The politics of development: Forests, mines and hydro-electric power in Ontario, 1849-1941: Second edition

The Politics of Development: Forests, Mines and Hydro-Electric Power in Ontario 1849-1941: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-514

  Nelles, H V ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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References (365)

1. "The Origins of Democracy in Canada," Canadian Historical Association Report (1930), p. 70.
2. For the origins of the royalty see J. U. Nef, "Mining and Metallurgy in Medieval Civilization," in M. Postan and E. E. Rich, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II (Cambridge, 1952), pp. 430-93, and his study of Industry and Government in France and England, 1540-1640 (Ithaca, 1964). On the transfer of the concept to North America
3. see Norman Macdonald, "English Land Tenure on the North American Continent," University of Toronto Studies in History and Economics, Contributions to Canadian Economies, Vol. VII (Toronto, 1934)
4. Marshall Dees Harris, Origin of the Land Tenure System in the United States (Ames, Iowa, 1953), pp. 83-120
5. T. A. Rickard.A History of American Mining (New York, 1932), pp. 1-17
6. and T. C. Denis, "Mining Rights in Seigniories in the Province of Quebec,"Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute, Vol. XIV (1911), pp. 591-5.
7. Paul W. Bamford, Forests and French Sea Power, 1660-1789 (Toronto, 1956)
8. R. G. Albion, Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652-1862 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1926)
9. and J. N. Fauteux, Essai sur I'industrie au Canada sous le regimefranqais, Vol. I (Quebec, 1927), chapters IV and V.
10. J. J. Malone, Pine Trees and Politics: Naval Stores and Forest Policy in Colonial New England, 1691-1775 (London, 1964).
11. Samuel C. Wiel, "Running Water," Harvard Law Review, Vol. XXII (1908-9), p. 199
12. H. S. W. Coulson and A. F. Urquhart, The Law Relating to Waters:Sea, Tidal and Inland (London, 1880), p. 120
13. and H. S. Theobald, The Law of the Land (London, 1902), pp. 14Iff.
14. William Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper Canada (Ontario) with special reference to the Bay of Quinte (Toronto, 1859), pp. 206ff
15. Ontario Hydro-Electric Inquiry Commission, 1922-4, Memorandum Re: Riparian Rights on the Niagara River (typescript, University of Toronto Library), p. 1.
16. Lillian Gates, "The Land Policies of Upper Canada" (Ph.D. thesis, Radcliffe College, 1955), pp. 66, 209.
17. Albion, Forests and Sea Power, pp. 346, 353, 355, 419-22
18. Southworth and White, pp. 156-62
19. A. R. M. Lower, "The Trade in Square Timber," in W. T. Easterbrook and M. H. Watkins, Approaches to Canadian Economic History (Toronto, 1967), pp. 30-5
20. R. Lambert and P. Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth: A Centennial History of the Public Management of Lands, Forests and Wildlife in Ontario, 1763-1967 (Toronto, 1967), pp. 29, 31 [hereafter, Lambert and Pross].
21. Lower, "The Trade in Square Timber," pp. 35-46
22. idem, The North American Assault on the Canadian Forest (Toronto, 1938), pp. 38-46. See especially his Great Britain's Woodyard: British America and the Timber Trade, 1763-1867 (Montreal, Kingston, 1973), for the most complete description of the timber trade and its structure.
23. Southworth and White, pp. 190-5
24. J. E. Hodgetts, Pioneer Public Service (Toronto, 1955), pp. 130, 141-2.
25. Report of the Select Committee Appointed to Enquire and Report Upon the Present System of Management of the Public Lands, A. Gait, chairman, Journals of the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1854-5, Appendix M.M., pp. 26-33, 123-5, 132-6, 147-9, 160-81.
26. Lower, Great Britain's Woodyard, pp. 111-25.
27. PAC, Mossom Boyd Papers, Mossom Boyd to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, undated (but from the context probably the early 1870s), Box 131.
28. James H. Burke, testimony before the Select Committee Appointed to Enquire and Report Upon the Present System of Management of the Public Lands, p. 134.
29. Report of the Commission on Finance (Toronto, 1900), pp. 6, 24 24.
30. Notation on a letter from the Hon. Bela Flint, Belleville, Nov. 6, 1866, quoted in Archibald Blue, "The Mining Laws of Ontario," Bureau of Mines, Annual Report (1892), p. 223
31. see also the Report on the Canadian Goldfields, Robert Bell, chairman (Quebec, 1865).
32. Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario, Report, p. 268.
33. Thomas W. Gibson, Mining in Ontario (Toronto, 1937), pp. 10-11 [hereafter, Gibson, Mining].
34. John H. Foster, "The History of the Settlement of Silver Islet," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, Reports, Vol. XIV (1889), pp. 197-205
35. Janey C. Livingston, Historic Silver Islet: The Story of a Drowned Mine, From the Rise and Fall of the Richest Silver Mine the World has ever Known, Once the Abode of Wealth and Gaiety (pamphlet, n.d.)
