, 1758-1760", England and the Maritime Provinces, 59-73.
347. Ann Gorman Condon, The Envy of American States: The Loyalist D ream for New Brunswick (Fredericton: New Ireland Press, 1984);
348. Beatrice Craig, "Migrant Integration and Kinship Ties in a Frontier Community, Madawaska, 1785-1850", Histoire Sociale/Social History 38(November 1986):277-297;
349. Beatrice C. Craig, "Early French Migration to Northern Maine, 1785-1850", Maine Historical Society Quarterly 25, no. 4(Spring 1986):230-247;
350. Beatrice Craig, "Before Borderlands: Yankees, British, and the St. John Valley French", England and the Maritime Provinces, 74-93, 341-347;
351. Reid, Six Crucial Decades, 78-80;
352. Robert Fellows, "The Loyalists and Land Settlement in New Brunswick, 17 83-17 90: A Study in Colonial Administration", Canadian Archivist 2, no. 2(1971):5-15;
353. Theriault, "Acadia from 1763 to 1990", 45-88;
354. W. S. MacNutt, New Brunswick, A History: 1784-1867 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1963), 78-82. 132.
355. Taylor, "Centers and Peripheries", 2-15. 133.
356. Carroll, A Good and Wise, Measure, 264-306;
357. Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 17 83-1843 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977);
358. J. P. D. Dunbabin, "Red Lines on Maps: The Impact of Cartographical Errors on the Border between the United States and British North America, 1782-1842", Imago Mundi 50(1998):105-125;
359. Nicholas and Prins, "The Spirit in the Land", 18-37. 134.
360. Letter from Joseph Treat to Governor William King, November 21, 1820, WKP, coll. 165, box 18, folder 13, MeHS. 135.
361. Letter from Joseph Treat to Governor William King, December 12, 1820, WKP, coll. 165, box 18, folder 14, MeHS. 136.
362. Frederick Mellen, Executive Council Reports, March 9, 1829, box 27, folder 2, MeSA. Maine paid Mellen $45 for the commissioned copy. 137.
363. Edward D. Ives, "Maine Folklore and the Folklore of Maine: Some Reflections on the Maine Character and Down-East Humor", Maine Historical Society Quarterly 23, no. 3(Winter 1984):111-132;
364. Henry David Thoreau, The Maine Woods (New York: Penguin Books, 1988), 4, 109, 111; Census for 1820, 3b;
365. Richard W. Judd, "Timber Down the St. John: A Study in Maine-New Brunswick Relations", Maine Historical Society Quarterly 24, no. 1(Summer 1984):195-218;
366. Nicholas and Prins, "The Spirit in the Land", 18-37. 138.
367. Thoreau, Maine Woods, 108;
368. Geoffrey Paul Carpenter, "Deforestation in Nineteenth-Century Maine: The Record of Henry David Thoreau", Maine History 38, no. 1(Summer 1998):2-35. 139.
369. Bonnie D. Newsom, Director, Penobscot Indian Nation's Department of Historic and Cultural Preservation, Indian Island, Maine, personal communication, February 20, 2003. 140.
370. Treat, "Journal", 113. 141.
371. David C. Smith, Studies in the Land: The Northeast Corner (New York: Routledge, 2002), 51-73. 142.
372. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 (New York: Knopf, 1990), 33-35;
373. Colin G. Calloway, ed., Dawnland Encounters: Indians and Europeans in Northern England (Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England, 1991), xii-xiii;
374. McEwen, In Search of the Highlands, 9-13. 1.
375. Joseph Treat, "Journal and Plans of Survey by Joseph Treat-1820", Maine Land Office Field Notes (MLOFN), vol. 14, Maine State Archives, Augusta, Maine (hereafter MeSA). Joseph Treat's manuscript, which begins on page 7, is 214 pages with 93 maps. The bracketed bold page numbers refer to the original page number of the manuscript. Since most of this 214-page document consists of a page of text followed by a map, there are gaps in the page numbering. 2. According to Treat's survey map, Long Island, which was later called White Squaw Island but recently renamed No Name Island by the Penobscot Indian Nation, is in Argyle, Maine, upriver from Freese Island.
376. Treat, Journal", 16;
377. Bonnie D. Newsom, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Penobscot Indian Nation, personal communication, January 23, 2007. Surveyors Park Holland and Joseph Treat referred to present-day Freese Island as
378. "Mushquash Island." See Joseph Treat, "Survey of 8, 000 acres to Thomas Johnson", 1818, MLOFN, MeSA, microfilm vol. 2, p. 17;
379. Park Holland, "Survey of Lots on Birch Stream", 1814, MLOFN, MeSA, microfilm vol. 1, p. 42.
380. "Kenduskee" or Kenduskeag means "eel-weir place." Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, Indian Place-Name: of the Penobscot Valley and the Maine Coast, Maine Studies no. 55 (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1941, reprint 1974), 15-16.
