Methane emissions from floodplains in the Amazon Basin: Challenges in developing a process-based model for global applications

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1519-1558

  Ringeval, B ^a,b,c,d   Houweling, S ^a,b   Van Bodegom, P M ^c   Spahni, R ^e   Van Beek, R ^f   Joos, F ^e   Rockmann T ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b SRON NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SPACE RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d BORDEAUX SCIENCES AGRO   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^f UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGENIC EMISSION; FLOODPLAIN; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; GRASSLAND; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; METHANE; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TIMESCALE; TROPICAL REGION; WETLAND;

AMAZON BASIN;

EID: 84896974413     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-1519-2014     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aragão, L. E. O. C., Malhi, Y., Metcalfe, D. B., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Jiménez, E., Navarrete, D., Almeida, S., Costa, A. C. L., Salinas, N., Phillips, O. L., Anderson, L. O., Alvarez, E., Baker, T. R., Goncalvez, P. H., Huamán-Ovalle, J., Mamani-Solórzano, M., Meir, P., Monteagudo, A., Patiño, S., Peñuela, M. C., Prieto, A., Quesada, C. A., Rozas-Dávila, A., Rudas, A., Silva Jr., J. A., and Vásquez, R.: Above-and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils, Biogeosciences, 6, 2759-2778, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2759-2009, 2009.
2. Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Lopez, P., and Ferranti, L.: Evaluation of ERA-Interim and ERA-Interim-GPCP-rescaled precipitation over the USA, ERA report series, 5, 10 pp., ECMWF, Reading, available at: http://www.ecmwf.int/ publications/library/do/references/list/782009, 2010.
3. Baily-Serres, J. and Voesenek, L. A.: Flooding Stress: Acclimations and Genetic Diversity, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 59, 313-339, doi:10.1146/annurev. arplant.59.032607.092752, 2008. (Pubitemid 351813033)
4. Baumgartner, M., Schilt, A., Eicher, O., Schmitt, J., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution interpolar difference of atmospheric methane around the Last Glacial Maximum, Biogeosciences, 9, 3961-3977, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3961-2012, 2012.
5. Bartlett, K. B., Crill, P. M., Sebacher, D. I., Harris, R. C., Wilson, J. O., and Melack, J. M.: Methane flux from the Central Amazonian Floodplain, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1571-1582, doi:10.1029/JD093iD02p01571, 1988.
6. Bartlett, K. B., Crill, P. M., Bonassi, J. A., Richey, J. E., and Harri, R. C.: Methane flux from the Amazon River floodplain: Emissions during rising water, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16773-16778, doi:10.1029/JD095iD10p16773, 1990.
7. Bartlett, K. B. and Harris, R. C.: Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands, Chemosphere, 26, 261-320, doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93) 90427-7, 1993. (Pubitemid 23087851)
8. Beck, V., Chen, H., Gerbig, C., Bergamaschi, P., Bruhwiler, L., Houweling, S., Röckmann, T., Kolle, O., Steinbach, J., Koch, T., Sapart, C. J., Van der Veen, C., Frankenberg, C., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Longo, K. M., and Wofsy, S. C.: Methane airborne measurements and comparison to global models during BARCA, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D15310, doi:10.1029/ 2011JD017345, 2012.
9. Belger, L., Forsberg, B. R., and Melack, J. M.: Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from interfluvial wetlands in the upper Negro River basin, Brazil, Biogeochemistry, 105, 171-183, doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9536-0, 2010.
10. Bergamaschi, P., Frankenberg, C., Meirink, J. F., Krol, M., Villani, M. G., Houweling, S., Dentener, F., Dlugokencky, E. J., Miller, J. B., Gatti, L. V., Engel, A., and Levin, I.: Inverse modeling of global and regional CH4 emissions using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22301, doi:10.1029/2009JD012287, 2009.