36. Mrs. G. W. Dyke, Historic Silver Islet (pamphlet, n.d.)
37. PAC, T. A. Keefer Papers, "Silver Mining," (ms. 1885-6)
38. Archibald Blue, "The Story of Silver Islet," Ontario Bureau of Mines, Annual Report (1896), pp. 125, 158.
39. A. F. Barlow, "Nickel and Copper Deposits of the Sudbury Mining District" (Geological Survey of Canada, 1904)
40. A. P. Coleman, The Nickel Industry (Ottawa, 1914)
41. D. M. LeBourdais, The Sudbury Basin: The Story of Nickel (Toronto, 1953)
42. J. F. Thompson and M. Beasley, For The Years to Come:A Story of International Nickel (Toronto, 1960)
43. and O. W. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry (Toronto, 1955).
44. Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario, Report, pp. xv, xvi, xviii, 208, 212, 215-8, 301, 306, 411-6.
45. For the political background to the royal commission, see Margaret Evans, "Oliver Mowat and Ontario, 1872-1896" (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1967), p. 452. The quotation is from the Hon. A. S. Hardy, Globe, April 9, 1891.
46. Globe, April 24, 1891.
47. Quoted in Evans, "Oliver Mowat and Ontario," p. 457
48. Globe, April 11, 1897
49. Record of the Liberal Government: 26 Years of Progressive Legislation and Honest Administration (Toronto, 1898), p. 76.
50. P AC, Minute Book of the Niagara Falls Park Commission, May 18 -Nov. 11, 1885
51. QVNFPC, Report, 1889, pp. 78-9
52. 1890, pp. 101, 117
53. E. D. Adams,Niagara Power (Niagara Falls, 1927) Vol. I, pp. 69-160
54. Harold C. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1953)
55. and John Dales, Hydroelectricity and Industrial Development: Quebec, 1898-1940 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1957), pp. 17-21. For detailed biographies of the members of the Niagara syndicate, see the Dictionary of American Biography and Who's Who in America.
56. PAO, Niagara Falls Park papers, Sir Casimir Gzowski to Sir Oliver Mowat, March 31, 1892
57. J. W. Langmuir to Sir Oliver Mowat, Private and Confidential, March 29, 1892
58. PAC, J. J. Murphy Papers, "Epitome of the Laws Relating to the Sale and Settlement of the Public Lands of Different States and the British Colonies," ca. 1900, pp. 47-141.
59. D. G. Creighton, The Road to Confederation (Toronto, 1964), pp. 142ff
60. W. L. Morton, The Canadian Identity (Toronto, 1960), pp. 111-14
61. Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of Confederation of the British North American Provinces (Quebec, 1865), p. 59.
62. Gates, Land Policies of Upper Canada, p. 302
63. F. B. Murray, "Agricultural Settlement on the Canadian Shield," in Profiles of a Province, pp. 178-88
64. Cole Harris, "The Myth of the Land in Canadian Nationalism," and Carl Berger, "The True North Strong and Free," in Peter Russell, ed., Nationalism in Canada (Toronto, 1966).
65. Settlement on the Forest Frontier (Toronto, 1936), pp. 49, 77.
66. R. C. Brown, "The Commercial Unionists in Canada and the United States," CHAR (1963) p. 117
67. Ian Grant, "Erastus Wiman: A Continentalist Replies to Canadian Imperialism,"C//fl; Vol. LIII (1972), pp. 5-7
68. G. M. Adam, ed., Handbook of Commercial Union (Toronto, 1888), pp. 131-41, 190-295;
69. John Charlton, Speeches and Addresses, Political, Literary and Religious (Toronto, 1905), pp. 129-50.
70. PAO, Ontario Lumberman's Association, Minute Book, Feb. 8, 1888, p. 130;
71. Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario, Report, pp. xvi, xvii, 212, 215-30.
72. Paul Stevens, "Laurier and the Liberal Party in Ontario, 1887-1911" (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1967), pp. 10-84;
73. C.R.W. Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat, Vol. II (Toronto, 1905), pp. 577-81.
74. Sir James Whitney on American Reciprocity: The Parting of the Ways (Toronto, 1911) and Sir George Ross, Speech Before the Toronto Board of Trade (Toronto, 1911).
75. T. D. Ledyard, "Commercial Union and the Mining Interests of Canada," in Adam, Handbook of Commercial Union, p. 85;
76. Hearst quoted in Brian D. Tennyson, "The Political Career of Sir William H. Hearst" (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Toronto, 1963), pp. 33-5.
77. E. Hodgetts, Pioneer Public Service (Toronto, 1955), p. 120;
78. R. I. Wolfe, "The Summer Resorts of Ontario in the Nineteenth Century," Ontario History, Vol. LIV (1962), p. 66;
79. Morris Zaslow, "The Ontario Boundary Question," in Ontario Historical Society, Profiles of a Province (Toronto, 1967), pp. 107-17;
80. K. MacKirdy, "National vs. Provincial Loyalty: The Ontario Western Boundary Dispute, 1883-1884," Ontario History, Vol. LI (1959), pp. 191-8.