381. Treat, "Journal", 10 and 101.
382. "Madamiscontis" is known as Blackman Stream today. Eckstorm, Indian-Place. Names, 25.
383. "Freshes" or freshet refers to "a flood or overflowing of a river caused by heavy rains or melted snow." Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed. (hereafter OED), vol. 6, s.v. "freshet"
384. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 32;
385. Treat, "Journal", 14.
386. David S. Cook, Above the Gravel Bar: The Indian Canoe Routes of Maine (Milo, Me.: Milo Printing Co., 1985), 56;
387. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 38-39.
388. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 40, 46;
389. Treat, "Journal", 20.
390. Treat, "Journal", 16.
391. See David Sanger, "'Red Paint People' and Other Myths of Maine Archaeology", Maine History 39, no. 3(Fall 2000):145-167;
392. Brian S. Robinson, "A Regional Analysis of the Moore head Burial Tradition: 8500-3700 B. P", Archaeology of Eastern North America 24(1996):94-148.
393. Captain and Mrs. Haynes's residence was just upriver from the mouth of the Passadumkeag River on the west shore of the Penobscot River. Treat, "Journal", 20.
394. Mr. Dudley's camp, located on the west shore of the Penobscot River, was across from Mohawk Island. Treat, "Journal", 24.
395. Dabney W. Caldwell, Roadside Geology of Maine (Missoula, Mt.: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1998;2000), 16-17, 103, 124-125, 151-152, and 298.
396. "Madnacook" or Mattanawcook Island is adjacent to present-day Lincoln, Maine. Treat, "Journal", 26;
397. Jacques Ferland, "Mattanawcook Islanders and the Meaning of Family among Nineteenth-Century Penobscot Indians", paper presented at the Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine, June 13, 1997 (on file with author).
398. "Five Islands Rips" or rapids are at present-day Houston Island or just north of present-day Winn, Maine. Treat, "Journal", 30.
399. See "Treaty made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, June 29, 1818", in Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: Wm. R. Smith & Co., 1843), 253-256.
400. Treat, "Journal", 32.
401. Treat, "Journal", 32;
402. The Democrat (Bangor, Me.), Tuesday, May 25, 1858;
403. Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, Old John Neptune and Other Maine Indian Shamans (1945; reprint, University of Maine Press, 1980), 106-107;
404. Eckstorm, Indian-Place Names, 41. For information on Pamola and Penobscot beliefs on Mount Katahdin, see
405. Eugene Vetromile, The Abnakis and Their History, or Historical Notices on the Aborigines of Acadia (New York: James B. Kirker, 1866), Canadian Institute of Historical Microfilms 33924, 62-68;
406. Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, "The Katahdin Legends", Appalachia 16(1924), 29-52;
407. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, xxii-xxiii;
408. Alvin H. Morrison, "The Spirit of Law versus the Storm Spirit: A Wabanaki Case", in Papers of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1982), 179-191;
409. Nicholas N. Smith, "The Three Faces of Katahdin", in Papers of the Twenty-second Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), 336-345.
410. Eckstorm, Indian Place-Names, 63;
411. "Treaty made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, June 29, 1818", 253-256;
412. Resolves of the Fourth Legislature of the State of Maine (Portland: Todd & Smith, 1824), 324-325, ch. 37;
413. Resolves of the Eighth Legislature of the State of Maine (Portland: Thomas Todd, 1828), 808, ch. 48;
414. Treat, "Journal", 36.
415. "Treaty made by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, June 29, 1818", 253-256.
416. Mount Katahdin's highest elevation, Baxter Peak, is 5, 267 feet (according to Tom Seymour, The Hiker's Guide to Maine [Helena, Mont.: Falcon Press Publishing Co., 1995], 20-22).
417. Charles Turner Jr., "A Description of Natardin or Catardin Mountain-Being an Extract from a Letter,⋯ in the Summer of 1804⋯", Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, second series, vol. 8 (1819; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 112-116.
418. Treat, "Journal", 68.
419. Treat, "Journal", 82.
420. Although Treat did not give the pond's name, it probably was "Un, sas, keek" or Unsaskik Pond. Treat, "Journal", 86.
421. "Balm of Gilead Trees" were probably poplar trees (Populus candicans). G. P. Burns and C. H. Otis, Handbook of Vermont Trees (Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1979), 71.