11. Bloom, A. A., Palmer, P. I., Fraser, A., Reay, D. S., and Frankenberg, C.: Large-Scale Controls of Methanogenesis Inferred from Methane and Gravity Spaceborne Data, Science, 327, 322-325, doi:10.1126/science.1175176, 2010.
12. Van Bodegom, P. M., Douma, J. C., Witte, J. P. M., Ordoñez, J. C., Bartholomeus, R. P., and Aerts, R.: Going beyond limitations of plant functional types when predicting global ecosystematmosphere fluxes: exploring the merits of traits-based approaches, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 625-636, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00717.x, 2012.
13. Van Bodegom, P., Sorrell, B. K., Oosthoek, A., Bakker, C., and Aerts, R.: Separating the effects of partial submergence and soil oxygen demand on plant physiology, Ecology, 89, 193-204, 2008 (Pubitemid 351345030)
14. Bohn, T. J., Lettenmaier, D. P., Sathulur, K., Bowling, L. C., Podest, E., McDonald, K. C., and Friborg, T.: Methane emissions from western Siberian wetlands: heterogeneity and sensitivity to climate change, Environ. Res. Lett., 2, 045015, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045015, 2007.
15. Bonan, G. B., Oleson, K. W., Fisher, R. a., Lasslop, G., and Reichstein, M.: Reconciling leaf physiological traits and canopy flux data: Use of the TRY and FLUXNET databases in the Community Land Model version 4, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G02026, doi:10.1029/2011JG001913, 2012.
16. Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Miller, J. B., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Prigent, C., Van Der Werf, G. R., Peylin, P., Brunke, E.-G., Carouge, C., Langenfelds, R. L., Lathière, J., Papa, F., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Tyler, S. C., and White, J.: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature, 443, 439-443, doi:10.1038/nature05132, 2006. (Pubitemid 44477278)
17. Conrad, R.: Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems, in: Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere, edited by: Andreas, M. and Schimel, D., 39-58, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J., 1989.
18. Covey, K. R., Wood, S. A., Warren, R. J., Lee, X. and Bradford, M. A.: Elevated methane concentrations in trees of an upland forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15705, doi:10.1029/2012GL052361, 2012.
19. Crill, P. M., Bartlett, K. B., Harriss, R. C., Gorham, E., Verry, E. S., Sebacher, D. I., Madzar, L., and Sanner, W.: Methane flux from Minnesota peatlands, Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2, 371-384, 1988
20. Denman, K. L., Brasseur, G., Chidthaisong, A., Ciais, P., Cox , P., Dickinson, R. E., Hauglustaine, D., Heinze, C., Holland, E., Jacob, D., Lohmann, U., Ramachandra, S., da Silva Dias, P. L., Wofsy, S., and Zhang, X.: Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 498-587, 2007.
21. Devol, A. H., Richey, J. E., Clark,W. A., King, S. L., and Martinelli, L. A., Methane emissions to the troposphere from the Amazon floodplain, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1583-1592, 1988
22. Devol, A. H., Richey, J. E., Forsberg, B. R., and Martinelli, L. A.: Seasonal dynamics in methane emissions from the Amazon River floodplain to the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16417-16426, 1990.
23. Engle, D. and Melack, J. M.: Methane emissions from an Amazon floodplain lake: Enhanced release during episodic mixing and during falling water, Biogeochemistry, 51, 71-90, 2000 (Pubitemid 30600117)
24. Engle, D. L., Melack, J. M., Doyle, R. D., and Fisher, T. R.: High rates of net primary production and turnover of floating grasses on the Amazon floodplain: implications for aquatic respiration and regional CO2 flux, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 369-381, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01481.x, 2007.
25. Flury, S., McGinnis, D. F., and Gessner M. O.: Methane emissions from a freshwater marsh in response to experimentally simulated global warming and nitrogen enrichment, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G01007, doi:10.1029/2009JG001079, 2010
26. Gedney, N. and Cox, P. M.: The Sensitivity of Global Climate Model Simulations to the Representation of Soil Moisture Heterogeneity, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 1265-1275, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004, 2003. (Pubitemid 38162569)
27. Gerten, D., Schaphoff, S., Haberlandt, U., Lucht, W., and Sitch, S.: Terrestrial vegetation and water balance-hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model, J. Hydrol., 286, 249-270, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003. 09.029, 2004. (Pubitemid 38211237)
28. Global Land Cover 2000 database. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, available at: http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/glc2000/glc2000. php, 2003.