81. Margaret Evans, "Oliver Mowat and Ontario" (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Toronto, 1967), pp. 446-7;
82. Sir George W. Ross, Getting into Parliament and After (Toronto, 1913), pp. 196-210;
83. Report of the Survey and Exploration of Northern Ontario, 1900 (Toronto, 1901), pp. xvi, xvii.
84. R. S. Lambert and Paul Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth (Toronto, 1967), pp. 300-12
85. PAO, Ontario Lumberman's Association Papers, Memorial to the Provincial Government, April 6, 1905
86. Canada Lumberman, Feb., 1906
87. Thomas Gibson, "The Hinterland of Ontario," Bureau of Mines, Annual Report, 1894, pp. 101-38.
88. George R. Parkin, The Great Dominion: Studies of Canada (London, 1895), p. 90
89. Rev. F. A. Wightman, Our Canadian Heritage (Toronto, 1905), pp. 7, 107
90. Carl Berger, "The True North Strong and Free," in Peter Russell, ed., Nationalism in Canada (Toronto, 1966), p. 5.
91. PAC, Bronson Papers, Vol. 704, "Departmental Memo," pp. 3-7.
92. R. C. Brown, Canada's National Policy, pp. 264-70
93. J. M. Bliss, "A Living Profit: Studies in the Social History of Canadian Business, 1883-1911" (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1972), p. 386.
94. E. W. Rathbun, Shall We Place an Export Duty on Sawlogs and Pulpwood? (Deseronto, 1897), p. 7
95. R. C. Brown, Canada's National Policy, p. 371.
96. PAC, Canadian Pacific Railway Papers, Van Home Letterbooks, Vol. 53, Van Horne to Israel Tarte, May 15, 1897, personal
97. see also Van Horne to W. S. Fielding, June 22, 1897; Vol. 55, Van Horne to Miss Flora Shaw, Nov. 1, 1898.
98. O. W. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry (Toronto, 1955), pp. 19-32
99. J. F. Thompson and N. Beasley, For the Years to Come: A Story of International Nickel of Canada (Toronto, 1960), pp. 39-59.
100. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry, pp. 51-3
101. A. P. Coleman, "The Sudbury Nickel Region, "Bureau of Mines, Annual Report, 1905, Part III, pp. 136-43.
102. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry, pp. 29-32, 52.
103. William Kilbourn, The Elements Combined (Toronto, 1961), chapters 3, 4; Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry, p. 40.
104. S. J. Ritchie, The Question of Export Duties on Nickel and Copper Mattes: The Anonymous Circular Answered (Ottawa, 1898), pp. 2, 8
105. Provincial Legislation, Vol. II, W. R. P. Parker to Governor-General in Council, Sept. 13, 1900, pp. 9-12
106. Report of the Attorney General of Ontario, Dec. 20, 1900, pp. 20-2
107. J. M. Clark Memorandum, Mar. 1901, pp. 27-34
108. see also PAC, Laurier Papers, Parker to Laurier, Mar. 19, 1901, 54486
109. R. V. Sinclair to Laurier, April 22, 1901, 56072-6.
110. PAC, Laurier Papers, A. T. Wood to Laurier, April 29, 1901, 55790-2
111. Bertram to Laurier, April 11, 1901, 55278-9, May 15, 1901, confidential, 56232-3
112. Laurier to Bertram, May 16, 1901, 56233.
113. PAO, Ross Papers, Special Series, David Mills to Ross, April 11, 1901
114. Ross to Mills, April 27, 1901
115. PAC, Laurier Papers, Ross to Laurier, April 27, 1901, private, 55769-70
116. Provincial Legislation, Vol. II, 34-6.
117. PAC, Laurier Papers, Gibson to Laurier, April 27, 1901, private and confidential, 55760-1
118. Laurier to Ross, April 29, 1901, 55763
119. Laurier to Gibson, April 29, 1901, 55762.
120. PAG, Willison Papers, Vol. 70, Ross to Willison, May 14, 1900, confidential
121. PAG, Laurier Papers, Stevenson Burke to E. J. Davis, Jan. 26, 1900, copy, 225461-5.
122. Globe, April 6, 1897; Bureau of Mines, Annual Report, 1896, pp. 8-9; Thomas Gibson, Mining Laws, pp. 24-9.
123. PAO, Whitney Papers, draft amendment, March, 6 1900.
124. Globe, Mar. 30, April 10, 11, 1900; Toronto World, April 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 1900.
125. D. P. Kerr, "Metropolitan Dominance in Canada," in J. Warkentin, ed., Canada: A Geographical Interpretation (Toronto, 1968), pp. 541-2
126. H. A. Inriis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933), p. 64
127. J. M. S. Careless, "Limited Identities in Canada," CHR, Vol. L (1969), p. 6
128. Jacob Spelt, Urban Development in South-Central Ontario (Toronto, 1972 ed.), pp. 101-149.
129. Mines, Annual Reports, "A Tour of Inspection of Northwestern Ontario," and "The New Ontario," 1895
130. "The Nipissing-Algoma Boundary," 1899
131. "Niven's Base Line," 1900
132. "Lake Nipissing to the Height of Land," 1902
133. "Up and Down the Mississaga," 1903
134. "The Abitibi Region" and "The Economic Resources of the Moose River Basin," 1904
135. "Exploration in Mattagami," 1906
136. "The Geology of the Thunder Bay-Algoma Boundary," 1908, and "The Patricia District," 1912.
137. Canadian Mining Review, Jan. 1, 1908.
138. Mines, Annual Report, 1894, pp. 167-76; 1895, pp. 221-34; 1899, pp. 284-9; 1901, pp. 148-9, 167-76.
139. W. J. A. Donald, The Canadian Iron and Steel Industry (Boston, 1915), pp. 114, 171
140. William Kilbourn, The Elements Combined (Toronto, 1960), p. 48
141. W. R. Plewman, Adam Beck and the Ontario Hydro (Toronto, 1947), pp. 212.
142. Toronto Board of Trade, Annual Report, 1899, p. 33
143. Mines, Annual Report, 1901, p. vii. See also John Birkinbine, "Commercial Progress as Influenced by the Development of the Pig Iron Industry," Journal of the Federated Mining Institutes, 1898, pp. 87-95.