422. Treat was near present-day Fort Kent, situated at the mouth of the Fish River. The Fish River system was the Maliseet hunting territory of the Sabatis family. See Frank G. Speck and Wendell S. Hadlock, "A Report on Tribal Boundaries and Hunting Areas of the Malecite Indian of New Brunswick", American Anthropologist, n. s., vol. 48, no. 3 (July/September 1946), 355-374.
423. Dictionary of Canadian Biography (1988, hereafter DCB), vol. 7, s.v. "Pierre Denis"
424. Adrian L. Burke, "Temiscouata: Traditional Maliseet Territory and Connections between the St. Lawrence River Valley and the St. John River Valley", in Actes du trmtc-dcuxicmc conges algonquin-istes, ed. John D. Nichols (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 2001), 61-73;
425. Laurence Johnson, "La reserve malecite de Viger, un projet-pilote du programme de civilisation' du gouvernement canadien", M. S.thesis, Anthropology, University of Montreal, 1995;
426. Laurence Johnson, "Al'origine de la reserve Viger, une requete malecite de 1826", Reckerches Amerindiennes au Quebec 26, no. 2(1996):77-81.
427. Thomas Albert, The History of Madawaska, trans. Therese Douchette and Francis Douchette (1920;, reprint, Madawaska, Me.: Northern Graphics, Madawaska Historical Society, Bicentennial Edition, 1985);
428. Roger Paradis, ed., Papier s de/Papers of Prudent L. Mecure: Histoirt du Madawaska (Madawaska, Me: Madawaska Historical Society, 1998);
429. MacNutt, Brunswick, 79-82, 269-270;
430. Reid, Six Crucial Decades, 79-80;
431. Beatrice Craig, "Agriculture and the Lumberman's Frontier in the Upper St. John Valley, 1800-1870", Journal of Forest History 32, no. 3(July 1988):125-137;
432. Beatrice Craig, "Migrant Integration and Kinship ties in a Frontier Community, Madawaska, 1785-1850", Histoirt Sociale/Social History 38 (November 1986), 277-297;
433. Beatrice Craig, "Before Borderlands: Yankees, British, and the St. John Valley French", in England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons, ed. Stephen J. Hornsby and John G. Reid (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2005), 74-93.
434. Christopher J. Trunbull, "Forward: The Road to Jemseg", in Wolastoquyik Ajemseg: The People of the Beautiful River at Jemseg, ed. Karen Perley and Susan Blair, vol. 1, Important Stories and Spoken Histories, New Brunswick Manuscript in Archaeology 34E (Fredericton, N. B.: Archaeological Services, Heritage Branch, 2003), ix;
435. Susan Blair, "Tan psiw weskuhutahsik: Introduction", in ibid., vol. 2, Archaeological Results, New Brunswick Manuscripts in Archaeology 36E (Fredericton: Archaeological Services, Heritage Branch, 2004), 3-5.
436. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 17 80-1860 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977).
437. Treat, "Journal", 33.
438. Micah A. Pawling, "Petitions, Kin, and Cultural Survival: The Maliseet and Passamaquoddy Peoples in the Nineteenth Century", M. A. thesis, History, University of Maine, Orono, August 1999, 61-64.
439. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In which the Words Deduced from their Origin and Illustrated in their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers to which are Prefixed a History of the Language, and in English Grammar, vol. 2 (London: G. J. Of fur et al., 1820), 705;
440. Native people called the Aroostook River "Moosiec", meaning "river of many moose." David E. Putnam, personal communication, March 3, 2005.
441. Pierrette Desy and Frederic Castel, "Native Reserves: Names and Descriptions", in Historical Atlas of Canada, Geoffrey J. Matthews, cartographer, vol. 2, The Land Transformed, 1800-1891, ed. R. Louis Gentilcore; (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), plate 33 (hereafter HAC);
442. Pawling, "Petitions, Kin, and Cultural Survival", 64-65.
443. Cora M. Putnam, The Story of Houlton (Portland, Me.: House of Falmouth, 1958), 32-52.
444. Mr. Phillips's residence was one-half mile north of the Meduxnekeag River on the east shore of the Saint John River. Treat, "Journal", 164.