29. Gleeson, T., Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P., and Van Beek, L. P. H.: Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint., Nature, 488, 197-200, doi:10.1038/nature11295, 2012.
30. Gloor, M., Gatti, L., Brienen, R., Feldpausch, T. R., Phillips, O. L., Miller, J., Ometto, J. P., Rocha, H., Baker, T., de Jong, B., Houghton, R. A., Malhi, Y., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Guyot, J.-L., Zhao, K., Jackson, R., Peylin, P., Sitch, S., Poulter, B., Lomas, M., Zaehle, S., Huntingford, C., Levy, P., and Lloyd, J.: The carbon balance of South America: a review of the status, decadal trends and main determinants, Biogeosciences, 9, 5407-5430, doi:10.5194/bg-9-5407-2012, 2012.
31. Goll, D. S., Brovkin, V., Parida, B. R., Reick, C. H., Kattge, J., Reich, P. B., van Bodegom, P. M., and Niinemets, Ü.: Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, Biogeosciences, 9, 3547-3569, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3547-2012, 2012.
32. Hess, L., Melack, J. M., Novo, E. M. L. M., Barbosa, C. C., and Gastil, M.: Dual-season mapping of wetland inundation and vegetation for the central Amazon basin, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, 404-428, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.001, 2003. (Pubitemid 38184700)
33. Hodson, E. L., Poulter, B., Zimmermann, N. E., Prigent, C., and Kaplan, J. O.: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and wetland methane interannual variability, Geophy. Res. Lett., 38, L08810, doi:10.1029/2011GL046861, 2011.
34. Houweling, S., Krol, M., Bergamaschi, P., Frankenberg, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Morino, I., Notholt, J., Sherlock, V., Wunch, D., Beck, V., Gerbig, C., Chen, H., Kort, E. A., Röckmann, T., and Aben, I.: A multi-year methane inversion using SCIAMACHY, accounting for systematic errors using TCCON measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 28117-28171, doi:10.5194/acpd-13- 28117-2013, 2013.
35. HYDRO1k Elevation Derivative Database, U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS). Center LP DAAC http://gcmd.nasa.gov/ records/GCMD-HYDRO1k.html. 2004.
36. Junk, W. and Furch, K.: A general review of tropical South American floodplains, Wetl. Ecol. Manag., 2, 231-238, available at: http://www. springerlink.com/index/G11101V510011652.pdf (last access: 31 October 2012), 1993. (Pubitemid 24401140)
37. Junk, W. J., Piedade, M. T. F., Schöngart, J., Cohn-Haft, M., Adeney, J. M., and Wittmann, F.: A Classification of Major Naturally-Occurring Amazonian Lowland Wetlands, Wetlands, 31, 623-640, doi:10.1007/s13157-011-0190- 7, 2011.
38. Keller, M.: Biological sources and sinks of methane in tropical habitats and tropical atmospheric chemistry, Ph.D. diss., Coop. Thesis 126, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, 1990.