144. Canadian Engineer, January, 1903, pp. 15, 19
145. Canadian Mining Review, November 1903
146. Globe, April 3, 1903; Monetary Times, Oct. 9, 1903, Dec. 18, 1903.
147. Van Every, "Francis Hector Clergue," p. 201
148. B. E. Fernow, Lectures on Forestry (Kingston, 1903), p. 52
149. "The Relation of Mining to Forestry," Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute, Vol. XII (1909), p. 375
150. "The Education of Foresters," Canadian Forestry Journal, Vol. Ill (1907), pp. 143-53
151. S. P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge, 1959), pp. 27-48.
152. A. H. D. Ross, "Canadian Forestry Education," Canadian Forestry Journal, Vol. II (1906), pp. 71-2;
153. Peter Gillies, "The Ottawa Lumber Barons and the End of the Great Pine in Eastern Ontario: An Aspect of the Conservation Movement, 1880-1914" (unpublished ms. Forthcoming in the Journal of Canadian Studies)
154. For a contrasting view of the lumbermen's attitudes towards conservation, see Paul Pross, "The Development of Professions in the Public Service: The Foresters in Ontario," Canadian Public Administration, Vol. X (1967), pp. 377-8.
155. J. W. B. Sisam, Forestry Education at Toronto (Toronto, 1961), pp. 9, 13-4
156. A.D. Rogers,BernhardEduardFernow (Princeton, 1951), pp. 381-519
157. W. L. Goodwin, "A School of Forestry for Ontario," Queen's Quarterly, Vol. X (1902), pp. 77-80
158. "Principles of the Canadian Forestry Association," Canadian Forestry Journal, Vol. I (1905), p. 4
159. Pulp and Paper Magazine, Dec., 1903
160. Canadian Annual Review, 1904, p. 538
161. PAC, Bronson Papers, Vol. 695 and 764, E.H. Bronson to Thomas Southworth, Director of Forestry, Dec. 24, 1903
162. PAO, Whitney papers, Judson F. Clark, Provincial Forester, to Whitney, April 27, 1906.
163. Canadian Press Association, ./Wzf Ontario (Welland, 1903)
164. Canadian Mining Journal, Oct. 1, 1907
165. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 16, F. Cochrane to J. S. Willison, Sept. 16, 1907
166. Quarterly Bulletin of the Canadian Mining Institute, January, 1909
167. Toronto Board of Trade, Report, 1911, pp. 10-12.
168. Mines, Annual Report, 1894, pp. 8, 9; 1895, pp. 7-9.
169. Canadian Mining Review, July, 1905, p. 153
170. Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario, Report, pp. xviii, 208
171. W. G. Miller, "Mines of Northwestern Ontario," Mines, Annual Report, 1903, p. 74
172. W. Roland, Algoma West, Its Mines, Scenery and Industrial Resources (Toronto, 1887), pp. 36-8
173. F. R. du Caillaud, Le Nouvel-Ontario (Canada)(Paris, 1906), p. 17
174. University of Toronto Archives, Walker Papers, Walker to W. A. Beddoe, Feb. 21, 1922.
175. Details of ownership collected from Monetary Times, especially July 20, 1906
176. Cobalt Daily Nugget, Mining Industry Edition, September, 1910
177. L. Carson Brown, Cobalt: The Town with a Silver Lining (Toronto, 1967); and Gibson, Mining in Ontario, pp. 51-69.
178. S. and A. Young, O'Brien (Toronto, 1968), pp. 37-57
179. Townsley, Mine Finders, pp. 53-5
180. Gibson, Mining in Ontario, pp. 54-5
181. The Larose Payment (Toronto, 1908)
182. Moore, The American Influence on Canadian Mining, p. 85.
183. Mines, Annual Report, 1895, p. 7
184. Innis, Settlement and the Mining Frontier, p. 403
185. Moore, The American Influence on Canadian Mining, p. 85
186. H. Marshall et al., Canadian-American Industry (Toronto, 1936), pp. 40ff.
187. Mines, Annual Report, 1892, p. 185; 1903, p. 7; Monetary Times, April 6, 1900.
188. "The Taxation of Mineral Resources in Canada," a paper read before the International Tax Conference, Toronto, Oct. 8, 1908, reprinted in the Canadian Mining Journal, Nov. 1, 1908, p. 551.
189. W.G. Miller, "Cobalt-Nickel Arsenides and Silver," Mines, Annual Report, 1904, pp. 96-103
190. Greater Ontario (Toronto, 1908), p. 31
191. Monetary Times, April 15, 1904
192. T. W. Gibson, The Mining Laws of Ontario (Toronto, 1933), pp. 22-3
193. PAO, Whitney Papers, June 26, 1906, Gibson's memorandum on Cobalt policy.
194. Mines, Annual Report, 1910, pp. 40-1.
195. Canadian Mining Journal, Oct. 1, 1909
196. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Lewis, Aug. 10, 1909, private, and Lewis to Whitney, Aug. 15, 1909.