445. "Maducktuck" or Meductic, probably meaning at "the end" of a portage or trail, was on a well-known canoe and portage route between the Penobscot and Saint John Rivers which Joseph Treat took back to Bangor, Maine. Harald E. L. Prins, "Cornfields at Meductic: Ethnic and Territorial Reconfiguration in Colonial Acadia", Man in the Northeast no. 44(Fall 1992):55-72;
446. Nicholas N. Smith, "Meductic Reassessed, 1981", in Cowan, Papers of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference, 201-209;
447. W. O. Raymond, "The Old Meductic Fort", Collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society 1, no. 3(1896):221-261;
448. George Frederick Clarke, Someone before Us: Our Maritime Indians, 2d ed. (1968; reprint, Fredericton: Brunswick Press, 1970), 46-47;
449. William F. Ganong, "A Monograph of Historic Sites in the Province of New Brunswick", Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, section 1(1901):240-245. In 1807, Maliseet leaders entered into an agreement with New Brunswick to secure their Native title to "Meductics Point"
450. Pawling, "Petitions, Kin, and Cultural Survival", 65-66. In 1851, New Brunswick dispossessed the Maliseets of their land at Meductic and attempted to compensate them with the creation of the Woodstock Reserve upriver along the Saint John River.
451. Gary P. Gould and Alan J. Semple, eds., Our Land: The Maritimes, The Basis of the Indian Claim in the Maritime Provinces of Canada (Fredericton: Saint Annes Point Press, 1980), 64-67;
452. Pierrette Desy and Frederic Castel, "Native Reserves: Names and Descriptions", HAC, vol. 2, plate 33.
453. Treat, "Journal", 172.
454. Joseph Treat, Executive Council Papers, 1820, box 1, folder 40, MeSA.
455. Ryder Scott and Mike Wilson, What's in a JSl-ame: Exploring the Stories of the Baskahegan Landscape. (Bethel, Me.: Northern Forest Center, 2000), 9-15.
456. Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy", in Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, gen. ed., vol. 15, Northeast, ed. Bruce Trigger (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), 124. For works about Passamaquoddy place-names, see
457. David Sanger, Micah A. Pawling, and Donald G. Soctomah, "Passamaquoddy Homeland and Language: The Importance of Place", in Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Native Peoples and Archaeology in the Northeastern United States, ed. Jordan E. Kerber, foreword by Joe Watkins (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 314-328;
458. Donald Soctomah, project director, and Edward Bassett, producer, Landscapes, Legends, and Language of the Passamaquoddy People: An Interactive Journey in the Land of the Passamaquoddy, Native place-name CD, Skicin Records, available at the Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, Old Town, Maine, 2004.
459. Wilson, What's in a Name, 9-15.
460. William C. Wicken, Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 3-16;
461. Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Illative History of Early America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 133-150;
462. Robert A. Williams, Jr., Linking Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace, 1600-1800 (New York: Routledge, 1997).
463. Governor William King's state of the state address to the new legislature in Portland, June 2, 1820, p. 10, Maine State Archives, Augusta, Maine (hereafter MeSA).
464. Penobscot deed relinquishing Brewer land, signed by Governor John Attean and two other tribal leaders, August 15, 1820, Council Files, September 13, 1820, box 29, MaSA;
465. Letter to Massachusetts Governor John Brooks from John Blake, Brewer, May 24, 1820, Council Files, June 13, 1820, box 28, MaSA.
466. Eastern Argus (Portland, Me.), vol. 17, no. 891, Tuesday, July 11, 1820, p. 3, cols. 1-2;
467. Hancock Gazette and Penobscot Patriot (Belfast, Me.) vol. 1, no. 3, Thursday, July 20, 1820, p. 2, cols. 1-2. Although the treaty minutes published in these two newspapers are nearly identical, they sometimes differ in punctuation and capitalization, and the transcriber must make decisions based on reading clarity.
468. Penobscot Lieutenant Governor John Neptune's statement about "black men" probably refers to Native people. Personal communication with Professor Harald E. L. Prins, February 2005.
469. Salem Gazette (Salem, Mass.), vol. 34, no. 56, Friday, July 14, 1820, p. 3, cols. 1-2.
470. Eastern Argus, vol. 18, no. 899, Tuesday, September 5, 1820, p. 2, cols. 2-3.
471. Harald E. L. Prins, "Two George Washington Medals: Missing Links in the Chain of Friendship between the United States and the Wabanaki Confederacy", Maine Historical Society Quarterly 28, no. 4(Spring 1989):226-234;
472. Nicholas N. Smith, "Gift Diplomacy: Medals for the Wabanaki", in Papers of the Twenty-fifth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994), 406-425.
473. Hancock Gazette and Penobscot Patriot, vol. 1, no. 9, Thursday, August 31, 1820.
474. State of Maine, "Indian Treaties", Acts and Resolves Passed by the Twenty-third Legislature of the State of Maine, A. D. 1843 (Augusta: William R. Smith & Co., 1843), 253-266. For an original copy of the second part of the 1820 treaty, see
475. Council Files, October 14, 1820, box 29, MaSA.