39. Kirschke, S., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Saunois, M., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Bergamaschi, P., Bergmann, D., Blake, D. R., Bruhwiler, L., Cameron-Smith, P., Castaldi, S., Chevallier, F., Feng, L., Fraser, A., Heimann, M., Hodson, E. L., Houweling, S., Josse, B., Fraser, P. J., Krummel, P. B., Lamarque, J. F., Langenfelds, R. L., Le Quéré, C., Naik, V., O'Doherty, S., Palmer, P. I., Pison, I., Plummer, D., Poulter, B., Prinn, R. G., Rigby, M., Ringeval, B., Santini, M., Schmidt, M., Shindell, D. T., Simpso, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, L. P., Strode, S. A., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., van der Werf, G. R., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., Weiss, R. F., Williams, J. E., Zeng, G., and Guido, R.: Three decades of global methane sources and sinks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 813-823, doi:10.1038/ngeo1955, 2013
40. Krinner, G., Viovy, N., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogée, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1015, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199, 2005. (Pubitemid 40801466)
41. Lehner, B. and Döll, P.: Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands, J. Hydrol., 296, 1-22, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028, 2004. (Pubitemid 38946697)
42. Lorenz, C. and Kunstmann, H.: The Hydrological Cycle in Three State-of-the-Art Reanalyses: Intercomparison and Performance Analysis, J. Hydrometeor., 13, 1397-1420, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-088.1, 2012.
43. Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz, J.: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years, Nature, 453, 383-386, doi:10.1038/nature06950, 2008. (Pubitemid 351693132)
44. Marani, L. and Alvalá, P. C.: Methane emissions from lakes and floodplains in Pantanal, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1627-1633, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.046, 2007. (Pubitemid 46151793)
45. Melack, J., Hess, L., Gastil, M., Forsberg, B., Hamilton, S., Lima, I. B., and Novo, E. M. L. M.: Regionalization of methane emissions in the Amazon Basin with microwave remote sensing, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 530-544, doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00763.x, 2004. (Pubitemid 38727989)
46. Melack, J. M. and Hess, L. L.: Remote Sensing of the Distribution and Extent ofWetlands in the Amazon Basin, in Amazonian Floodplain Forests: Ecophysiology, Biodiversity and Sustainable Management, vol. 210, edited by: Junk, W. J., Piedade, M. T. F., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., and Parolin, P., 43-59, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2010.
47. Melton, J. R., Wania, R., Hodson, E. L., Poulter, B., Ringeval, B., Spahni, R., Bohn, T., Avis, C. A., Beerling, D. J., Chen, G., Eliseev, A. V., Denisov, S. N., Hopcroft, P. O., Lettenmaier, D. P., Riley,W. J., Singarayer, J. S., Subin, Z. M., Tian, H., Zürcher, S., Brovkin, V., van Bodegom, P. M., Kleinen, T., Yu, Z. C., and Kaplan, J. O.: Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: conclusions from a model intercomparison project (WETCHIMP), Biogeosciences, 10, 753-788, doi:10.5194/bg-10-753-2013, 2013.
48. Miguez-Macho, G. and Fan, Y.: The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D15113, doi:10.1029/2012JD017539, 2012.
49. Miller, J. B., Gatti, L. V., d'Amelio, M. T. S., Crotwell, A. M., Dlugokencky, E. J., Bakwin, P., Artaxo, P., and Tans, P. P.: Airborne measurements indicate large methane emissions from the eastern Amazon basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10809, doi:10.1029/2006GL029213, 2007. (Pubitemid 47064845)
50. Mistch, W. J. and Gosselink, J. G.: Wetlands, 3rd ed., edited by: Wiley, J. and N. J. Hoboken, 2000.
51. Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693-712, available at: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/ 34092/, 2005. (Pubitemid 40815726)
52. New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M., and Makin, I.: A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas, Climate Res., 21, 1-25, 2002. (Pubitemid 34838195)
53. Nisbet, R. E. R., Fisher, R., Nimmo, R. H., Bendall, D. S., Crill, P. M., Gallego-Sala, a V, Hornibrook, E. R. C., López-Juez, E., Lowry, D., Nisbet, P. B. R., Shuckburgh, E. F., Sriskantharajah, S., Howe, C. J., and Nisbet, E. G.: Emission of methane from plants, P Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 276, 1347-1354, doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1731, 2009.
54. Papa, F., Prigent, C., Aires, F., Jimenez, C., Rossow, W. B., and Matthews, E.: Interannual variability of surface water extent at the global scale, 1993-2004, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 1-17, doi:10.1029/2009JD012674, 2010.