197. T. W. Gibson, Mining in Ontario (Toronto, 1937), p. 64.
198. PAO, Whitney Papers, Goldwin Smith to Whitney and memo in reply, July 18, 1908
199. Goldwin Smith, Reminiscences (London, 1910), pp. 458-9
200. University of Toronto Archives, Walker Papers, B.E. Walker to Goldwin Smith, Feb. 17, Mar. 1, 1909
201. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 76, Goldwin Smith to Willison, May 4, 1910.
202. PAO, Whitney Papers, Professor A. R. Bain to Whitney, July 13, 1906.
203. For the arguments and decisions on this disallowance case, see Canada, Minister of Justice, Correspondence, Reports of the Minister of Justice, and Orders In Council upon the Subject of Provincial Legislation, Vol. II (Ottawa, 1922), pp. 80-5.
204. PAO, Whitney Papers, A. C. Boyce to Whitney, April 7, 1909
205. reply, April 8, 1909, private
206. Whitney to E. C. Whitney, April 7, 1909
207. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 16, Cochrane to Willison, April 8, 1909
208. University of Toronto Archives, Walker Papers, Walker to Clark, Feb. 17, 1909.
209. Skelton, "The Taxation of Mineral Resources in Canada," p. 554
210. W. A. Roberts, State Taxation of Metallic Deposits (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1944) is the best survey of this subject.
211. Canadian Mining Review, Aug. and Sept. 1905
212. Marvin D. Berstein, The Mexican Mining Industry (Albany, 1969), pp. 17-94, 277-84.
213. Canadian Annual Review, 1907, pp. 507-9.
214. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Dr. T. S. Sproule, Mar. 1, 1907, private
215. Whitney to E. C. Whitney, Mar. 5, 1907, private
216. Canadian Annual Review, 1907, pp. 508-9
217. Royal Ontario Nickel Commission,Report (Toronto, 1917), pp. 509 ff.
218. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 16, Cochrane to Willison, Feb. 20, 1907.
219. For Ontario mining statistics, see Mines, Annual Reports, various years; Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Report, p. 526.
220. Mines, Annual Report, 1917, pp. 61-4; Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Report, p. 525.
221. For a study of this process of regulatory accommodation to vested interests, see Marver H. Bernstein, Regulating Business by Independent Commission (Princeton, 1955), especially pp. 269-79.
222. The phrase is a chapter heading in R. Lambert and P. Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth (Toronto, 1967), pp. 124-49.
223. Memorandum on Settlers and Timber 1901, pp. 453-5
224. David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954).
225. Paul Pross, "The Development of Professions in the Public Service: The Foresters in Ontario," Canadian Public Administration, Vol. X (1967), pp. 176-9.
226. Elihu Stewart, "Canada as a Field for Intelligent Forestry," Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan., 1905, pp. 10-14
227. Fernow, "What We Want," Canadian Forestry Association, Annual Report, 1909, p. 82.
228. PAO, Ontario Lumberman's Association Papers, Memorial to the Provincial Government, April 6, 1905
229. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1905, p. 126
230. RCFC, pp. 103, 110
231. Canadian Forestry Association, Annual Report, 1909, p. 128.
232. Canadian Forestry Association, Annual Report, 1909, pp. 124, 129, 150-2.
233. Canadian Forestry Association, The Forests and the People (Toronto, 1906), passim
234. Canadian Forestry Journal, issues of Jan., 1905, Oct., 1913, Nov., 1913.
235. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 16, Judson Clark to Willison, June 7, 1906
236. PAO, Whitney Papers, Bernhard Fernow to Whitney, Nov., 15, 1907
237. N. F. Davidson to Whitney, Oct., 18, 1905
238. PAC, Laurier Papers, Senator Edwards to Laurier, Sept. 7, 1901, 58753; Edwards to Laurier, Jan., 13, 1906, 105968-9, for examples.
239. PAC, Laurier Papers, President Roosevelt to Laurier, Dec. 24, 1908, and reply, 149351-2; Laurier to Whitney, July 20, 1909,158411; PAO, Whitney Papers, R. H. Campbell, Dominion Superintendent of Forestry, to Whitney and reply, Oct. 27, 1905.
240. PAO, Hearst Papers, "Forest Resources and Problems of Canada," offprint from, Proceedings, Society of American Foresters, Vol. VII (1912), p. 141.
241. PAC, Willison Papers, Vol. 16, Clark to Willison, June 7, 1906
242. Royal Commission on the Financial Position of the Province of Ontario, Report (Toronto, 1900), pp. 6-7, 15, 26.
243. Lambert and Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth, p. 207
244. T. Southworth, "Ontario's Progress Towards a Rational Forestry System," Canadian Forestry Journal, Dec. 1907, pp. 157-63.
245. PAO, Whitney Papers, T. Southworth toj. J. Foy, Mar. 31, 1905, marked private by the author and important by the Premier.
246. Lambert and Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth, pp. 186-93
247. Greater Ontario, pp. 10, 33
248. Northern Ontario: Its Progress and Development Under the Whitney Government (Toronto, 1913).
249. Southworth, "Ontario's Progress Towards a Rational Forestry System," Canadian Forestry Journal, Dec., 1907, p. 163.
250. Bernstein, Regulating Business by Independent Commission (Princeton, 1955), p. 284.
251. Oliver MacDonagh, "The Nineteenth Century Revolution in Government:A Reappraisal," Historical Journal, Vol. I (1958), p. 58.
252. Lambert and Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth, pp. 212ff.
253. Bernhard Fernow, "Forest Resources and Problems of Canada," p. 133
254. A. Shortt and O. Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, Vol. XVIII (Toronto, 1914), p. 599
255. Canadian Forestry Journal, Dec. 1913, pp. 181-3; Dec. 1914, p. 122.
256. Speech to the Toronto Empire Club, Jan. 19, 1905, "Niagara's Power:Past, Present, Prospective," in Empire Club Speeches (Toronto, 1905), pp. 159ff.
257. Globe, Aug. 5, 1905, a special Saturday issue on Power, Light and Heat; see also the Monetary Times, Sept. 30, Oct. 7, 14, 28, 1904.
258. Denison, The People's Power, p. 2.
259. The Situation of Niagara Power in Canada (Niagara Falls, 1897), pp. 6-7
260. Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission, Report, 1898, p. 5 [hereafter, QVNFPC, Report].
261. QVNFPC, Report, 1897, p. 10; 1899, pp. 4, 11; PAO, Whitney Papers, J. Harrison Pew to Whitney, Feb. 9, Mar. 8, 11, 1899, private; Globe, Mar. 8, 1899; Hector Charlesworth, Candid Chronicles (Toronto, 1925), pp. 176-7.
262. G. R. Stevens, Canadian National Railways (Toronto, 1962), Vol. II, p. 36
263. H. J. Morgan's Canadian Men and Women of the Time (Toronto, 1912), pp. 701-2.
264. E. N. Ashworth, Toronto Hydro Recollections (Toronto, 1955), chapter one; and Morgan, Canadian Men and Women of the Time, p. 861; Canadian Engineer, Vol. XII, July, 1905, p. 195.
265. Berlin, Daily Telegraph, May 9, 1902; W. V. Uttley, A History of Kitchener Ontario (Waterloo, 1937), pp. 337ff.; PAC, Detweiler Papers, Vol. II, clipping, Feb. 27, 1903.
266. Kitchener Public Library, Snider Papers, Minutes of Meeting Re: Niagara Falls Power, Berlin, 9 June, 1902; Berlin Daily Telegraph, June 9, 10, 26, 30, July 2, 1902; PAC, Detweiler Papers, Vol. II, Minutes, June 7, 9, 30, 1902.
267. Kitchener Public Library, Snider Papers, Snider to Ross, Sept. 19, 1902; Ross to Snider, Personal, Oct. 1, 1902.
268. Toronto Daily Star, Jan. 27, 1902, quoted in G. L. Spalding, "The Toronto Daily Star as a Liberal Advocate, 1899-1911," (unpublished M. A. thesis, University of Toronto, 1954), p. 297; Plewman, Adam Beck, p. 41.
269. Toronto News, Feb. 28, 1903; PAC, Detweiler Papers, Vol. II, clipping, Feb. 27, 1903; PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Dr. Kaiser, Mar. 3, 1903.
270. Saturday Night, Feb. 7, 1903; PAG, Detweiler Papers, Vol. I, F. H. Clergue to Detweiler, Oct. 29, 1902.
271. Globe, Feb. 10, 1900; quoted in Spalding, "The Toronto Star," p. 296.
272. Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform (New York, 1955), pp. 135-66, 240-1
273. D. A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of America (Chicago, 1967 ed.), pp. 1-80.
274. George Mowry, The California Progressives (Chicago, 1963 ed.) pp. 288-95
275. R. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 224-46
276. McKelvey, The Urbanization of America, p. 113.
277. S. D. Clark, The Canadian Manufacturers' Association, University of Toronto Studies in History and Economics, Vol. VII (Toronto, 1939), p. 42
278. Seba Eldridgeet al., Development of Collective Enterprise (Lawrence, Kansas, 1943), pp. 227-42, 419-46, 541-60.
279. Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada, p. 30.
280. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Dr. T. E. Kaiser, Aug. 16, 1901; Miscampbell-Carscallen motion, Feb. 5, 1902; Globe, Feb. 6, 12, 1902; Canadian Annual Review, 1902, p. 46.
281. Canadian Annual Review, 1906, p. 117; PAO, Whitney Papers, J. P. Lyon to Whitney, Mar. 29, 1906, enclosure.
282. Canadian Annual Review, 1906, p. 178
283. W. R. Plewman, Adam Beck and the Ontario Hydro (Toronto, 1947), pp. 48-49
284. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to E. C. Whitney, private, April 11, 1906.
285. PAO, Whitney Papers, H. M. Pellatt to Whitney, Jan. 9, 1906; Whitney to Scott Griffin, Feb. 16, 1906.
286. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Hendrie, May 12, 1906; Hendrie to Whitney, May 14, 1906, both private.
287. PAO, Whitney Papers, Lord Grey to Whitney, May 29, 1906, private; Whitney to Lord Grey, May 28, private; Lord Grey to Whitney, May 29, private, 1906; Whitney to Gordon, May 23, 1906, private; Canadian Annual Review, 1906, p. 181; Mail and Empire, May 15, 1906.
288. Canadian Annual Review, 1906, p. 196; F. W. Field, Capital Investments in Canada (Montreal, 1911), pp. 193ff., for details of company flotations between 1905 and 1911.
289. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to Nicholls, June 2, 1906, private; same to same, July 9, private; Horace Wallis to Whitney, July 23, 1906, private; OHA, Electrical Development Company Minute Book No. 1, p. 149.
290. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to J. J. Foy, Oct. 8, 1908, private.
291. Canadian Annual Review, 1908, p. 305; Plewman, Adam Beck, p. 53.
292. Canadian Annual Review, 1908, p. 307.
293. Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Annual Report, 1909, pp. 305ff.; Canadian Annual Review, 1909, pp. 373-379.
294. Berlin News Record, Oct. 11, 1910; Berlin Daily Telegraph, Oct. 12, 1910; Plewman, Adam Beck, pp. 66-67.
295. PAO, Whitney Papers, Whitney to A. J. Dawson, July 7, 1909.
296. H. A. Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933), pp. 76-81
297. Alexander Gershenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962), pp. 5-30
298. Samuel H. Beer, British Politics in the Collectivist Age (New York, 1965), pp. 34-43.
299. O. W. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry (Toronto, 1955), p. 45.
300. PAC, Laurier Papers, J. Horace McFarland to Laurier, Jan. 26, 1906, 106503-106505. See also, Canada, Commission of Conservation, Water-Powers of Canada (Ottawa, 1911), pp. 56-9.
301. Peter Neary, "Grey, Bryce and the Settlement of Canadian-American Differences', 1905-1911," CHR, Vol. XLIX (1968), pp. 357-80.
302. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906-1907, Jan. 29, 1907, pp. 2229-2280; Mar. 19, 1907, pp. 4946-4964.
303. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906-1907, pp. 2237-2241, 2256-2257.
304. Professor Main suspects collusion between Mond and Canadian Copper; see The Canadian Nickel Industry (Toronto, 1955), pp. 56-7, 149.
305. Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Report (Toronto, 1917), pp. 15-7 (hereafter, RONC, Report].
306. Quoted in the Canadian Mining Journal (hereafter, CM/), Sept. 1, 1916, p. 406.
307. Canada, House of Commons, 1909-1910, Journals, Vol. XLV, App. No. 5, Proceedings of the Select Standing Committee of the House of Commons on Mines and Minerals, Arthur Wilson, pp. 12-21.
308. Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry, pp. 80, 153.
309. Quoted in CM/, Feb. 1, 1910, p. 68.
310. "Possible Economies in Production of Minerals of Canada," Commission of Conservation, Annual Report, 1910, pp. 67-8.
311. CFJ, April 1910, p. 13; University of Toronto Archives, Walker Papers, Walker to Edwards, Mar. 15, 1911; Pulpwood and Its Problems, p. 39.
312. PAC, Foster Papers, Vol. 37, "Confidential Prints on Canadian American Relations," Fielding to Knox, Jan. 21, 1911.
313. Quoted in Ellis, Print Paper Pendulum, pp. 86-9; see also Guthrie, The Newsprint Industry, pp. 45-6, 57.
314. Canadian Mining Journal, August 15, 1914, p. 536 [hereafter, CM/]; University of Toronto Archives, Walker Papers, Byron Walker to C. V. Corless, August 10, 1914; Walker to the Rt. Hon. Sir Alfred Mond, Bart., August 12, 1914.
315. See the running debate between the Toronto World, the Daily Star, Mail and Empire, Evening Telegram, and Globe on the one side and the CMJ on the other, Oct. 15, 1914, pp. 661-2; Dec. 1, p. 757; Dec. 15, pp. 789-90. See also Main, The Canadian Nickel Industry (Toronto, 1955), pp. 82-3.
316. World, Dec. 25, 1914, quoted in the Ontario Liberal party pamphlet, Nickel (Toronto, 1919).
317. PAC, Borden Papers, reels C-4337-8, clippings; CM], Jan. 1, 1915, pp.3-4; Jan. 15, pp. 34-5.
318. PAC, Borden Papers, E. R. Wood to Borden, April 24, 1918, pp. 58824-30.
319. OHPC, Annual Report, 1918, pp. 52-6; for details of Beck's assault first upon Canadian Niagara Power and then upon the Electrical Development Company, see Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," pp. 212-23.
320. Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," pp. 223-6.
321. PAG, Borden Papers, Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Governor General, Sept. 18, 1917, Secret, p. 124667.
322. Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," p. 229.
323. Monetary Times, Sept. 14, 1917; Financial Post, Nov. 10, 1917; Sir Henry Drayton, Report of the Power Controller, May, 1919.
324. Plewman, Adam Beck, pp. 202-6.
325. A. M. Beale, "Power-Canada's Opportunity," Monetary Times, Sept. 20, 1918; Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism" pp. 231-2.
326. Financial Post, Oct. 20, 1917; Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," pp. 227, 235-7.
327. Sir Clifford Sifton, quoted in Monetary Times, Dec. 14, 1917.
328. Bertrand, "Timber Wolves," pp. 66-115
329. Mr. Justice F. R. Latchford and Mr. Justice W. R. Riddell, Royal Ontario Timber Commission, First Interim Report (Toronto, 1920), pp. 18-9; Final Report (Toronto, 1922), pp. 5-6.
330. PAO, Timber Commission, Hearings, pp. 178-181.
331. Final Report, pp. 39-42.
332. Lambert and Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth, pp. 264-5; T. W. Gibson, The Mining Laws of Ontario (Toronto, 1933), pp. 97-9.