55. Petrescu, A. M. R., Van Beek, L. P. H., Van Huissteden, J., Prigent, C., Sachs, T., Corradi, C. A. R., Parmentier, F. J. W. and Dolman, A. J.: Modeling regional to global CH4 emissions of boreal and arctic wetlands, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4009, doi:10.1029/2009GB003610, 2010.
56. Piedade, M., Junk, W., and Long, S.: The Productivity of the C-4 Grass Echinochloa Polystachya on the Amazon Floodplain, Ecology, 72, 1456-1463, available at: http://www.jstor. org/stable/10.2307/1941118 (last access: 31 October 2012), 1991.
57. Piedade, M. T. F., Junk, W., D'Ângelo, S. A., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., Barbosa, K. M. D. N., and Lopes, A.: Aquatic herbaceous plants of the Amazon floodplains: state of the art and research needed, Acta Limnol. Brasil., 22, 165-178, doi:10.4322/actalb.02202006, 2010.
58. Pison, I., Ringeval, B., Bousquet, P., Prigent, C., and Papa, F.: Stable atmospheric methane in the 2000s: key-role of emissions from natural wetlands, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 9017-9049, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-9017-2013, 2013.
59. Prigent, C., Papa, F., Aires, F., Rossow, W. B., and Matthews, E.: Global inundation dynamics inferred from multiple satellite observations, 1993-2000, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12107, doi:10.1029/2006JD007847, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241629)
60. Querino, C. A. S., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Vigano, I., Holzinger, R., Moura, V., Gatti, L. V., Martinewski, A., Manzi, A. O., de Araujo, A. C., and Röckmann, T. R.: Methane flux, vertical gradient and mixing ratio measurements in a tropical forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7943-7953, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7943-201, 2011
61. Reichardt, T.: Academy under fire on "wetlands" definition, Nature, 375, 6528, doi:10.1038/375171a0, 1995.
62. Riley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Lawrence, D. M., Swenson, S. C., Torn, M. S., Meng, L., Mahowald, N. M., and Hess, P.: Barriers to predicting changes in global terrestrial methane fluxes: analyses using CLM4Me, a methane biogeochemistry model integrated in CESM, Biogeosciences, 8, 1925-1953, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1925-2011, 2011.
63. Ringeval, B., Decharme, B., Piao, S. L., Ciais, P., Papa, F., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Prigent, C., Friedlingstein, P., Gouttevin, I., Koven, C., and Ducharne, A.: Modelling sub-grid wetland in the ORCHIDEE global land surface model: evaluation against river discharges and remotely sensed data, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 941-962, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-941-2012, 2012.
64. Ringeval, B., Friedlingstein, P., Koven, C., Ciais, P., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Decharme, B., and Cadule, P.: Climate-CH4 feedback from wetlands and its interaction with the climate-CO2 feedback, Biogeosciences, 8, 2137-2157, doi:10.5194/bg-8-2137-2011, 2011.
65. Ringeval, B., Hopcroft, P. O., Valdes, P. J., Ciais, P., Ramstein, G., Dolman, A. J., and Kageyama, M.: Response of methane emissions from wetlands to the Last Glacial Maximum and an idealized Dansgaard-Oeschger climate event: insights from two models of different complexity, Clim. Past, 9, 149-171, doi:10.5194/cp-9-149-2013, 2013.
66. Ringeval, B., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ciais, P., Bousquet, P., Prigent, C., Papa, F., and Rossow, W. B.: An attempt to quantify the impact of changes in wetland extent on methane emissions on the seasonal and interannual time scales, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB2003, doi:10.1029/2008GB003354, 2010.
67. Schöngart, J., Wittmann, F., and Worbes, M.: Biomass and Net Primary Production of Central Amazonian Floodplain Forests, in: Amazonian Floodplain Forests: Ecophysiology, Biodiver sity and Sustainable Management, edited by: Junk, W. J., Piedade, M. T. F., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., and Parolin, P., 18, 347-388, Ecological Studies 210, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6-18, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010
68. Singarayer, J. S., Valdes, P. J., Friedlingstein, P., Nelson, S., and Beerling, D. J.: Late Holocene methane rise caused by orbitally controlled increase in tropical sources, Nature, 470, 82-85, doi:10.1038/nature09739, 2011.
69. Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M., Thonicke, K., and Venevsky, S.: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161-185, 2003. (Pubitemid 36294628)
70. Smith, L. K., Lewis, W. M., Chanton, J. P., Cronin, G., and Hamilton, S. K.: Methane emissions from the Orinoco River floodplain, Venezuela, Biogeochemistry, 51, 113-140, 2000.
71. Spahni, R., Joos, F., Stocker, B. D., Steinacher, M., and Yu, Z. C.: Transient simulations of the carbon and nitrogen dynamics in northern peatlands: from the Last Glacial Maximum to the 21st century, Clim. Past, 9, 1287-1308, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1287-2013, 2013.
72. Spahni, R.,Wania, R., Neef, L., vanWeele, M., Pison, I., Bousquet, P., Frankenberg, C., Foster, P. N., Joos, F., Prentice, I. C., and van Velthoven, P.: Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 8, 1643-1665, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011, 2011.
73. Stocker, B. D., Roth, R., Joos, F., Spahni, R., Steinacher, M., Zaehle, S., Bouwman, L., Xu-Ri and Prentice, I. C.: Multiple greenhouse-gas feedbacks from the land biosphere under future climate change scenarios, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 666-672, doi:10.1038/nclimate1864, 2013.
74. Strassmann, K. M., Joos, F., and Fischer, G.: Simulating effects of land use changes on carbon fluxes: past contributions to atmospheric CO2 increases and future commitments due to losses of terrestrial sink capacity, Tellus B, 60, 583-603, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00340.x, 2008.
75. Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. a. G., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova, G., and Zimov, S.: Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2023, doi:10.1029/2008GB003327, 2009.
76. The Land Cover Map for South America in the Year 2000, edited by: Eva, H. D., E. E. de Miranda, Di Bella, C. M., Gond, V., Huber, O., Sgrenzaroli, M., Jones, S., Coutinho, A., Dorado, A.,Guimares, M., Elvidge, C., Achard, F., Belward, A. S., Bartholom, E., Baraldi, A., De Grandi, G., Vogt, P., Fritz, S., Hartley, A., GLC2000 database, European Commision Joint Research Centre, http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/glc2000/products.php, 2003.
77. Tian, H., Xu, X., Liu, M., Ren, W., Zhang, C., Chen, G., and Lu, C.: Spatial and temporal patterns of CH4 and N2O fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of North America during 1979-2008: application of a global biogeochemistry model, Biogeosciences, 7, 2673-2694, doi:10.5194/bg-7-2673-2010, 2010.
78. Tian, H. Q., Xu, X. F., Lu, C. Q., Liu, M. L., Ren, W., Chen, G. S., Melillo, J., and Liu, J. Y.: Net exchanges of CO2, CH4, and N2O between China's terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere and their contributions to global climate warming, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G02011, doi:10.1029/2010JG001393, 2011.
79. Van Beek, L. P. H.,Wada, Y., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global monthly water stress: 1. Water balance and water availability, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07517, doi:10.1029/2010WR009791, 2011.
80. Van Beek, R. and Bierkens, M.: The Global Hydrological Model PCR-GLOBWB: Conceptualization, Parameterization and Verification, in Department of Physical Geography Faculty of Earth Sciences-Utrecht University, 1-53, available at: http://vanbeek. geo.uu.nl/suppinfo/vanbeekbierkens2009.pdf, 2009.
81. Vigano, I., vanWeelden, H., Holzinger, R., Keppler, F., McLeod, A., and Röckmann, T.: Effect of UV radiation and temperature on the emission of methane from plant biomass and structural components, Biogeosciences, 5, 937-947, doi:10.5194/bg-5-937-2008, 2008.