333. PAO, Drury Papers, South Porcupine Board of Trade Petition, Jan. 21, 1920; see also reports by Albert Grigg, Jan. 8, and Feb. 20, 1920, and memorandum by F. Niven, quoted, May 28, 1920.
334. Timber Commission, Special Report on the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Mills, pp. 63-5.
335. PAO, Ferguson Papers, J. Lyons to Ferguson, Sept. 26, 1925; Department of Lands and Forests, Spruce Falls File, Beniah Bowman to F. J. Sensenbrenner, June 8, 1923; F. J. Sensenbrenner to J. Lyons, Dec. 18, 1924.
336. PAO, Ferguson Papers, speech at Thamesville, July 7, 1923; E. C. Drury, Farmer Premier (Toronto, 1966), pp. 109-10, 128.
337. Department of Lands and Forests, Annual Report, 1923, p. 11.
338. F. F. Schindler, Responsible Government in Ontario (Toronto, 1969), pp. 268-9.
339. For a more detailed treatment of the rationale of the independent government agency, see Hodgetts, "The Public Corporation in Canada," pp. 51-86
340. Hanson, Parliament and Public Ownership, p. 12, and Schindler, Responsible Government in Ontario, pp. 69-80.
341. Drury, Farmer Premier, p. 118; PAO, Drury Papers, Special Series, File of Municipal Resolutions.
342. On this point see W. R. Young, "Conscription, Rural Depopulation, and the Farmers of Ontario, 1917-19," CHR, Vol. LIII (1972), pp. 289-300.
343. PAO, Hearst Papers, Adam Beck to Hearst, April 17, 1919, personal; Hearst to Beck, April 24, 1919, personal.
344. PAO, Drury Papers, W. E. Raney to Drury, Dec. 16, 1919, enclosing W. W. Pope's memorandum on radial railways. Drury received three reports on the Commission from Clarkson, Gordon, and Dilworth dated Aug. 22, 1918, Oct. 31, 1919, and Mar. 11, 1920.
345. PAO, Hydro-Electric Power Commission papers, Carmichael Collection, Carmichael to Drury, Mar. 3, 1922; Drury quoted in Plewman, Adam Beck, p. 297.
346. PAO, Ferguson Papers, T. J. Hannigan, secretary of the Ontario Municipal Electric Association to Ferguson, Mar. 22, 1920; Ferguson to Hannigan, Mar. 25, 1929.
347. Royal Ontario Forestry Commission, Report, reviewed by A. R. M. Lower in CJEPS, Vol. XIV (1948), p. 508.
348. For a development of this theme in British Columbia, see Paul Vincent Hogan, "The Myth of the Prospector in Industrial Society" (fourth year honours essay, U.B.C., 1970).
349. Toronto Daily Star, May 2, 3,4, 1938; Globe and Mail, May 4, 1938; Financial Post, May 7, 1938; Canadian Mining Journal, Sept., 1938.
350. For details, see Guthrie, The Newsprint Paper Industry, pp. 95-6
351. Forsey, "The Pulp and Paper Industry," pp. 504-5.
352. PAO, Ferguson Papers, Finlayson to Ferguson, July 19 and Aug. 3, 1928; L. A. Taschereau to Ferguson, Aug. 20, 1928; Ferguson to Taschereau, Aug. 28, 1928.
353. Neil McKenty, "Mitchell F. Hepburn and the Ontario Election of 1934," CHR, Vol. XLV (1964), pp. 293 ff.
354. PAO, Hepburn Papers, Hepburn to Bennett, Nov. 10, 1934, telegram; Bennett to Hepburn, Nov. 10, 1934.
355. PAO, Hepburn Papers, Hepburn to Duplessis, Aug. 26, 1936, private and confidential; Vining, Newsprint Prorating, Interprovincial Agreement, Oct. 17, 1936, pp. 29-32.
356. Guthrie, The Newsprint Paper Industry, pp. 99-100.
357. PAO, Hepburn Papers, Hepburn to Duplessis, Feb. 14, 1938; Duplessis to Hepburn, Feb. 14, 1938 enclosing a memorandum on their meeting, Jan. 10-11, with Vining and Howard.
358. Eugene Forsey, J. King Gordon, et al., Social Planning for Canada (Toronto, 1935), p. 144.
359. Lambert and Pross, Renewing Nature's Wealth, chapters 18, 19, 20; Paul Pross, "The Development of the Professions in the Public Service: The Foresters in Ontario," Canadian Public Administration, Vol. X (1967), pp. 376-404.
360. For a detailed treatment of this phase of the federal-provincial struggle over waterpower, see Christopher Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," pp. 247-401.
361. Alexander Brady, "The Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission," CJEPS, Vol. II (1936), pp. 340 ff.
362. PAO, Hepburn Papers, G. S. Henry, "The Abitibi Canyon Power Development, Reasons for its Acquisition by the Province," speech in the Legislature, April 5, 1933; McKenty, Mitch Hepburn, pp. 42-5; Denison, The People's Power, pp. 189-209.
363. PAO, Hepburn Papers, T. H. Hogg to Hepburn, Sept. 12, 1941; Armstrong, "The Politics of Federalism," pp. 384-400
364. J. W. Pickersgill, ed., The Mackenzie King Record Vol. 1 (Toronto, 1960), p. 36
365. W. R. Willoughby, The St. Lawrence Seaway (Madison, Wisconsin, 1961), pp. 160-95.