82. Walker, J. H.: The Llanos de Mojos, in The Handbook of South American Archaeology, 927-939, Springer New York, 2008.
83. Walter, B. P. and Heimann, M.: A process-based, climate-sensitive model to derive methane emissions from natural wetlands: Application to five wetland sites, sensitivity to model parameters, and climate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 745-765, doi:10.1029/1999GB001204, 2000
84. Wania, R.: Modelling northern peatland land surface processes, vegetation dynamics and methane emissions, Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol, 2007.
85. Wania, R., Melton, J. R., Hodson, E. L., Poulter, B., Ringeval, B., Spahni, R., Bohn, T., Avis, C. A., Chen, G., Eliseev, A. V., Hopcroft, P. O., Riley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Tian, H., van Bodegom, P. M., Kleinen, T., Yu, Z. C., Singarayer, J. S., Zürcher, S., Lettenmaier, D. P., Beerling, D. J., Denisov, S. N., Prigent, C., Papa, F., and Kaplan, J. O.: Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: methodology of a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP), Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 617-641, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-617-2013, 2013.
86. Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I.: Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity of vegetation and carbon cycle processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3015, doi:10.1029/2008GB003413, 2009a.
87. Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 1. Evaluation and sensitivity of physical land surface processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3014, doi:10.1029/2008GB003412, 2009b.
88. Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Implementation and evaluation of a new methane model within a dynamic global vegetation model: LPJ-WHyMe v1.3.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 565-584, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-565-2010, 2010.
89. Wassmann, R., Thein, U. G., Whiticar, M. J., Rennenberg, H., Seiler,W., and Junk,W. J.: Methane emissions from the Amazon floodplain: characterization of production and transport, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 3-13, doi:10.1029/91GB01767, 1992.
90. Winsemius, H. C., Van Beek, L. P. H., Jongman, B., Ward, P. J., and Bouwman, A.: A framework for global river flood risk assessments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1871-1892, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1871-2013, 2013.
91. Wittmann, F., Anhuf, D., and Funk, W. J.: Tree species distribution and community structure of central Amazonian várzea forests by remote-sensing techniques, J. Tropical Ecol., 18, 805-820, doi:10.1017/S0266467402002523, 2002. (Pubitemid 35255380)
92. Wittmann, F., Schongart, J., Montero, J. C., Motzer, T., Junk, W. J., Piedade, M. T. F., Queiroz, H. L., and Worbes, M.: Tree species composition and diversity gradients in white-water forests across the Amazon Basin, J. Biogeogr., 33, 1334-1347, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01495.x, 2006. (Pubitemid 44035864)
93. Xu, X. F., Tian, H. Q., Zhang, C., Liu, M. L., Ren, W., Chen, G. S., Lu, C. Q., and Bruhwiler, L.: Attribution of spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial methane flux over North America, Biogeosciences, 7, 3637-3655, doi:10.5194/bg-7-3637-2010, 2010.
94. Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Brosseau, D. P., Beilman, D. W., and Hunt, S. J.: Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13402, doi:10.1029/2010GL043584, 2010.
95. Zhao, M., Heinsch, F. A., Nemani, R. R., and Running, S. W.: Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set, Remote Sens. Environ., 95, 164-176, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.011, 2005. (Pubitemid 40328611)
96. Zhao, M. and Running, S. W.: Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009, Science (New York, N.Y.), 329, 940-943, doi:10.1126/science.1192666, 2010.
97. Zhuang, Q., Melilo, J., Kicklighter, W., Prinn, R., McGuire, A., Steudler, P., Felze, B., and Hu, S.: Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3010, doi:10.1029/2004GB002239, 2004. (Pubitemid 39621740)
98. Zürcher, S., Spahni, R., Joos, F., Steinacher, M., and Fischer, H.: Impact of an abrupt cooling event on interglacial methane emissions in northern peatlands, Biogeosciences, 10, 1963-1981, doi:10.5194/bg-10-1963-2013, 2013.